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Only transactions related to cash and personal accounts are maintained and recorded under this system of accounting. Transactions related to real and nominal accounts are ignored.

1. Nature: 

•  It is an unscientific and unsystematic way of recording transactions. 

•   Accounting principles and accounting standards are not followed properly. 

2. Types of accounts maintained – In general only cash and personal accounts are maintained fully. Real accounts and nominal accounts are not maintained properly. Some transactions are correctly omitted. 

3. Lack of uniformity – There is no uniformity in recording the transactions among different organizations. Different organizations record their transactions according to their needs and conveniences.

4. Financial statements may not represent true and fair view – Due to the incomplete information and inaccurate records of accounts, the profit or loss calculated from these records cannot be relied upon. It may not represent true profitability. Assets and liabilities may not represent a true and fair view of financial position.

5. Suitability – Only the business concerns which have no legal obligation to maintain books of accounts under the double-entry system may maintain incomplete records. Hence, it may be maintained by small-sized sole traders and partnership firms.

6. Mixing up of personal and business transactions – Generally, personal transactions of the owners are mixed up with the business transactions. 

For example, the purchase of goods for own use may be mixed up along with business purchases.

(c) Balance Sheet

When books of accounts are incomplete, information regarding revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities is not known fully. Hence it becomes difficult to prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet.

Steps to be followed to prepare final accounts:

1. Opening statement of affairs is to be prepared to ascertain the opening capital. 

2. Missing figures must be found out with available date. This can be done by preparing memorandum accounts or by making necessary adjustments to the existing figure.

•  It may become necessary to prepare a cash book find out missing items such as cash purchase and sales. 

•  By preparing total debtors and total creditors A/c credit sales and credit purchases can be ascertained. 

•  Bills Receivable, Bills Payable A/cs are to be prepared to find out the balance of Bills Receivable. Bills Payable accepted. 

3. The final step is to prepare trading and profit and loss A/c and balance sheet.

(d) Rs. 20,000

This statement is False.

There is a difference between a statement of Affairs and the Balance sheet. Statement of Affair shows estimated values of assets and liabilities.

The profit and loss account and the balance sheet can be prepared from the incomplete book ‘ of accounts through Conversion method. According to this method, incomplete records are converted into double entry records. In case of incomplete records, details of some transactions are easily available like cash sales, cash purchases, creditors, debtors; however, there are number of transactions, the details of which may not be available directly. Yet, these details can be found out indirectly or logically. Some of the important items that are vital for preparing balance sheet are given below,

a. Opening capital 

b. Closing capital 

c. Credit purchases 

d. Cash purchases 

e. Credit sales 

f. Cash sales 

g. Payment from debtors 

h. Payment to creditors 

i. Opening stock 

j. Closing stock

Below are given are the steps included in the conversion method in a chronological order: 

a. If opening capital is not given, then the first step is to prepare opening statement of affairs that gives the opening capital. 

b. The second step is to prepare cash book that gives the opening or the closing cash and bank balancer. 

c. The next step is to prepare total debtors account. It is prepared in order to find one of the missing figures, such as credit sales, opening debtors, closing debtors and cash received from debtors. 

d. The subsequent step is to prepare total creditors account to ascertain one of the missing figures, such as credit sales, opening creditors, closing creditors and cash paid to the creditors. 

e. The last step is to prepare final accounts. On the basis of the missing figures ascertained in each of the above steps, along with other mentioned information, Trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet can be prepared.

Single entry system

Explanation: Single-entry system is an incomplete and unscientific system of accounting. Only personal and cash accounts are maintained under it. This system is mostly suitable for small-scale businesses with limited number of transactions. Moreover, there are no set rules prescribed for recording transactions under this system.

i. Statement of Affairs

ii. Single Entry System

iii. Opening Statement of Affairs

iv. Capital

v. Profit

vi. Single Entry System

vii. Single Entry System

viii. Additional Capital

Opening Capital 4,50,000

Closing Capital 

= Assets – Liability 4,77,000 – 30,000 

= 4,47,000 Drawings 

= 6,000 × 12 = 72,000

Additional Capital = W.L Profit 

=. 4,47,000 + 72,000 – 4,50,000 

= 69,000.

This statement is True.

Under the Single Entry System, only the cash book and personal account of Debtor and Ciygditor are maintained. Real and Nominal accounts are not maintained. It has no proper set of rules to be followed. It is useful for small organisations and not for a large organisations.

Double entry system

Explanation: Under single-entry system, only cash and personal accounts are maintained. Dual aspect, i.e. double-entry system, is not followed. Hence, single-entry system is considered unscientific and incomplete. On the other hand, double-entry system is considered as a more scientific and complete system of accounting because dual aspect of a transaction (i.e. both debit and credit aspects of a transaction) is recorded. Transactions related to real, personal and nominal accounts are recorded. Hence, it is considered more reliable.

Generally incompleted records are maintained by trader.

Explanation: Incomplete records, i.e. records based on the lines of single-entry system, are usually maintained by a trader. Incomplete records may be due to partial recording of transactions, as is the case with small shopkeepers such as grocers and vendors. Companies, societies and governments are required to maintain accounts based on double-entry system, owing to the size of their business.

