Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.

18551.

Question : Define 'bio reactor'.

Answer»

Solution :It is a vessel or a container that is designed in such a WAY that it can provide an optimum ENVIRONMENT in which microorganism or their enzymes INTERACT with a substrate to produse that required product . It is used for the process of FERMENTATION .
Discussion
18552.

Question : Define population and community.

Answer»

Solution :POPULATION : A population is the collection of interbreeding organisms of a particular species living TOGETHER in the same geographical AREA at a TIME.
Community : A community is a group of organisms belonging to several DIFFERENT species which live together in the same area or habitat and interact through trophic and spatial relationships.
Discussion
18553.

Question : Definepopulation andcommunity.

Answer»

SOLUTION :A GROUPOF individulas of the samespecieswhointerbreedto producefertile young.Livingtogetherin thesamegeograhical area to a timeiscalledpopulation.
Communityrefersto GROUPSOF organismsbelogingto serveraldifferentspeciesthat livetogetherin the sameareaofhabitat and INTERACT throughtrohicand spatial relationship.
Discussion
18554.

Question : Define Barr body.

Answer»

Solution :In 1949. BARR and Bertram FIRST observed a CONDENSED body in the nerve cells of FEMALE cat which was absent in the MALE. This condensed body was called sex chromosome by then and was later referred as Barr body.
Discussion
18555.

Question : Define population.

Answer»

Solution :POPULATION is defined as any group of ORGANISMS of the same species which can interbreed among themselves, and occupy a PARTICULAR space and FUNCTION as part of a biotic community.
Discussion
18556.

Question : Define autoimmune diseases. Give two examples.

Answer»

Solution :Autoimmune DISEASES are the disorders in which IMMUNE SYSTEM starts rejecting its own body cells which START acting as ..self antigens.. or Autoantigens.
Examples : (i) Chronic anaemia in which RBCS are destroyed.
(ii) MYAESTHENIA gravis in which muscle cells are destroyed.
Discussion
18557.

Question : Define polymerase chain reaction. Name the enzyme used in it and mention its source.

Answer»

SOLUTION :SYNTHESIZING MULTIPLE copies of GENE of interest in invitro condition Taq polmerase.
Discussion
18558.

Question : Define: Autoimmunity

Answer»

Solution :AUTOIMMUNITY is the system of immune RESPONSES of an ORGANISM against its own healthy cells and tissues.
Any disease that RESULTS from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
Discussion
18559.

Question : Define pollution. With reference to water pollution, explain biochemical oxygen demand, algal bloom, biomagnification and eutrophication.

Answer»

Solution :Pollution is defined as an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, LAND, water or soil.
Water pollution is defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological properties of water that may affect the human beings and DOMESTIC species.
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)
The AMOUNT of oxygen required for microbial breakdown of biodegradable organic matter is called BOD.
It is higher in polluted water and lesser in drinking water.
Algal bloom
Domestic sewage contains nutrients LIKE nitrogen and phosphorus which the excessive growth of planktonic (free-floating) algae called algal bloom. Algal bloom causes mortality and deterioration of water quality.
Biomagnification
Biomagnification is defined as increase in concentration of toxicants at sucessive trophic levels. Toxic substances cannot be metabolised or excreted, therefore they get accumulated in an organism and passed on to higher tropic levels.
Eutrophication
It is defined as the natural aging of a lake by biological enrichment of its water, water in a young lake is cold and clear to support life, with time, it is ENRICHED with nutrients which encourages growth of aquatic life, plants and animals life. Organic remains at the bottom makes water warm, eventually floating water develop in the lake, finally converting into land.
Discussion
18560.

Question : Define Autogamy.write the two different kindsof flowers that exhibit autogamy.

Answer»

Solution :It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to STIGMA of the same flower. Two different kinds of flowers are:
(i) Chasmogamous flowers
(ii) Cleistogamous flowers.
Detailed Answer:
Autogamy
When the pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower, it is KNOWN as autogamy.
In flowers with exposed anthers and stigma, a complete autogamy is rare and hence the anthers and stigma should lie close to each other to enable self-pollination. Along with this there should be synchrony in pollen release and stigma re ceptivity.
PLANTS like VIOLA (common pansy), Oxalis and Conimelina produce two types of flowers NAMELY Chasmogamous flowers and Cleistogamous flowers.
(a) Chasmogamous flowers
They are similar to flowers of other species with exposed anthers and stigma.
(b) Cleistogamous flowers
They do not open at all. Anthers and stigma lie close to each other.
They are autogamous as there is no chance of cross-pollination.
When anthers dehisce in the flower buds, pollen grains come in contact with the stigma for pollination.
Cleistogamous flowers produce assured seed-set even in the absence of pollinators.
Discussion
18561.

