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Importance of an Independent Judiciary :One of the basic features of the Federal Constitution is the division of powers between the Central and State Govts. on the one hand and the State has three distinct but co-ordinate units on the other hand. The legislature, which makes the Executive, which executes the law and the judiciary which interprets the law. This division of power is made by a written constitution which is the supreme law of the land. Since the language of the Constitution is not free from ambiguities and its meaning is likely to intepreted differently by different authorities at different times. It is therefore, very natural that in any federation disputes might arise betwee Central and States Govt. regarding their respective powers. Thus, in orde tc maintain the supermacy of the Constitution, there must be an independent and impartial judiciary to decide dispute between the Centre and States or the states interse. This function can only be entrusted to an impartial judiciary who can work without fear and favour. The Supreme Court under our Constitution is the final interpreter and the guardian of the Constitution. That is why, the independence of judiciary is essential in a democractic set-up. Only an impartial and independent judiciary can protect the rights of the individual and provide equal justice without fear or favour. It is therefore, very necessary that the Supreme Court should be allowed to perform its functions in an atmosphere of independence and be free fromall kinds of political pressures.

Let's look at Mahatma Gandhi's famous contributions to Indian freedom movement:

1. World War I

Lord Chelmsford, the then Viceroy of India, invited Gandhi to Delhi at a War Conference. In order to gain the trust of the empire, Gandhi agreed to move people to enlist in the army for World War I. However, he wrote to the Viceroy and said that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe".

2. Champaran

The Champaran agitation in Bihar was Gandhi's first active involvement into Indian freedom politics. The Champaran farmers were being forced to grow Indigo and were being tortured if they protested.

The farmers sought Gandhi's help and through a calculated non-violent protest, Gandhi managed to win concessions from the authority.

3. Kheda

When Kheda, a village in Gujarat, was badly hit by floods, the local farmers appealed to the rulers to waive off the taxes. Here, Gandhi started a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-payment of taxes.

He also arranged a social boycott of the mamlatdars and talatdars (revenue officials). In 1918, the Government relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended.

4. Khilafat Movement

Gandhi's influence on the Muslim population was remarkable. This was evident in his involvement in the Khilafat Movement. After the first World War, the Muslims feared for the safety of their Caliph or religious leader and a worldwide protest was being organised to fight against the collapsing status of the Caliph.

Gandhi became a prominent spokesperson of the All India Muslim Conference and returned the medals he had received from the Empire during his Indian Ambulance Corps days in South Africa. His role in the Khilafat made him a national leader in no time.

5. Non-cooperation Movement

Gandhi had realised that the British had been able to be in India only because of the co-operation they received from the Indians. Keeping this in mind, he called for a non-cooperation movement.

With the Congress' support and his indomitable spirit, he convinced people that peaceful non-cooperation was the key to Independence. The ominous day of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre triggered the non-cooperation movement. Gandhi set the goal of Swaraj or self-governance, which since then became the motto of Indian freedom movement.

6. Salt March

Also known as the Dandi Movement, Gandhi's Salt March is considered to be a pivotal incident in the history of freedom struggle. At the Calcutta Congress of 1928, Gandhi declared that the British must grant India dominion status or the country will erupt into a revolution for complete independence. The British did not pay heed to this.

As a result, on December 31, 1929, the Indian flag was unfurled in Lahore and the next January 26 was celebrated as the Indian Independence Day. Then, Gandhi started a Satyagraha campaign against the salt tax in March 1930. He marched 388 kilometres from Ahmedabad to Dandi in Gujarat to make salt. Thousands of people joined him and made it one of the biggest marches in Indian history.

7. Quit India Movement

During the Second World War, Gandhi was determined to strike the British Empire with a definitive blow that would secure their exit from India. This happened when the British started recruiting Indians for the war.

Gandhi protested strongly and said that the Indians cannot be involved in a war that is in favour of democratic purposes when India itself is not a free country. This argument exposed the two-faced image of the colonisers and within half a decade, they were out of this country.

