Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Those states which did not merge in India till 15 August 1947, among them Junagarh was also included. At the time of independence, the Nawab of Junagarh was Mohbat Khan, while more percentage was of non-Muslim in the population. Shah Nawaz Bhutto became the Diwan of Junagarh in 1947 who was the leader of Muslim League and relative of Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

On the consent of Diwan, Nawab declared to merge his state in Pakistan. On 13 September, Pakistan accepted the merger of Junagarh in it. In fact Pakistan wanted to use Junagarh’s merger in Pakistan against the issue of Jammu-Kashmir. This event made Patel aggressive. He sent a regiment of army to merge two states of Junagarh. On the other hand, a large movement started against Nawab in Junagarh. By this time Nawab fled away to Pakistan. After some time Shah Nawaz, Diwan of Junagarh was compelled to hand over the administration of Junagarh to India. In February 1948, a referendum was held, which was largely in favour of India. It resulted in the merger of Junagarh in India.

Soon after independence of India, the Indian Federation formed was not unitary in principles. As a result of integration of the British states and the princely states, the four categories of states were created i.e. A, B, C and D. The states so formed were different from the point of view of population, size, financial resources and administrative convenience. In fact, in common principle was adopted to categorise them. It was in 1920 that the Congress had raised the issue of reorganisation of administrative units on linguistic basis.

After independence, the issue again arose to reorganise the states on the linguistic basis. Keeping this in view the Indian government set up a Commission under the chairmanship of Justice S.K. Das in 1948. The report was submitted on 10th October, 1948 suggesting therein that the state should be reorganised on the basis of administrative convenience rather than the linguistic basis. This report faced a great opposition in India. In December 1946, the government appointed another Commission of Sardar Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru. This Commission too did not accept the demand for reorganisation of states on the linguistic basis.

It was in October, 1953 that Telugu- speaking Andhra Pradesh had to be separated from Madras under the compelling circumstances caused due to the death of freedom fighter P. Shriramulu who had observed fast unto death to get his demand fulfilled. Thus, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu were formed for the Telugu speaking and the Tamil speaking people respectively.

In December 1953, the New States Reorganisation Commission was appointed. On the basis of its report, in 1954 linguistic principle for reorganisation of states but * not in all the cases was accepted. The Government of India passed States Reorganisation Act in 1956, creating 14 states and 6 centrally administered units. Riots broke out in Bombay for getting Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra. Fifty people died in the police firing. Finally, the states of Maharashtra for the Marathispeaking and Gujarat for the Gujarati-speaking had to be formed in 1960. Similar demand was raised in Punjab and consequently the states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh were reorganised for the Hindi-speaking and Punjab for the Punjabi-speaking people. In 1972, some tribal areas of Assam were separated and states of Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura, were formed. After some time. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram were formed. All these states including Assam in North-East are known as Seven Sisters. In 1975, Sikkim was included in the Indian Republic.

The demand to reorganise states on the linguistic basis, however, could not be suppressed. In 2000, three states of Jharkhand, Uttaranchal (Uttarakhand) and Chhattisgarh were formed. At present, India consists of 29 states and 7 union territories. 

Thus, the states have been reorganised and their boundaries have been demarcated on different basis but language has remained the main motivating factor.

(a) January, 1948

Correct Answer is : (b) 562

(a) Maharaja Hari Singh

Merge of Bhopal: The Nawab of Bhopal did not like to merge his state into Indian union. After the declaration of Cripp’s Mission, he tried to influence other Hindu and Muslim rulers. This event made the Maharaja of Bikaner and Patiala aggressive. Jinnah and other officials of Nawab were supporting these rulers to merge with Pakistan. But finally, with the efforts of Sardar Patel, Bhopal was merged with India.

Merger of Rajput states with India: In Rajasthan, maharaja of Jodhpur and Udaipur wanted to merge their states with India, but Nizam of Hyderabad and Bhopal were creating some problems. Jinnah and the British officials were trying to influence the Nawab of Bhopal. The Nawab of Bhopal could merge into Pakistan only when the Maharaja of Udaipur was ready to support the Nawab of Bhopal. However, the Maharana of Udaipur denied and merged with India. People of of Jodhpur and Jaisalmer wanted to merge with India. But, the ruler of Jodhpur with the support of Jinnah and other Muslim leaders was interested to merge with Pakistan and also wanted Jaisalmer to go along with him.