Question : Define pollution . " Industries are pouring poison in water" - Expalin.

Answer»

Solution :1. Definition of Pollution:
Substances PRODUCED by the activity of mankind in concentration sufficient to cause harmful effect to his health, vegetables, property or to interfere with the enjoyment of his property is called pollutio,n.
2. "Industries are pouring poison in water". Explanation:
(1) If industries do not follow permissible limits of pollutants which are released out of their plants, they can cause LOT of damage.
(2) Many kinds of pollutants are very dangerous for human life and also for all other living organisms.
(3) Heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, etc. can cause severe effects on the human health. They can cause serious disorders of vital organs and systems.
(4) Pollutants FLOWING out of fertilizers and PESTICIDE industries can cause several lethal and sublethal effects.
(5) The known hazards of Minamata or Itai itai diseases have shaken Japan due to ill effects of mercury and cadmium poisoning respectively.
(6) Therefore, strict controlling measures and abatement of these industrial pollutants are observed at many places. In SPITE of this, most of the rivers of India are heavily polluted.
Discussion
18562.

Question : Define PCR. Mention its application.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Polymerase chain Reaction is a technique of amplifying (multiplying) a DNA FRAGMENT into APPROXIMATELY a billion copies within a SHORT time in VITRO.
Discussion
18563.

Question : What are recombinant vaccines ? Explain the types .

Answer»

Solution :Attenuated recombinant vaccines includes genetically moditied PATHOGENIC organisms (BACTERIA or VIRUSES) that are MADE nonpathogenic and are used as vaccines. Such vaccines arereferred to as attenuated recombinant vaccines
Discussion
18564.

Question : Write a short note on Atavism.

Answer»

SOLUTION :It is a modification of biological structure where by an ancetral trait REAPPEARS after havingbeen lost through EVOLUTIONARY changes in the privious generation. EX: Reemergence of sexual reproduction in the flowering plant Hieracium pilosella.
Discussion
18565.

Question :What is pollution?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Pollution is any undesirable CHANGE in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the ENVIRONMENT DUE to natural causes and human ACTIVITIES.
Discussion
18566.

Question : Define asexual reproduction. Mention asexual structures in penicillium and sponge.

Answer»

Solution :The production of OFFSPRINGS by a SINGLE parent without formation and FUSION of gametes.
Pencillium - CONIDIA
Sponge- Gemmule
Discussion
18567.

Question : Define pollution.Compare thebiodegradableand non-biodegradable pollutants.

Answer»

Solution :Pollution is an undersirablechangein the physical , chemcialor biological , characteristics of air, waterand landthat mayharmfullyaffect human , animal and plantlife and may destroy our valuble RESOURCES. Pollutantsare broadly classified into biodegradable and non - biodegradable, pollutants (e.g markedt garbage , livestock wastes, municipal sewage etc.) Non - biodegradablepollutantsare thematerials that eitherdo not degrade or degrade only overslowly in nature (e.g., DDT, BHC waste PLASTICBOTTLES, polyethylene BAGS,used soft DRINK cans etc).
Discussion
18568.

Question : Define AQI. What will be the air quality if AQI is between 0-50?

Answer»

Solution :AIR Quality Index (AQI) is a NUMBER used by government agencies to COMMUNICATE to the public how polluted the air is at a given time. If AQI is between 0-50 then the quality of air is good.
Discussion
18569.

Question : Define pollination.

Answer»

SOLUTION :The transferof pollengrainsfromanthertostigmaof afloweris CALLEDAS POLLINATION .
Discussion
18570.

Question : Define appocarpous and syncarpous condition.

Answer»


SOLUTION :When the carpels are FREE then it is said to be APOCARPOUS and when the carpels are FUSED then it is said to be syncarpous.
Discussion
18571.

Question : What is pollination ? Mention its types.

