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The Governor convenes the session of the legislature and addresses the first session. Bill passed by the legislature becomes a law only after the signature of the Governor. He arranges to present the budget before the legislature. Without the approval of the governor, a money bill cannot be submitted in the assembly.

The Governor appoints the Chief minister. He also appoints other ministers on the advice of the Chief minister. State executive – powers are vested in the Governor. All the laws and the major policy decisions of the government are issued in his name. Appointments to all the major positions of the state are done by the Governor. But he uses these rights only on the advice of the Council of Ministers. He can ask for information on any matter from the Council of Ministers. The Governor, from time to time, keeps sending the state’s law and order situation to the Central Government.

The Supreme Court of the Indian judiciary is located in New Delhi.

These are the powers that the Governor uses in place of the elected government in the state of emergency.

The governor can reduce or suspend the sentence of a convicted person and may also pardon him.

In the Assembly, the ‘Council of Ministers’ has to resign if the ‘non-confidence motion’ is passed against the state government.

1. Chief Minister 

2. Secretary 

3. unicameral 

4. Jodhpur

In each ministry, there are secretaries to assist the minister. These secretaries are called bureaucrats. These bureaucrats provide information to the minister and help the minister in making decisions. Bureaucrats are responsible for implementing the decisions of the Council of Ministers.

(i) (b) 

(ii) (c) 

(iii) (a)

Governor – Kalyan Singh 

Chief Minister – Vasundhara Raje.

The President/ the speaker of the Assembly conducts the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly.

Chief Minister is the head of state council of ministers.

the maximum number of members in legislative assembly is 500 .

Following are the roles of Chief Minister: 

1. Formation of Cabinet: This is the first task which a Chief Minister does after assuming office. After selecting the ministers, the Chief Minister sends the list to the Governor, and the list is accepted by the Governor. The Chief Minister can use his discretion to a great extent while selecting the ministers. 

2. Allocation and change of portfolios of Ministers: The Chief Minister distributes departments among his colleagues. He can also change the portfolio of a minister even after the formation of the Council of Ministers. 

3. Operation of the Cabinet: Chief Minister calls the meetings of the Cabinet and heads those meetings. He prepares the agenda for meetings. All proceedings of the Cabinet take place as per his instructions. 

4. Coordination among different departments: The Chief Minister ensures that all departments of government,

 i.e. the whole Cabinet works like a unit. If a dispute arises among two or more ministers then dispute is resolved by the Chief Minister. 

5. Establishing Connection between the Cabinet and Governor: Chief Minister has the responsibility of establishing connection between the Cabinet and Governor. He informs the Governor about decisions of the Cabinet and takes the message of the Governor to the Cabinet. 

6. Leader of Legislative Assembly: Apart from being the head of the government, the Chief Minister is also the leader of legislative assembly. He holds an important position on legislation by being the leader of legislative assembly, and legislation happens as per his wish to a certain extent. Being the leader of legislative assembly he can give the recommendation for dissolution of legislative assembly to the Governor.

Members of the Legislative Council a permanent house are indirectly elected through a system of electoral colleges.

Following are the rights and functions of legislative council: 

1. Legislation: Except the money bill all other bills can be introduced in any house of state legislature. But the bill should be passed by both the houses. Article 197 says that if a bill is passed by legislative assembly and is rejected by legislative council, the legislative assembly again passes that bill and sends it to legislative council. Same process is applied when legislative council makes certain amendments to the bill or holds the bill up to three months after its passage from the legislative assembly. If the legislative council again rejects the bill or holds the bill for one month or makes certain amendments to the bill which are not acceptable to the legislative assembly, then the bill is considered to be passed from both the houses. Thus, legislative council can hold any normal bill to a maximum of 4 months. Legislative council cannot make a bill null.

2. Function related to executive: Member of legislative council can be a member of cabinet. Legislative council can control the cabinet through questions, proposals and debates. But it has no right to remove the cabinet. This right has only been given to legislative assembly. 

3. Financial work: The Constitution clearly says that a money bill can only be introduced in legislative assembly, not in legislative council. When the legislative assembly passes a money bill and sends it to legislative council for recommendations, the legislative council can hold the bill only up to 14 days. If it does not return the bill within 14 days then the bill is considered to be passed by both the houses.

Seven states have bicameral legislative.

Governor, Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council.

Article 216 says that each High Court shall comprised a Chief Justice and judges who will be appointed by the President as and when required. Thus, the President decides on the number of judges in a High Court.

 1. Appointment of Judges: Article 217 (1) says that the President appoints the Chief Justice and judges of a High Court. The President appoints the Chief Justice of a High Court on advice of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the related state. He appoints other judges on advice from the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court & High Court and Governor.