Tilak's contribution

Tilak was born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak in a Brahmin familyin Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. Due to hisleadership capabilities and contribution to the Indian freedom struggle, he waslater conferred the title of Lokmanya, which means “accepted by all people (astheir leader)”.

Tilak could in fact be said to be the first freedom fighter.Due to his radical approach to the freedom struggle and encouragement of violentmeans to achieve freedom, he was called by the British authorities as the “Fatherof the Indian unrest”.

Possibly, Tilak’s greatest contribution to the freedom fightwas the unification of members in the Indian National Congress and rallyingthem behind him. Of course, he wasalways at loggerheads with the moderate faction of the Congress. He organized this trio called Lal-Bal-Pal,comprising of Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal, himself Bal Gangadhar Tilak and LalaLajpat Rai (famous as the Guru of the legendary Bhagat Singh) in Punjab.

Tilak is most famous for his quote on Swarajya (self-rule).He said, “Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it.”

Tilak was a staunch supporter of the Swadeshi and the Boycott movement.The Boycott movement comprised of the boycott of foreign made goods as well asthe social boycott of any Indian who bought foreign goods.

During his entire life, Tilak was tried for sedition thrice. Hewas imprisoned on charges of sedition and sent to Mandalay in Burma from 1908to 1914. Once he emerged from jail, Tilak became more moderate in his views. Herealized that violence instead of furthering the cause of self-rule wasdiminishing the pace of political reforms in India. As a result, Tilak re-joinedthe Indian National Congress in 1916. He also helped found the All India HomeRule Leaguein 1916–18, withother notable freedom fighters such asMuhammad Ali Jinnah (founder of the Muslim League)andAnnie Besant.

Tilak also had another major contributor to the freedomstruggle. Gandhi, Father of the Nation, regarded Tilak as his guru. However, Tilakcould not convince him to give up Ahimsa in the fight for India’s freedom.

If RBC had mitochondria, then most of oxygen carriedwouldbe utilised for the cellular respiration thatoccursin mitochondria.

Kesari (Marathi: केसरी Sanskrit for Lion) is a Marathinewspaperwhich wasfoundedin 1881 byLokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement.

A community is a small or large social unit (a group of living things) that has something in common, such as norms, religion, values, or identity.

The Idl bring co - ordination between international airlines, transportion service, economic and trade activities. it is important in today's modern era and in rapidly happening global development we can keep a track of all the calculation of day and time accurately with the help of IDl in case of global transporation, especially with respect to airway it is only because of the IDL that the schedules of the traffic wordwide are organised properly.

(1)A network of irrigation canals was built.

(ii) The canal colonies were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab.

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Culture played an important role in creating the idea of 'nation in Europe:

1. Romanticism was a cultural movement that believed in emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings over reason and science. They tried to evoke the feelings of a common past and shared heritage.

2. Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder believed that German culture was alive among the common people- das Volk. The idea of nation was popularised through the folk culture of songs, poetry, and dance.

3. Local culture was sought also to reach the large population of illiterate people. In Poland, Karol Kurpinski turned the folk dances and music into nationalist symbols.

4. The language was also essential as a nationalist identity. When Polish was forcefully removed from schools and Russian was imposed everywhere after Russian occupation, the people saw the use of Polish language as a sign of national resistance.

Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe were:

(i) Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The Romantic artists' emphasis on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings gave shape and expression to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in mobilizing public opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.

(ii) Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularizing the spirit of nationalism and patriotic favor in Europe. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness.

(iii) Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity. During Russian occupation period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction.

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The Cotton Textile Industry is not a basic industry like iron and steel industry but it forms the largest single industry in India. Every year the Cotton Textile Industry produces 30% – 35%` of the total industrial products in the country.

In a developing country like India, the Cotton Textile Industry is very important, for it has to meet the demand for clothes of the Indians and exports too. The Cotton Textile Industry contributes nearly 30% of the value of exports, and employs more than 55 million labors. Some parts of India, viz., western and southern region are largely dependent on this industry. Besides, many people are engaged in either cotton production, or the garment industry, many factories produce the machines required for the cotton textile industry etc. Thus the Cotton Textile Industry is very important to India’s economy, directly or indirectly.

is this question related to cotton textile industry

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Factors responsible for Jute mill location in the Hugli basin are:-

• Inexpensive water transportation.