But, due to Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon’s diplomatic policy, Jinnah could not get success. Finally, these rulers agreed for a merger with India. During all this process, the state to Travancore declared to be independent. But, some leaders of the Congress raised in agitation. The ruler signed the documents of the merger. Therefore, the successful merger of Bhopal and all the Rajput states with India has a great importance in history.

Pondicherry was the colony of France.

(b) P. Shriramulu

The Goa National Committee was established in 1953.

Portuguese colonisation of Goa was the first incident of the European imperialism in Asia and it was the last European country to leave India. Portugual had won Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510. Later in 1546 Diu and in 1559, Daman were annexed with Goa. Dadra and Nagar Haveli also came under Portugal. All these were collectively known as Goa, the Portuguese colony.

Portuguese were not giving attention on the demand of merger of Goa in India. They wanted to keep Goa under them till it possible. The Portuguese Dictator Olevira Salazar denied to vaccate Goa considered it the symbol of light of West. Beside Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadar and Nagar Haveli were also under Portugal. Efforts to liberate Goa were made at the diplomatic level but with no results. Then under the Goa National Committee, Satyagraha was observed on 18^th June, 1954 and the National flag was hoisted. Inspite of suppressive measures by the Portuguese administration, Dadra and Nagar Haveli were occupied on 22^nd July, 1954 with the efforts of Goa Peoples Party and Independent Goa.

On 15^th August, 1955 Goa movement took a dramatic turn. The Indian Government started Operation Vijay to liberate Goa, Daman and Diu in 1961 under General J.N. Chaudhary. On 19^th December, 1961 Portuguese rulers surrendered at 2.25 P.M. and the Indian flag was hoisted in Goa Daman and Diu.

The Goa National Committee was established in 1953. Its main aim was to coordinate all the activities of national parties of Goa for the merger of Goa into India and to make the Indian government stronger.

Correct Answer is : (c) Punjab

(a) Junagarh 

(b) Hyderabad, and 

(c) Kashmir.

(a) Operation Vijay

The two important events in the aerobic respiration are: 

(i) The complete oxidation of pyruvate by the stepwise removal of all the hydrogen atoms with the release of three molecules of carbon dioxide of three molecules of carbon dioxide. 

(ii) The passing on of the electrons removed as part of the hydrogen atoms to molecular O₂ along with the synthesis of ATP. 

The first step takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria while the second step occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

(i) In man, it occurs during the heavy exercise in the muscles. In yeast, the anaerobic respiration occurs in fermentation. 

(ii) It is because of the following: 

(a) the end products of anaerobic respiration can be further oxidised to release energy, 

(b) the regeneration of NAD does not yield ATP, as the electrons are not transported to oxygen. 

(iii) In the membranes of mitochondria. 

(iv) Oxygen.

Role of oxygen: Oxygen drives the whole process by removing the hydrogen from the system. It acts as the final acceptor of hydrogen. 

(i) Role of F₀ - F₁ particles: The F headpiece is a peripheral membrane protein complex and contains the site for synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. 

(ii) F₀ is an integral membrane protein complex that forms the channel through which proteins cross the inner membrane. 

(iii) Role of NADH: When NADH is oxidised to NAD in the electron transport system, the energy released by the proton is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.

(i) Each plant part takes care of its own gas-exchange needs and there is very little transport of gases from one plant to another. 

(ii) Plants respire at rates lower than that of animals. 

(iii) The distance that gases must diffuse even in large bulky plants is not great. Almost all living cells in a plant have their surfaces exposed to air.

Mammalian bone.

(i) Fermentation 

(ii) Kreb's cycle 

(iii) During oxidation a considerable amount of energy is released in graded sequence. The energy so released is utilized by F₁ particle for the synthesis of ATP molecule from ADP. The synthesis of ATP during oxidation of coenzymes is called oxidative phosphorylation. The F₁ particles contain 3 coupling factors and ATPase enzyme for the synthesis of ATP. 

