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The European try to find out an alternative sea route to India Because itbecame necessary for the Europeans to a direct sea route to the East because of the increase in demands of cotton, silk and spices. This resulted in great competition and less profit. Therefore, in order to gain profit the European had to and a cheap source of supply for these products.

short answer standard 8

Earlier, the European traders travelled to Asia by land. But after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, this trade route was almost closed for the European traders. The Ottoman Turks charged Christian high fees to get through the route. Apart from this, the route was also unsafe due to the marauding bands of Tatar and the Mongols. Thus, the Europeans felt the need to discover new sea routes to India.

Mahatma Gandhi has given many lessons to his disciples, countrymen, and mankind. Those lessons if followed or practiced meticulously, can lead to prosperity, contentment, and happy life. Let’s see a few of the many good lessons taught by Mahatma Gandhi to the coming generations:

1.Non-violence: Mahatma Gandhi has taught mankind to follow the path of non-violence, especially dealing with violent and critical situations. It is true, violence can be overcome through non-violence only. He proved it through his life. If all the people, societies, countries practice non-violence, this world of ours will become a heaven of peace. I would like to practice his lesson of non-violence in my life and be a good citizen.

2.Simple Living and High Thinking: Gandhi Ji stressed upon the principle of ‘Simple Living and High Thinking’. Many of the unnecessary stresses, conflicts, and tensions can be kept at bay by practice this lesson. I would also like to adopt it.

3.Gandhi also taught his countrymen the lessons of self-reliance, forgiveness, positive thinking, etc.

Mahatma Gandhi has given many lessons to his disciples, countrymen, and mankind. Those lessons if followed or practiced meticulously, can lead to prosperity, contentment, and happy life. Let’s see a few of the many good lessons taught by Mahatma Gandhi to the coming generations:

1.Non-violence: Mahatma Gandhi has taught mankind to follow the path of non-violence, especially dealing with violent and critical situations. It is true, violence can be overcome through non-violence only. He proved it through his life. If all the people, societies, countries practice non-violence, this world of ours will become a heaven of peace. I would like to practice his lesson of non-violence in my life and be a good citizen.

2.Simple Living and High Thinking: Gandhi Ji stressed upon the principle of ‘Simple Living and High Thinking’. Many of the unnecessary stresses, conflicts, and tensions can be kept at bay by practice this lesson. I would also like to adopt it.

3.Gandhi also taught his countrymen the lessons of self-reliance, forgiveness, positive thinking, etc

Ans :- Narendra Damodardas Modi is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

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Ans :- Narendra Damodardas Modi is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Narendra Damodardas Modi is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi.

copper ratio=7copper weight=3.30kgzinc ratio=5zinc weig ht=?7/5=3.30/?5×3.30=7×?5×3.30/7=?16.5/7=? 2.35=? zinc weight =2.35 kg16.

Silicon Valley, in the southern San Francisco Bay Area of California

Silicon Valley is situated in California

Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and transportation systems

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January, India's 52nd Republic Day, at 08:46 AM IST and lasted for over 2 minutes. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India.

Napoleon Bonaparte

The great Napoleon was born on15th August 1769 to Carlo maria and Letizia Ramolino. He used tospeak French and was very well educated. He led many successful campaigns againstthe enemies of the French revolution and crowned himself as an emperor ofFrance. The Napoleon introduced many laws like the private property, uniform systemof weights and also the measures provided by the decimal system. The armies ofNapoleon were observed everywhere by the enemy force and finally defeated atWaterloo in 1815.

d) lungs, cause infection in liver.

The revolutionaries were those persons who believed in overthrowing the British government in India by means of mass uprising.

They wanted to organise a rebellion against the foreign government and even tampering with the loyalty of the army and guerilla warfare for overthrowing the foreign rule.

Option (A) is correct.. Prince Cuong.

The goal of both the leaders was the same-freedom of Vietnam from French colonial rule, but they wanted to gain it through different ways. Phan Chu Trinh wanted to overthrow the monarchy in order to form a basis for the promotion of the popular rights by establishing a democratic republic.

His opinion was not to gain freedom from the French colonial rule through the monarchy. Also, he did not want to boycott Western civilization. He also liked the democratic ideals of the West. He was much influenced by the French revolutionary ideal of liberty and so he accepted it.