True

Explanation: Single-entry system, i.e. a system of incomplete records, is usually followed by traders engaged in small businesses. It maintains records only of personal accounts and cash account. Moreover, the dual aspect of a transaction is ignored under this system. Therefore, it is not desirable to adopt this system for large business firms completing numerous transactions.

When Closing Capital is greater than Opening Capital it denotes profit.

Explanation: The formula to calculate closing capital is 'Opening Capital + Profit'. Hence, when closing capital is greater than opening capital, it denotes profit. However, if the closing capital is less than the opening capital, it denotes loss.

If Opening Capital is Rs 40,000, Closing Capital is Rs 90,000, Withdrawals is Rs 5,000 and additional Capital brought in is Rs 10,000 Profit is Rs 45,000.

Explanation: Closing Capital = Opening Capital + Profit – Withdrawals + Additional Capital Introduced

Putting the respective values, we get:

90,000 = 40,000 + profit – 5,000 + 10,000

Profit = 90,000 – 45000 = 45,000.

Answer is: ₹ 5,000

1. Add 

2. Add 

3. Add 

4. Less 

5. Add 

6. Less 

7. Add 

8. Less 

9. Less 

10. Less

Additional Capital 

= Capital at the End + Drawings – (Capital in the Beginning + Profit) 

= 2,00,000 + 50,000 – (1,30,000 + 1,00,000) 

= 2,50,000 – 2,30,000 = Rs.20,000

1. Paid creditors 

2. Gash sales

(a) Assets = Capital + Liabilities 

Rs. 1,00,000 = Rs. 80,000 + Rs. 20,000

(b) Assets = Capital + Liabilities 

Rs. 2,00,000 = Rs. 1,60,000 + Rs. 40,000 

(c) Assets = Capital + Creditors 

Rs. 2,40,000 = Rs. 1,60,000 + Rs. 80,000

(b) liabilities

(c) Liabilities = Assets + Capital

(d) The correct answer is: (d) Rs. 40,000

(d) Representative Personal account

(a) Decrease in assets and decrease in owner’s capital

मुझे एक बार वाघा बॉर्डर पर जाने का मौका मिला। वाघा बॉर्डर भारत-पाकिस्तान की सीमा का बॉर्डर है। इसके एक तरफ भारत तो दूसरी तरफ पाकिस्तान है। यहां प्रतिदिन सेनाओं की परेड होती है, जिसका विहंगम दृश्य अनूठा होता है। सेना के अफसर अपनी पूरी वर्दी में सजे होते हैं। वे पंक्तिबध होकर परेड करते हैं। तिरंगे को सलामी देते हैं।

जयदेव की जगह यदि मैं होता तो इनाम में मिलने वाली राशि का ठीक वही करता जो जयदेव ने किया। जयदेव ने जो त्याग-भावना, राष्ट्रप्रेम और परोपकार की भावना से कार्य किया वह सराहनीय है। हम सब राष्ट्र के नागरिक हैं। इसलिए मानवता और राष्ट्रभक्ति सर्वोपरि है। अतः राष्ट्र के प्रत्येक नागरिक को सदैव राष्ट्रहित में कार्य करने चाहिए। मैं भी सदा जयदेव के समान कार्य करूंगा।

चाचा सुमित्रा को अखबार में आई यह खबर सुनाते हैं कि अखबार में जयदेव की वीरता और सूझ-बूझ की खूब प्रशंसा हुई है। उसने तस्करों से बड़ी बहादुरी से मोर्चा लिया। उसने उनको मार भगाया था। उसने किस तरह चार लोगों को अपनी गोलियों का निशाना बनाया। उसने उनसे पांच लाख रुपए का सोना उनसे छीन लिया था।

डी०सी० आकर सुमित्रा को यह खुशखबरी देता है कि जयदेव की वीरता और साहस के सम्मान में उसे सम्मानित किया जाएगा। गवर्नर साहब की तरफ से दस हज़ार की इनाम राशि भी दी जाएगी।

मातृप्रेम और देशप्रेम में से देशप्रेम हमें अपनी तरफ आकर्षित करता है क्योंकि देशप्रेम सर्वोपरि है। हालांकि मातृप्रेम भी श्रेष्ठ है किन्तु मातृप्रेम की भावना तो देशप्रेम की भावना में ही छिपी होती है। जिस मनुष्य के हृदय में देशप्रेम होता है वह मातृप्रेम से कदापि मुख नहीं मोड़ सकता। अतः हमें देशप्रेम को अपने-अपने अंतर्मन में बसाकर देश की एकता, अखंडता एवं संप्रभुता के लिए कार्य करने चाहिए। सदा राष्ट्र उन्नति की ओर कदम बढ़ाना चाहिए।