• Supported by good network of railways.

• Adequate roadways and waterways to transport raw materials.

• Abundant water.

• Cheap labours.

• Large urban centre provides banking etc

• Port facilities to export of jute goods.

i) Lakshadweep.ii) Russia, China, USA, Brazil, Canada, Australia.iii) Andaman and Nicobar islands.iv) Sri lanka and Maldives.

Lakshadweep island lying in the Arabian sea

Hosay (originally from Husayn) is a Muslim Indo-Caribbean commemoration that is popularly observed in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, and Jamaica. In Trinidad and Tobago, multi-colored model mausoleums or Mosque shaped model tombs known as Tadjah are used to display the symbolic part of this commemoration.

Theconservative regimeswhichwere set up in 1815 in Europe wereautocratic.

a. Autocractic

Theconservative regimeswhichwere set up in 1815 wereautocratic. Theconservative regimeswhichwere set up in 1815 wereautocratic.

1.The conservative regimes set up in 1851 were autocratic in its real sense of the word.

South India has a literary tradition reaching back over two thousand years. The first known literature of South India are the poeticSangams, which were written in Tamil around two to one and a half thousand years ago. The Kannada classicKavirajamarga, written in 850CE by King Amoghavarsha I, makes references to Kannada literature of King Durvinita in early sixth century CE. TamilBuddhistcommentators of the tenth century CE,Nemrinathammakes references to Kannada literature of fourth century CE Distinct Malayalam and Telugu literary traditions developed in the following centuries. The artistic expressions of the South Indian people show their admiration of the magnificence of nature and its rhythms. Some of the works includeSilappadhikarambyIlango Adigal,Tholkappiamwritten by Tholkappiar, Thiruvalluvar’sThirukural,Kumaravyasa'sKarnata Bharata Katamanjari,Pampa'sVikramarjuna Vijaya,Andhra Maha Bharatamuby the three poets namely Nannaya, Tikkana and Errana,Shiva SharanabyBasavannaand Akka Mahadevi'sVachanas. In South Indianliteratureand philosophy,womenare considered very powerful. A married woman is regarded as auspicious, hershaktior mother-feminine power, protects and empowers her husband and their children. ContemporaryKannadawriters have received eightJnanapith awardswhich is the highest for anyIndian language.

That would depend upon the place they work in.

That part of labour welfare which concerns with theworker's health, safety, comfort and efficiency in work setting is termed as workingconditions.

Thus the term 'workingcondition' is described in the context of the health, safety, working environment, hours of work, and welfare of theworkersinfactories.

Money is the medium of exchange used for exchanging goods, commodities or properties. Before money, barter system was present in the society, Modern money currency is accepted as a medium of exchange because:

1. The currency is authorized for exchange by the government of the country.

2. In India, the Reserve Bank of India authorizes currency notes and it's illegal for anyone else to issue notes.

3. No individual can legally refuse payment in rupees so it is used as a medium of exchange.

Single-party systemis atypeofstatein whichone political partyhas the right to form thegovernment, usually based on the existing constitution.

Military dictatorship, an authoritariangovernmentcontrolled by amilitaryand its political designees,calledamilitary juntawhen done extralegally. Stratocracy, agovernmenttraditionally or constitutionally run by amilitary.

parramatta rivee in city sydney

the river is Parramatta and the city is Sydney

1. none of this2. secular

3. Egyptian 4. inscription 5. ashoka

1. of these2. Sacred3. Harappan4. Fossil5. Jesus Christ

fill in the blanks1)currency2)7500BC3)Mehrgarh4)Natural

1) currency 2)7500bc 3)mehrgarh 4) natural

slaves were used for

Soilcompaction, low organic matter, loss ofsoilstructure, poor internal drainage, salinisation andsoilacidity problems are other serioussoildegradation conditions that can accelerate thesoil erosionprocess. This Factsheet looks at thecausesand effects of water, wind and tillageerosionon agricultural land.