Opposite to it Phan Boi Chau was much affected by the Confucian tradition and was in favour of driving out the French, using the monarchy.

He wished that first the foreign enemy should be driven out and after their nation’s freedom was restored they could talk about other things.

Phan Chu Trinh's objective for Vietnam was to make it a democratic republic, along the Western ideals of liberty. He accused the French of not following their ownnationalideals, and demanded the setting up of legal andeducationalinstitutions along with the development of agriculture and industries.

The landlords treated the ansaris unequally.They knew that ansariswas a lower-caste name and thus refused to give the apartment.Their dignity was violated.

Gandhara art represents the art that developed and spread in the north western part of India from the1st Century B.C. to the 4th Century A.D.

⇒Gandhara Style has naturalism in body form, drapery, and pictorial scale.

⇒Gandharastyle ofartthat developed insculpturewas a fusion of Greco-Roman and Indian styles.

⇒Gandhara style continued to influence Indian art upto the early medieval period as is seen in Kashmir and parts, of Himachal Pradesh.

⇒ Gandhara schoolwas heavily influenced by Greek methodologies, the figures were more spiritual and sculpted mainly in grey, and great detail was paid to exact depiction of body parts.

2.a phan BOi Cuing 3. Indulekha as a translation of Benjamin Disraeli's Henrietta Temple (1836), but, having struggled with the subtleties of an alien culture, he abandoned the project in favour of writing one on his own, depicting a similar story.4.Hoa Hao, in full Phat GiaoHoa Hao, Vietnamese Buddhist religiousmovementthat was formed in 1939 by the Buddhist reformer Huynh Phu So. TheHoa Hao, along with the syncretic religious group Cao Dai, was one of the first groups to initiate armed hostilities against the French and later the Japanese colonialists.

Indulekha as a translation of Benjamin Disraeli's Henrietta Temple (1836), but, having struggled with the subtleties of an alien culture, he abandoned the project in favour of writing one on his own, depicting a similar story.

1)lack of water supply2)lack of electricity for water pumps3)lack of fertilizers:due to high cost4)lack of labour

Jalsindhi is a village in the Alirajpur district located in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The village is situated on the banks of the river Narmada.

The people in the Jalsindhi village came to limelight because they were protesting against the construction of theSardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada. The dam construction led to an increase in the water levels and the submergence of the villages.

However, the people from the villages refused to leave the village as they were born and brought up in that village by the banks of the Narmada and they had an innate connection with nature. They were living there for many generations and they believed that their children were a gift of the Narmada river. They were growing their own livestock, sowing the seeds and were using the manure from the livestock.

Although they were offered compensation to move to Gujarat, they refused and did not move from the Jalsindhi village.

People who wanted to change the society were " Social Reformers". Some of the Social Reformers who put an end to the Social evils are as follows :-

► Raja Ram Mohan Roy

He was well - versed in English, Sanskrit, person, Greek languages. He had read the scriptures of the Hindus, Muslims and Christians. He founder the reform association known as the Brahmo Samaj in Calcutta, one of the first Indian socio-religious reform organisation. He advocated education of women.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is well-remembered for his role in abolishing the practice of Sati. Through his writing in Samvad Kaumudi (a bengali journal started by him), he led a campaign against Sati. With the support of lord William Bentick, the Governor General , the practice was stopped in 1829, by law. He also campaigned for rights for women, including the rights for widows to remarry and to hold property. He is also known as the Maker of Modern India.

► Dayanand Saraswati

Several reasons have been put forward for the prevalence of child marriage. The poor parents often gave their young daughters of ten or eleven year of age to older men, Many of them became widow at a young age. The parents could not afford to give a dowry. For the poor parent, child marriages were cheaper than adult marriage. Child Marriage, often deprived the girl child of any kind of education. She had to look after the household soon after the marriage.

Dayanand Saraswati laid the foundation of Arya Samaj in 1875. and advocated the ending of child marriage through legislation. The Age of consent Act 1891, which raised the marriageable age for girls to 12 years was passed. In 1929, the child Marriage Restraint Act was passed due to the efforts of Dayanand Saraswati. According to this Act, No man below the age of 18 and woman below the age of 16 could marry.