Answer»

SOLUTION :POLLINATION is the transfer of POLLEN grains from ANTHER to the STIGMA of the flower.
Discussion
18572.

Question : Define apolysis.

Answer»

Solution :The detachment of gravid PROGLOTTIDS EITHER singly or in GROUPS from the body of TAPEWORM is called apolysis.
Discussion
18573.

Question : Define apiculture . Name the products obtained from it .

Answer»

Solution :1. Apiculture or bee keeping is the technique that deals with artificial REARING of honey bees to obtain VARIOUS bee products.
2. Products of apiculture: Honey, bee wax, pollen, bee VENOM, ROYAL jelly, etc. are the products obtained by apiculture.
Discussion
18574.

Question : Define point mutation. Give an example for point mutation.

Answer»

Solution :It is a CHANGE in SINGLE base in the geno EG. SICKLE cell anemia
Discussion
18575.

Question : Write a note on point mutation.

Answer»

Solution :GENE mutation refers to the changes in the structure of the gene. It is also called gene/ point mutation. It ALTERS the phenotype of an organism and PRODUCES VARIATIONS in their OFFSPRINGS
Discussion
18576.

Question : Define Apiculture. List any two economic importance of it.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Maintenance of HONEYBEES and their hives for the production of honey and beewax.
Honey is a FOOD of high nutritive value.
Beewax is USED in the PREPARATION of cosmetics and polishes.
Discussion
18577.

Question : Define apiary. Name most preferred species of honey bees for apiculture.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Definitioni of Apiary-
Most PREFERRED spp. For apiculture is Apis mellifera (Italian BEE).
Discussion
18578.

Question : Define pleiotropy. Mention an example.

Answer»

Solution :Pleiotropy : A SINGLE gene can EXHIBIT multiple PHENOTYPIC expression and such a gene is called PLEIOTROPIC gene.
Eg :- Phenylketonuria DISEASE, which occurs in humans.
Discussion
18579.

Question : Define apiary.

Answer»

Solution :ARTIFICIAL BEE hive formed of wooden CHAMBERS.
Discussion
18580.

Question : Define plasmotomy.

Answer»

Solution :Plasmotomy is the DIVISION of multinucleated PARENT into many multinucleated DAUGHTER individuals with the division of nuclei. Nuclear division occurs later to maintain normal NUMBER of nuclei. Plasmotomy occurs in Opalima and Pelomyxa (Giant AMOEBA).
Discussion
18581.

Question : Define aneuploidy. How is it different from polyploidy ? Describe the individuals having the following chromosomal abnormalities. (a) Trisomy of 21^(st) chromosome (b) XXY (c) XO

Answer»

Solution : Definition of Aneuploidy : Failure of segregation of CHROMATIDS during cell division cycle results in the gain or loss of a chromosome(s) called aneuploidy.

=(1) Down.s Syndrome (Mongolism) : This is a autosomal aneuploidy It is causeddue to presence of an additional copy of the chromosome number 21 (trisomy of 21) due to non-disjunction of chromosomes during sperm or ova formation. The AFFECTED individual is short statured with small round head, furrowed tongue and partially OPEN mouth. Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease. Physical, psychomotor and mental development is retarded.
=(ii) Klinefelter.s Syndrome : This genetic disorder is trisomy of sex chromosomes is also caused due to the presence of an additional copy of X-chromosome. They have 47 chromosomes., They have karyotype of XXY. Such an individual has overall masculine development, however, the feminine development (development of breast, i.e., Gynaecomastia) is also EXPRESSED. Such individuals are sterile male.
=(iii) Turner.s Syndrome : Such females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary besides other FEATURES including lack of other secondary sexual characters. This is a monosomy of sex chromosome,Such a disorder is caused due to the absence of one of the X chromosome, They have 45 chromosomes. They can be represented as XO.
Discussion
18582.

Question : Define plasmid .

Answer»

Solution :(i) Plasmids are EXTRA chromosomal, self replicating DS circular DNA molecules, found in the becterial cells in addition to the becterial chromosome .
(ii) Plasmids CONTAIN GENETIC information for their own replication .
Discussion
18583.

Question : Differentiate Aneuploidy and Euploidy.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Failure of chromatids to segregate during CELL DIVISION resulting in the GAIN or loss of ONE or more chromosomes is called aneuploidy. It is caused by non-disjunction of chromosomes.
Discussion
18584.

