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India had to face many challenges immediately after she got independence, which can be summed up as follows: 

1. Challenge to Shape a Nation: India was divided among various states at the time of independence. Hence a great challenge arose to unity and integrate country into one bond Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself to integrate these states either will fully or diplomatically to be completed into different stages. 

2. To Establish Democratic Setup: India constituted representative democracy based on parliamentary form of government and it was a great challenge to develop these democratic practices in the nation. 

3. To Ensure Development and Well Being of the Society: Indian polity made herself to achieve welfare goods with the environment of effective economic policies and eradication of poverty and unemployment.

Globalization refers to integration of an economy with the other country based on interdependence.

Reasons for keeping India secular: 

1. All the Muslims did not leave India during participation, some muslims stayed in India as a minority and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to deal with them in a very civilized and dignified manner. 

2. He advocated security and democratic rights of Muslims as a citizen of India. 

No, these reasons were not only ethical and sentimental, but there were some prudential reasons also as: 

1. India’s secular nature cherished its long term goals and principles like socialism, equality, liberty and fraternity. 

2. Secularism stops any single faith to become superior and inferior to those who practicsied another religion. Hence it considers all citizens equal irrespective of religious affiliation.

1. Bihar 

2. Kerala

3. Orissa 

4. Gujarat

WSF is the World Social Forum, a global platform to bring together a wide coalition of human rights activists, environmentalists and women activists.

(i) Challenge to shape a nation 

(ii) Challenges to establish democracy. 

Or

(iii) Challenge to ensure the development and well being of the entire society.

These two statements focus on the agenda of secularism, democracy, sovereignty and freedom. It focuses on the path which will lead to the real development and prosperity of our country. The first statement appeals to me more than the second one because it invokes the countrymen to remain awake, alert and conscious as it is not the end of our struggle. The time to build the nation initiates now.

1. The person is the first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, who faced the first and foremost challenge of integration of princely states and formation of linguistic states. 

2. The picture refers the problem of reorganization of states on linguistic basis with the fear of disintegration in the country. 

3. India identified and respected regional demands of the people and enhanced democracy by providing some autonomy to the states also.

1. Communal Riots took place as the people of one community were killed and maimed by the people of other community in the name of religion. 

2. People went through immense sufferings as they were forced to abandon their homes and to secure temporary shelter in the refugee camps. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of border.

1. (a) Gujarat (from Bombay) 

    (b) Meghalaya (from Assam) 

    (c) Haryana (from Punjab) 

    (d) Chhattisgarh (from Madhya Pradesh) 

2. (a) India 

    (b) Pakistan 

3. (a) Pakistan 

    (b) Bangladesh

(a)-(ii)

(b)-(iv) 

(c)-(i) 

(d)-(iii)

• accompanied Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni during his visit to India.
• tried to estimate the diameter of the earth.
• determined the latitudes and longitudes accurately.
• prepared a map of the earth indicating its round shape.
• considered as the father of ‘Hydraulics’.

(d) The scheme of partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border.

1. Czechoslovakia Czechs (1) and Slovakia(2).

 2. Russia (3). 

3. Turkmenistan (4) and Uzbekistan (5). 

4. Yugoslavia (6). 

5. Ukraine (7) and Belarus (8).

Jerusalem and Bethlehem

(a) Textile industry:

• In the year 1738, John Kay made and patented the ‘flying shuttle’ which increased the speed of weaving.
• The ‘spinning jenny’, a spinning frame with multiple spindles were made by James Hargreaves in England. It reduced the amount of labour and time of production.
• In the year 1769, Richard Arkwright made a more advanced spinning frame. It could produce yarns much faster.
• Samuel Crompton invented the ‘spinning mule’ in 1779 C. E.. This machine increased the speed of producing cloth two hundred times.
• In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom.
• In 1793, a machine called the ‘cotton gin’ was introduced. This machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fibres at a greater speed.

(b) Metallurgy:

• England had a number of iron mines.
• Therefore, it was necessary to advance the technique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron from it.
• The fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from wood to coal.
• Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain their aeration.
• In 1865, the process of producing steel from molten iron was invented and the nature of the iron industry underwent a major transformation.
• At about the same time, a method was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making iron bars (e.g. rails).

NATO came into existence in April 1949 and twelve sca+ joined it.

• He was a sailor and a famous medieval traveler.
• Ibn Batuta visited several countries like India, Maldives, Sumatra, China, Spain, Sardinia, East, and West Africa.

1. Limited Test Ban Treaty: Banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water signed by the US, UK and USSR in Moscow on 5 August 1963 came into force on 10 October, 1963. 

2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: It allows only nuclear weapon states to have nuclear weapons and stops others from acquiring them. A nuclear weapon state is one which had manufactured and exploded nuclear explosive device prior to 1 Janaury, 1967. So there are five nuclear weapon states: US, USSR, Britain, France and China. 

3. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and II (Salt I and II): The first round began in November 1969. The Soviet Union leader Leonid Brezhnev and the US President Kichard Nixon signed the following in Moscow on 26 May 1972— 

(a) Anti Ballistic Missile System Treaty

(b) Interim Agreement on limitation of strategic offensive arms.

It came into force on 3 October, 1972. The second round started in November 1972. The US President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet leader Brezhnev signed Treaty on limiting strategic offensive arms in Vienna on 18 June, 1979. 

4. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I and II (START I and II): Treaty I signed by the USSR president Mikhail Gorbachev and the’ US president George Bush (Senior) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms in Moscow on 31 July 1991. 

Treaty II was signed for same purpose in Moscow on 3 January, 1993 between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the US President George Bush (Senior).

1. Superpowers used their military power to bring countries into their respective alliances.

2. Soviet Union used its influence in Eastern Europe so that the eastern half of Europe remained within its sphere of influence. 

3. In East and Southeast Asia and in West Asia, the US built an alliance called South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO). 

4. The Soviet Union responded by having close relations with regional countries such as North Vietnam, North Korea and Iraq.

1.

2.

1. Limited Test Ban Treaty: Banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water signed by the US, UK and USSR in Moscow on 5 August 1963 came into force on 10 October, 1963. 

2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: It allows only nuclear weapon states to have nuclear weapons and stops others from acquiring them. A nuclear weapon state is one which had manufactured and exploded nuclear explosive device prior to 1 Janaury, 1967. So there are five nuclear weapon states: US, USSR, Britain, France and China. 

3. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and II (Salt I and II): The first round began in November 1969. The Soviet Union leader Leonid Brezhnev and the US President Kichard Nixon signed the following in Moscow on 26 May 1972: 

(a) Anti Ballistic Missile System Treaty, 

(b) Interim Agreement on limitation of strategic offensive arms.

It came into force on 3 October, 1972. The second round started in November 1972. The US President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet leader Brezhnev signed Treaty on limiting strategic offensive arms in Vienna on 18 June, 1979. 

4. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I and II (START I and II): Treaty I signed by the USSR president Mikhail Gorbachev and the’ US president George Bush (Senior) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms in Moscow on 31 July 1991. 

Treaty II was signed for same purpose in Moscow on 3 January, 1993 between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the US President George Bush (Senior).

A non-aligned posture also served India’s interests very directly as well as India intervened in world affairs to soften cold war rivalries by reducing differences between the alliances and from escalating into a full scale war. Though India’s policy of non-alignment was criticized on a number of counts: 

1. India’s non-alignment was said to be ‘unprincipled’ in the name of persuning in national interest. 

2. India often refused to take firm stand on crucial international issues.

3. Sometimes India took contradictory postures, having criticized others for joining alliances, Indian signed the Treaty of friendship in August 1971 with the USSR for 29 years 

4. During Bangladesh crisis also India developed good relations even with the US in the name of diplomatic and military support.

Fidel Castro

Answer is Nehru

(a) True 

(b) True 

(c) True 

(d) False

Nikita Khrushchev

1. The Soviet Union was worried about America invading Cuba that the US world overthrew Cuban President Fidel Castro to capture power in Cuba. 

2. They became reluctant to do anything that might lead to to full scale war between the two countries. 

3. The two superpowers became reluctant because both of them knew that it might lead only a massive destruction and will not justify any gain for them.

1. The Cold War referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between the US and Soviet Union. It never escalated into a hot war, i.e. a full-scale war between these two powers. 

2. The US and USSR decided to collaborate in limiting or eliminating certain kinds of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons. A stable balance of weapon, they decided, could be maintained through ‘arms control’. Starting in the 1960s, the two sides signed significant agreements, namely, Limited Test Ban Treaty and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. 

3. The Western alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the eastern alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism.

b – Khrushchev

Correct option: (c) Alberuni

d. Warsaw Pact

Answer is b, e, a, d, f, c

Answer is ASEAN

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

Strategic’Arms Reduction Treaty

Correct option: (b) Vasco da Gama

Correct option: (a) James Watt

Correct option: (d) power loom

Correct option: (b) Varahamihir

Correct option: (a) 1096

Keeping in view the demand to reorganise states on the linguistic basis, Justice S.K. Das Commission was set up in 1948 suggested in its report on 10th October 1948 that the states should be reorganised on the basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic principles.

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NlEp - New International Economic Order

SEATO – South East Asia Treaty Organization

CENTO – Central Treaty Organization

Correct Answer is : (b) 19

Correct Answer is: (a) 562

Operation Vijay was related to Goa, Daman and Diu.

P. Sriramulu demanded the separate state of Andhra Pradesh.

The two organisations i.e. French India National Congress and the French India Students Congress fought fiercely for the freedom of Pondicherry from the French. These two organisations were established in 1946 with an aim to liberate Pondicherry and to merge it into India.

France possession was on Pondicherry.

Correct option: (b) Renaissance