(i) वज्रपात होना = अचानक बहुत बड़ा दुःख आ पड़ना

वाक्य-सैनिक के शहीद होने पर उसके परिवार पर वज्रपात हो गया।

(ii) छाती फटना = असहनीय दुःख होना

वाक्य-बेटे की शहादत सुनकर माँ की छाती फट गई।

(iii) बाल बाँका न होना = ज़रा-सा भी नुकसान न होना

वाक्य-वीरता और साहस से जयदेव का बाल बाँका नहीं हुआ।

(iv) दिल धक-धक करना = भयभीत होना

वाक्य-बेटे की खबर सुनकर माँ का दिल धक-धक करने लगा।

(v) हृदय पर पत्थर रखना = चुपचाप सहन करना

वाक्य-नारी आजीवन मुसीबतों को हृदय पर पत्थर रखकर झेलती है।

(vi) हिम्मत टूटना = हताश या निराश होना

वाक्य-सैनिक को सामने देखकर तस्करों की हिम्मत टूट गई।

(vii) आँखें पथरा जाना = बहुत इंतज़ार कर थक जाना

वाक्य-अपने बेटे की प्रतीक्षा करते-करते माँ की आँखें पथरा गईं।

हाँ मेरे मन में भी जयदेव जैसा सरकारी अफसर बनकर देश की सेवा करने का विचार आया क्योंकि राष्ट्र की सेवा ही सर्वोपरि है। राष्ट्र है तो हम हैं, राष्ट्र नहीं तो कुछ भी नहीं। मतलब राष्ट्र से हमारी पहचान है और राष्ट्र से ही हमारा अस्तित्व है। यह प्रत्येक नागरिक का कर्त्तव्य है कि प्रतिक्षण राष्ट्र सेवा के लिए तैयार रहे। देश के गद्दारों को मार भगाने में सदा सहयोग करें।

जयदेव को स्वागत-सभा में दस हज़ार रुपए देने के लिए सोचा गया।

जयदेव ने तस्करों को मारकर उनसे पाँच लाख रुपए का सोना छीना।

तस्करी, चोर बाज़ारी और आर्थिक व्यवस्था।

देश के दुश्मन राष्ट्र भावना से ओत-प्रोत एकांकी है।

इस एकांकी में जयदेव की कर्तव्यपरायणता, वीरता, नि:स्वार्थ भावना, त्याग-भावना एवं राष्ट्र-भावना का चित्रण हुआ है।

इस एकांकी में हमें जयदेव पात्र सबसे अच्छा लगा क्योंकि यह पात्र सभी पात्रों में श्रेष्ठ एवं प्रधान है। संपूर्ण एकांकी इस पात्र पर आधारित है। यह एकांकी का केंद्र बिंदु है। यह बागाह बॉर्डर पर डी०एस०पी० के पद पर नियुक्त है। यह बहुत निडर, साहसी एवं वीर है। यह एक कर्तव्यपरायण सैनिक है। इसमें त्याग भावना, राष्ट्र भक्ति एवं नि:स्वार्थ भावना कूट-कूट कर भरी हुई है। इसमें परोपकार की भावना का संचार है।

सुमित्रा मीना और जयदेव की माँ है। उनकी आयु लगभग 50 वर्ष है। उनके बाल काले तथा सफेद हैं। उनका रंग गेहुआं सांवला है। उनके मुख पर दुःख और निराशा की झलक स्पष्ट झलकती है। उनका शरीर पतला और लंबा है। उनमें त्याग-भावना, राष्ट्र-भावना एवं निःस्वार्थ-भावना के दर्शन होते हैं।

सही विकल्प है (ग) तीन

जयदेव ने पन्द्रह दिनों की छुट्टी पर आना था।

सही विकल्प है (ख) दस

डी० सी० जयदेव का बचपन का दोस्त तथा क्लासमेट है।

Neolithic Cave

Bopsu Forest

Rassamalai

28th July, 2020

Dear Stranger man Uncle,

I am Taffy, the girl who gave you the drawing on the birch bark two days back and sent you to my Mummy with it.

When we reached home that day, Mummy told me  that you had come with the birch bark. She also told me what she had understood from my drawing, and how she had treated you. I was really horrified.

Stranger man Uncle, I am really very sorry for what happened to you. I did not know that Mummy would misunderstand my drawing and beat you up. Please i accept my apology. See, I am not spoilt like people say. I am sorry for what happened. I will learn to write properly so that such things do not happen again.

From a sorry little girl,

Taffy.

It is a natural pigment powder which provides a base for mineral makeup. It provides mild sun protection and as a pigment gives a white colouration to coloured ingredients.

These days the popular movements have a lot of importance in politics.

Here are their advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• It helps the people to recognize the value of democratic movements.
• It helps people to know the defects of political parties and the importance of social action.
• It represents new social fellowship. In the past the political parties did not pay any heed to the complaints of people.
• Mutual disputes are reduced. Different groups become active in social matters.
• Such popular groups help in the growth and functioning of democracy.

Disadvantages:

• Protests, dharnas, and rallies prevent governments from smooth functioning. Late decisions adversely affect proper ad ministration.
• Most Movements were for or against a particular issue. Thus these movements get the support of only some particular groups of people. Their activities, therefore, are limited.
• For democratic policies, there is a need for broad fellowships and unity. But such broad fellowship is not seen in most of these Movements.
• These Movements can work only for limited objectives. Often there are clashes between these Movements and Parties. There is a big gap between them.

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