75)B asia 76)D rain

Answer of question 75. is Asia Answer of question 76.is Rain

1.ans=(a)2.ans=(a)3.ans=(d)this the correct answer marked best answer

1.ans=(a) is right answer

Primary activity:Primary activities are directly dependent onenvironment as these refer to utilisation ofearth’s resources such as land, water,vegetation, building materials and minerals. It,thus includes, hunting and gathering, pastoralactivities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, andmining and quarrying.People engaged in primary activities are called red-collarworkers due to the outdoor nature of their work.

Secondary activity:Secondary activities add value to naturalresources by transforming raw materials intovaluable products.Secondary activities, therefore, areconcerned withmanufacturing processing andconstruction (infrastructure) industries.People engaged in secondaryactivities are called bluecollarworkers.

Tertiary activity:Tertiary activities include both productionand exchange. The production involves the‘provision’ of services that are ‘consumed. Exchange,involves trade,transport and communication facilities that areused to overcome distance.Tertiary jobs = White collar jobs.

Quaternary activity:Quaternary activities are specialized tertiary activities in the ‘KnowledgeSector’ which demands a separate classification. There has been a very high growthin demand for and consumption of information basedservices from mutual fund managersto tax consultants, software developers andstatisticians. Personnel working in officebuildings, elementary schools and universityclassrooms, hospitals and doctors’ offices,theatres, accounting and brokerage firms allbelong to this category of services.Like some of the tertiary functions,quaternary activities can also be outsourced.They are not tied to resources, affected bythe environment, or necessarily localised bymarket.

The answers are

False

True

True

The distribution of natural resources depends upon many physical factors like land, climate and altitude. The distribution of resources is unequal because these factors differ from place to place on this earth.

Mountains, Plateaus,Plains, coasts, islands

plateaus,plains,coasts,islands,mountains

1. The undulating relief and hard rocks makes it difficult to dig canals and wells.

2. There is little percolation of rain water due to hard rock structure and ground water is not available in large quantity.

3. Most of the rivers of this region are seasonal and dry up in summer season. Therefore, they cannot supply water to canals throughout the year.

The highest peak in peninsular India is Anamudi and it is situated in Kerala state.

The highest peak in peninsular India is Aumudi and it is situated in kerala state

The highest peak in peninsular India is aumudi and it is situated in kerala state

1.Jet streams are air currents found in the tropopause which is the transition between troposphere and stratosphere. These are westerly flows which blow south of the Himalayas, all through the year except in summer.

The western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought in by this westerly flow.

In summer, the subtropical westerly jet stream moves north of the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India, approximately over 14°N during the summer months.

2.Themonsoon"bursts" refers to the normal rainfall that increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days.

A phenomenon related with the monsoonis its tendency to have 'breaks' in rainfall.

It refers to wet and dry spells. In. other words, themonsoonrains take place only for a few days at a time.

There are 6 physiographic divisions in India1 peninsular pleateau2 himalayas3 islands4 desert5 peninsular pleateau6 coastal plains

The himalayan region has the most rugged reliefit is divided into 3parts(greater himalayas,lesser himalayas,shivalliks)this region has low temperaturethey reach high altitudes

Peninsular plateau is divided into 2 parts(central,deccan)it recieves moderate temperaturesthe deccan plateau is tilted towards the east

Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther and their deposition on he stigma of the flower. Pollination can be self-pollination or cross pollination.*Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same flower.*Cross pollination is the deposition of pollen grains from anther of one flower to stigma of another flower of another plant.Pollination is essential for the process of fertilisation. Fertilisation thereby results in the formation of fruits and seeds. Without pollination there wouldn't be any fruit and seed formation.

Peninsular rivers are called seasonal because they are rain fed rivers. They are a type of river which depends on the main factor i.e. rainfall. When the rainfall is good the the amount of water is good.