Oxidation of one molecule of reduced coenzyme (NADH₂) results in the formation of 3 ATP molecules while oxidation of FADH₂ leads to the synthesis of 2 ATP molecules.

(a) Mutualism- in this both partners are benefitted eg lichen (+,+)

Commensalism- In this one partner is benefitted other partner is neither benefitted nor harmed (-, +) 

Competition- In this both partners have detrimental effect or negative effect (-, -)

Similarity: All these interactions leads to evolution as the fittest organism survives.

(a) Mutualism 

(b) Predation/Parasitism 

(c) Competition 

(d) Commensalism

When two different incompatible blood types are mixed, agglutination (clumping together) of erythrocytes (RBC) occurs. The basis of these chemical differences is due to the presence of antigens (surface antigens) on the membrane of RBC and epithelial cells.

Correct Answer is: (a) I^A I^B

The possible genotypes of a B-blood group person are IBIB or IBI°.

A. This law states that when two alternative forms of a trait or character (genes or alleles) are present in an organism, only one factor expresses itself in F₁ progeny and is called dominant while the other that remains masked is called recessive. The characters are controlled by discrete units called factors. These factors occur in pairs.

B. 

Incomplete dominance, In Snapdragon plant, Punnett square showing cross, phenotype and genotype.

(b) purity of gametes

(a) ‘O’ and Rh negative

“Prevention is better than cure”. So, it is better for us to prevent diseases rather than treatment. You should keep our surroundings clean and hygienic wash your hands with soap or hand wash lotion thoroughly before consuming food. Wash your hands with soap after defecation. You should consume your food only when it is hot. Do exercises daily to keep you fit and healthy. Try to cultivate good habits which keep you healthy always. Use mosquito nets to avoid mosquito bites.

“SWACH BHARAT – SWASTH BHARAT”.

For eradication of tuberculosis everybody j should be vaccinated by B.C.G vaccine.

(a) Male heterogamety

Vaccination against polio produces antibodies and as such the body becomes immune against further infections.

1. XXY males – One Barr body. 

2. XO females – No Barr body.

Correct answer is

(B) All new plants were tall.

Correct answer is

(B) selfing F₂ hybrids

Correct answer is

(C) dwarfness reappeared in some plants.

The species of different geographical regions are called alopatric.

Demes, Race & Sibling

According to modern concept, species is a group of genetically similar animals that interbreeds to produce fertile offspring. It is a fundamental and smallest unit of classification, but is can be divided into demes, race, sibling etc.

Most adapted type of animals are selected by nature in “Natural selection”.

• Albuminuria is the presence of excess albumin in the urine. 
• Causes: Injury to the endothelial capsular membrane as a result of increased blood pressure, injury or irritation of kidney cells by substances such as toxins or heavy metals.

1. When renal function of a person falls below 5 – 7 %, accumulation of harmful substances in blood begins. In such a condition, the person has to go for artificial means of filtration of blood i.e. haemodialysis. 

2. In haemodialysis, a dialysis machine is used to filter blood. The blood is filtered outside the body using a dialysis unit. 

3. In this procedure, the patients’ blood is removed; generally from the radial artery and passed through a cellophane tube that acts as a semipermeable membrane. 

4. The tube is immersed in a fluid called dialysate which is isosmotic to normal blood plasma. Hence, only excess salts if present in plasma pass through the cellophane tube into the dialysate. 

5. Waste substances being absent in the dialysate, move from blood into the dialyzing fluid. 

6. Filtered blood is returned to vein. 

7. In this process it is essential that anticoagulant like heparin is added to the blood while it passing through the tube and before resending it into the circulation, adequate amount of antiheparin is mixed. 

8. Also, the blood has to move slowly through the tube and hence the process is slow.

Presence of excessive quantities of ketone bodies in the urine indicates that the patient is suffering from diabetes mellitus, starvation or too little carbohydrates in the diet.

Pratipad means the ‘way’ that leads to the end of suffering.

Correct option is: (c) preach