Question : Write about the significance of plant succession.

Answer»

Solution :SUCCESSIVE replacement of ONE type of plant community by the other of the same AREA/ PLACE is known as plant SUCCESSION.
Discussion
18585.

Question : Define Antigen and Antibody. Name any two diagnostic kits based upon them.

Answer»

SOLUTION :An antigen is a FOREIGN substance that elicits the formation of an antibody. Antibody is a protein that is synthesised in response to an antigen. Antigen and antibody show high degree of specificity in binding each other. TWO diagnostic kits based on antigen-antibody INTERACTION are : (a) ELISA for HIV. (b) PREGNANCY test kits.
Discussion
18586.

Question : Define plant breeding.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Plant BREEDING is the ART of developing ECONOMICALLY important plants with superior quality.
Discussion
18587.

Question : Define aneuploidy. How is it different from polyploidy ? Describe the individuals having following chromosomal abnormalities. (a) Trisomy of "21"^(st) chromosome (b) XXX (c) XO

Answer»

SOLUTION :`implies` The GAIN or loss of CHROMOSOMES due to FAILURE of segregation of chromatids during cell division is known as aneuploidy.
`implies`It differs from polyploidy in the ADDITION of one or be more complete sets of chromosomes in the genome.
Discussion
18588.

Question : Define placentation. List the functions of placenta

Answer»

Solution :(i) Placentation is the process of formation of an intimate mechanical and physiological connection, called placenta, between the foetal and maternal tissues. (ii) Placenta helps in nutrition, respiration and excretion of the foetus. It ALSO SECRETES HCG hormone (which maintains PREGNANCY) and RELAXIN hormone (which helps in CHILD birth).
Discussion
18589.

Question :Define and design a test cross.

Answer»

SOLUTION :TEST cross is a cross between an organism with unknown genotype and a recessive parent.
=It is used to determine whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait.
= If the progenies PRODUCED by a test cross show 50% dominant trait and 50% recessive trait, then the unknown individual is heterozygous for a trait.
= On the other hand if the progeny produced shows dominant trait, then the unknown individual is homozygous for a trait.

= If the unknown is homozygous TALL (TT) then crossing with dwarf recessive (tt) gives all tall OFFSPRINGS (Tt).

= If the unknown is heterozygous tall [Tt], then crossing with dwarf (tt) results in 50% tall (Tt) and 50% dwarf (tt) progeny
Discussion
18590.

Question : What is phototaxis ?

Answer»

Solution :The MOVEMENT of organism in RESPONSE to light, either TOWARDS the source of light as in MOTHS (positive phototaxis) or AWAY from light (Earthworm (negative phototaxis).
Discussion
18591.

Question : Define analogous organs. Give one example.

Answer»

Solution :ORGANS with different origin but doing the same function, WINGS of an INSECT and a BAT.
Discussion
18592.

Question : Define phenotypic adaptation. Give one example.

Answer»

Solution :It is a non neneic change in physical and physiological characteristics like external appearance, behaviour and physiology which develop in RESPONSE to the changes in the environment and are useful to organisms in ADJUSTMENT to prevailing environmental condition.
Exaple 1: Appearance of mountain sickness at HIGH attitude and its disappearance as one becomes acclimated through increased PRODUCTION of RBC, DECREASED binding capacity of haemoglobin and increased rate of breathing.
Discussion
18593.

Question : Define analogous organ with an example

Answer»

Solution :Organisms having DIFFERENT structural patterns but similar function are termed as analogous structures. For EXAMPLE, the wings of birds and insects are different structurally but perform same function of flight that BRINGS about convergent EVOLUTION
Discussion
18594.

Question : Definephenotypicadaptation . Giveone example

Answer»

SOLUTION :suchas physiologicalmodification LIKE ACCLIMATIZATION or BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE.
Discussion
18595.

Question : Define parturition and labour.

Answer»

Solution :PARTURITION is the completion of PREGNANCY and giving birth to the baby. The SERIES of events that expels the infant from the UTERUS is collectively called "labour".
Discussion
18596.

Question : Define an operon, giving an example, explain an Inducible operon.