Following are the jurisdictions of High Court:

Original Jurisdiction: This jurisdiction primarily means hearing of cases by the High Court. 

The cases can be from following aspects:

1. Dispute regarding election of members of Parliament or of state legislature. 

2. Dispute regarding revenue collection. 

3. Cases related to admirality, probate, marriage, company law, divorce, etc.

2. Writ Jurisdiction: Article 226 says that High Court can issue habeas corpus, writ, embargo, quo warranto and certiorari. While the Supreme Court can only issue . writ for fundamental rights, the High Court can issue writs for fundamental rights as well as for other rights. 

3. Appellate Jurisdiction:The appellate jurisdiction of High Court can be of three categories: 

Civil: An appeal can be filed in the High Court against district courts in cases of income tax, patent, design, inheritance, etc. 

Criminal: If a criminal has been given the sentence of four or more years or death sentence by a session court, he can appeal in the High Court.

Constitutional: If interpretation of Constitution is involved then the case can be appealed in the High Court.

Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

Council of Ministers in a state is formed as follows: 

1. Appointment of Chief Minister: Appointment of the Chief Minister is the first step of formation of cabinet. Article 164 says that the Governor will appoint the Chief Minister and will appoint the ministers on advice of the Chief Minister. The accepted precedence on this matter is to appoint the leader of the majority party in the legislative assembly as the Chief Minister. 

2. Selection of Ministers: The Chief Minister selects other ministers and he sends a list of their names and departments to the Governor. Formation of Cabinet is the privilege of the Chief Minister. Number of members in the Cabinet is decided by the Chief Minister. The 91st constitutional amendment had limited the number of ministers to 15% of the number of members in the legislative assembly. 

The Chief Minister has to keep in mind following things while selecting the ministers:

Following are the powers of the Cabinet: 

(A) Policy making on governance: Policy making on governance is the most important work of the Council of Ministers. Policy decisions are taken by the Council of Ministers no matter if the subject is related to Home Affairs or Education, Health or Agriculture. The Council of Minister not only decided on policies but also implements them in practice. 

(B) Suggestion to the Governor for appointments at higher posts: The Constitution says that the Governor appoints the Advocate General, head and members of State Public Service Commission, and other high officials. In practice, all such appointments are done by the Governor on the basis of advice from the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers gives suggestions to the President for appointment of judges in the High Court. 

3. Representing the government in legislature: The ministers attend the legislative assembly and legislative council to answer the questions and criticisms from members and defend the policies of the government. 

4. To decide on legislation: The Council of Ministers also plays important role in legislation. The sequence and nature of bill to be introduced in the legislature is decided by the Council of Ministers. 

5. Preparation of Budget: The Finance Minister presents the annual budget of the state before beginning of the financial year. The budget is made on the basis of policies as decided by the Council of Ministers. Ensuring the passage of budget is the responsibility of the Council of Ministers.

The Governor is appointed by the President of India. A governor is appointed for a period of five years, but can continue in office till his successor joins the office. After completion of tenure, the governor can be removed from the office or can be transferred to another state. The governor can voluntarily resign from his post even before the term expires.

Powers of Governor are as follows: 

1. Executive Power: The executive power of the state lies with the Governor. The Governor uses these powers himself and through the officials under him. He appoints the Chief Minister, and appoints other ministers on Chief Minister’s advice. He appoints the chairperson and members of State Public Service Commission. The President needs to take advice from the Governor of related state while appointing the judges of a High Court. Executive power of the Governor encompass all subjects under State List. On subjects under Concurrent List, the Governor uses his executive power on getting assent from the President. 

2. Legislative Power: Governor’s assent is required for bill which is passed by the legislative assembly. He can reject a bill, or can return the bill to legislative assembly for review. If the legislative assembly passes the bill for the second time then Governor has to give his assent. He can preserve the same bills for President’s assent. If the session of the house is not in progress then Governor can issue ordinance. 

3. Financial Power: The Governor has some financial power as well. Any money bill cannot be introduced in the legislative assembly without prior approval of Governor. He ensures the introduction of budget in legislature every year, no grant can be demanded without his approval. Governor can ask for complementaiy, extra and more grants from the legislature. The consolidated fund of the state is under the Governor. 

4. Judicial Power: Article 161 of the Constitution says that the Governor can reduce, or stay, or change, or forgive a punishment to a person who has committed a crime against the laws which are related to subjects which come under the executive power of the Governor. Based on his report the Central Cabinet can give its recommendation to impose President’s Rule in the state as per Article 356. 

