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Culture played an important role in creating the idea of 'nation in Europe:

1. Romanticism was a cultural movement that believed in emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings over reason and science. They tried to evoke the feelings of a common past and shared heritage.

2. Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder believed that German culture was alive among the common people- das Volk. The idea of nation was popularised through the folk culture of songs, poetry, and dance.

3. Local culture was sought also to reach the large population of illiterate people. In Poland, Karol Kurpinski turned the folk dances and music into nationalist symbols.

4. The language was also essential as a nationalist identity. When Polish was forcefully removed from schools and Russian was imposed everywhere after Russian occupation, the people saw the use of Polish language as a sign of national resistance.

Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe were:

(i) Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The Romantic artists' emphasis on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings gave shape and expression to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in mobilizing public opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.

(ii) Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularizing the spirit of nationalism and patriotic favor in Europe. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness.

(iii) Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity. During Russian occupation period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction.

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