Answer»

Solution :The elucidation of the lac operon was also a result of a close association between a geneticist, Francois Jacob and a biochemist, Jacque Monod in 1961. They were the first to elucidate a transcriptionally regulated system. In lac operon (here lac refers to lactose), a polycistronic structural gene is regulated by a common promoter and regulatory genes.
Such arrangement is very common in bacteria and is referred to as operon. To name few such examples, lac operon, trp operon, ara operon, his operon, val operon, etc. Lac operon is a type of inducible operon. In inducible operon, presence of a chemical switch on the operon. The lac operon consists of one regulatory gene (the i gene - here the term i does not refer to inducer, rather it is derived from the word inhibitor) and three structural genes (z, y and a).
The z gene codes for beta-galactosidase (p-gal), which is primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of the disaccharide, lactose into its monomeric units, galactose and glucose. The y-gene codes for permease, which increases permeability of the cell to p-galactosides. The a-gene encodes a transacetylase.
HENCE, all the three gene products in lac operon are required for metabolism of lactose. In most other OPERONS as well, the genes present in the operon are needed together to function in the same or related metabolic pathway. Operator gene is switched off in the presence of a repressor. RNA polymerase binds with the promoter gene. Lactose is the SUBSTRATE for the enzyme beta-galactosidase and it regulates switching on and off of the operon. Hence, it is termed as inducer.
In the absence of a preferred carbon source such as glucose,, if lactose is PROVIDED in the growth medium of the bacteria, the lactose is transported into the cells through the action of permease (Remember, a very low level of expression of lac operon has to be present in the cell all the time, otherwise lactose cannot enter the cells). The lactose then induces the operon in the following manner.
The repressor of the operon is synthesised (all-the- time constitutively) from the i gene. Constitutive genes or housekeeping genes: These genes are constantly expressing themselves because their product is required by cell all the time. E.g.: Genes for ATPalse and glycolysis. The repressor protein binds to the operator region of the operon and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon.
In the presence of an inducer, such as lactose or allolactose, the repressor is inactivated by interaction with the inducer. This allows RNA polymerase access to the promoter and transcription proceeds. Essentially, regulation of lac operon can also be visualised as regulation of enzyme synthesis by its substrate.
Discussion
18597.

Question : Define parasitism and give any two types with suitable example of each.

Answer»

Solution :Deflnitlon of parasitism : The symbiotic relationship in which one i.e. parasite gets the benefit at the expense of the other, i.e. host is called parasitism. There are two types of parasites, viz., ectoparasites and endoparasites.
(1) Ectoparasites : Parasites living on the surface of the host are called ectoparasites. E.g. Flea, mosquito, lice, etc.
(2) Endoparasites: Parasites seen in the interior of the host body are called endoparasites. E.g. FLAT worm, TAPEWORM, ROUND worm, Entamoeba, etc. Endoparasites are of two types, viz. intercellular and intracellular. Intercellular endoparasites inhabit intercellular spaces whereas intracellular endoparasites LIVE within the cells of the host body.
Discussion
18598.

Question : Define allergy. What are its symptoms? How it can be prevented?

Answer»

Solution :Allergy is charaacterised by hypersensitive RESPONSE of the BODY to some foreign substance called allergen.
Common symptoms of an allergic reaction are : RHINITIS (sneezing and running nose), conjunctivitis (itchy, red and watery eyes), an itchy and red RASH, etc.
Preventive measures :
(a) Identifying and avoiding the allergen.
(b) Use of ANTIHISTAMINE drugs to neutralise allergy - causing histamine.
Discussion
18599.

Question : Define Parthenogenesis.

Answer»

Solution :Development of female GAMETE into a new ORGANISM WITHOUT FERTILIZATION is called PARTHENOGENESIS.
Discussion
18600.

Question : Define parasitism and give any 'two' types with suitable example of each.

Answer»

Solution :Type of relationship between organisms. of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at expense of other, the host.
Types of Parasitism : (a) Ectoparasites e.g., flea.
(b) Endoparasites e.g ., tapeworms. flukes PLASMODIUM.
(c) Hyper parasite e.g., PROTOZOAN in digestive tract of flea.
(d) Social parasite e.g., ANTS. TERMITES.
(e) Blood parasite e.g., cuckoo.
(f) Adelpho parasite e.g., citrus black. fly , e.g., BONELLIA virdis
Discussion