5. Other Power: Apart from above power, the Governor holds many other powers.

A normal bill is passed by state legislature in following steps: 

1. The bill is introduced in either of the houses. 

2. A normal bill needs to be passed by simple majority of both the houses. 

3. If a bill is passed by the legislative assembly, it is sent to legislative council. 

4. Legislative council can hold the bill only up to 14 days. If the bill is not returned within 14 days, it is considered to be passed by both the houses. 

5. Once the bill is passed by the legislature, it is sent to the Governor for his assent. 

6. The Governor may send same bill to the President for his assent.

Legislative Council

Council of Ministers in a state is formed as follows:

1. Appointment of Chief Minister: Appointment of the Chief Minister is the first step of formation of Cabinet. Article 164 says that the Governor will appoint the Chief Minister and will appoint the ministers on advice of the Chief Minister. The accepted precedence on this matter is to appoint the leader of the majority party in the legislative assembly as the Chief Minister. 

2. Selection of Ministers: The Chief Minister selects other ministers and he sends a list of their names and departments to the Governor. Formation of Cabinet is the privilege of the Chief Minister. Number of members in the Cabinet is decided by the Chief Minister. The 91st constitutional amendment had limited the number of ministers to 15% of the number of members in the legislative assembly. 

The Chief Minister has to keep in mind following things while selecting the ministers:

• All regions and classes of the state are given adequate representation in the Cabinet. 
• Generally the Chief Minister selects ministers from his own party so that the Cabinet can work like a unit.

The minimum number of members in legislative council is 40 .

Legislative Assembly

Governor, Chief Minister and Cabinet.

5 years is the tenure of legislative assembly .

Legislative Council.

Two-thirds of the total member.

60 (sixty) is the minimum number of members in legislative assembly as per Article 170.

Following are the eligibility criteria for judge of High Court: 

1. The person should be a citizen of India. 

2. The person should have worked on a judiciary post in that state for at least 10 years. 

3. The person should have worked as advocate for at least 10 years in the High Court or in two or more courts in the state.

Following are the eligibility criteria for Governor: 

1. The person should be a citizen of India. 

2. The person shall be at least 35 years old. 

3. The person cannot continue to be a member of parliament or of state legislature once he/she is appointed as Governor. 

4. The person cannot hold an office of profit.

All criteria are same as for members of legislative assembly. But minimum age should be 30 years.

1. I will promise to people to solve the problems of the constituency. 

Ex : Water, electricity, removal of garbage, etc. 

2. I will promise to the people to provide moral assistance when they are in problamatic situation. 

3. I will promise the people, I will try to avoid corruption from my constituency.

The Upper House of the state legislature is called the Legislative Council or Vidhana Parishad.

The Lower House of the state legislature is called the Legislative Assembly or Vidhana Sabha.

The fields which are represented by the members of the Legislative Council are Local bodies, Graduates’ Constituencies, Teachers’ Constituencies, Art, Literature, Education, Social Service, Science, etc.

The structure of Legislative Assembly is as under : 

The maximum number of seats of any Vidhana Sabha or Legislative Assembly should not exceed 500 or below 60. The number of seats in small seats is less, for example in Mizoram and Goa states, there are 40 seats (members). In the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka State the number of seats is 225. 224 members are elected from the people and one from Anglo-Indian is nominated by the Governor. There some qualifications who are to be elected to the Legislative Assembly. 

The qualifications are:

1. He/she should be a citizen of India. 

2. He/she should have completed 25 years of age. 

3. He/she should not be employed in any office of profit of the Government. 

4. He/she should not be punished by any court. 

5. He/she should not be unsound mind. 

6. He/she should not be insolvent. 

7. He/she should possess the qualifications as directed by the Parliament from time to time.

The term of office of the members is five years. The Assembly can be dissolved before the expiry of full term on the recommendation of the Cabinet. The speaker and the Deputy speaker is elected from among the elected members of the Assembly.

1. 29, 6

2. 225

3. 75

4 Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister.

5. President.

6. the Governor.

Generally, elections to the State Legislative Assembly are held once in every five years.

The State Legislative Assembly is a legislative body

Every state in India have a Governor.

In India we have the government at two levels.

One is at the centre and the other is at the state.

The state government is responsible for the governance of the people of the state.

Bicameral : Government with two legislative houses.

Constituency : A particular area from which all the voters living there choose their representatives.

A constituency means the body of citizens eligible to vote for a particular representative. 

(OR) 

A country is divided into many separate units or areas for the purpose of holding elections. Each area in which elections are held is known as a constituency. People living in a consti-tuency elect their own representative from their constituency.

(i) President – Ramnath Kovind 

(ii) Prime Minister – Narendra Damoder Das Modi.