► Jyotiba Phule

Many Social Reformers felt that education was necessary to improve the condition of women. One reformer was Jyotiba Phule, He spent his entire life in the upliftment of women, for the education of girls and abolition of the caste system. In Maharastra, the lead for woman's education was taken by Jyotiba Phule. In 1851, he opened a school for girls from lower classes.

Jyotiba Phule was a well-known figure amoung the ‛low caste’ who worked for the upliftment of the hindu society. He led the movement against the prevailing caste system in India. He revolted against the domination of the Brahmans and fought for the rights of low caste people.

The Chola temples were built during chola rule.The Cholas built their temple in the traditional way of thePallavadynasty, who were themselves influenced by the Amaravati school of architecture. The Chola artists and artisans further drew their influences from other contemporary art and architectural schools and elevated the Dravidian temple design to greater heights.The Chola kings built numerous temples throughout their kingdom, which normally comprised the plains, Central and Northern Tamil Nadu and at times the entire state of Tamil Nadu as also adjoining parts of modern Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In the evolution of the Chola temple architecture we can roughly see three major phases, beginning with the early phase, starting withVijayalaya Cholaand continuing till Sundara Chola, the middle phase ofRajaraja CholaandRajendra Cholawhen the achievements scaled heights never reached before or since and the final phase during theChalukya Cholaperiod ofKulottunga Chola Itill the demise of the Chola empire.

The Cholas in addition to their temples, also built many buildings such as hospitals, public utility buildings and palaces. Many such buildings find mention in their inscriptions and in contemporary accounts. The golden palace thatAditya Karikalasupposedly built for his fatherSundara Cholais an example of such a building. However, such buildings were of perishable materials such as timber and fired bricks and have not survived the ravages of time.

The Hind Swaraj Trust have diverted Rupees 10 lakh probing charges of corruption made by jain against the anti- graft crusader.

For: Introduction of the railways was the most important contribution of the British in India. It boosted national trade and transport. It connected various parts of India. Rebellion movements took place faster with the introduction of railways as the freedom fighters could travel faster and news of suppression and oppression spread faster. Travel became cheaper and faster. It also became monumental to the development and advancements taking place.

Role in Women’s Rights Movement in India

Sarojini Naiduplayed an important role in women’s rights struggle in India. She helped in shapingWomen’s Indian Associationin 1917 with Annie Besant and others. The Association sought equal rights including the right to vote and represent. She presented the need to include more women in the Congress and in the freedom struggle. During 1918, British and Indian feminists including Naidu set up a magazine called“Stri Dharma” to present international news from a feminist perspective.Along with Annie Besant, who was the President’s Rule League at that time, she went to London to present the case for women’s right to vote to the Joint Select Committee. In 1931, the Congress promised to established women’s right to vote when it came in power. It was enacted along with India’s independence in 1947 and universal suffrage is a major facet in the Indian constitution. During the time period 1915-1918, she traveled to different regions in India to lecture on women’s rights, social welfare of women and nationalism.A contemporary poet, Bappaditya Bandopadhyay quoted “Sarojini Naidu inspired the Indian Renaissance Movement and had a mission to improve the life of Indian woman.”

The fundamental difference between capitalist and socialist is the scope of the government intervention in the economythe capitalist believed that individuals owned private property whereas the socialist believed that all property belonged to the society as a whole i.e to the statethe capitalist believed that the profits from the property should belong to the properties owner whereas the socialist believed that profits are due to the workers labour and so should be shared by them.....

d) 1934 is correct option.

Fact :The first All India Congress Socialists Conference was convened at Patna by Jai Prakash Narayan on behalf of the Bihar Socialist Party in May 1934. It was presided by Acharya Narendra Dev

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IRDP: The Integrated Rural DevelopmentProgramme(IRDP) is a major instrument of the government to alleviatepoverty.

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NREP

RLEGP

Jawahar Rozgar Yojna

AntyodayaProgramme

Garibi Hatao and Bekari HataoProgrammes

Critical Evaluation of the Anti-poverty Programmes

(1) The State Government shall have the power to issue policy directions on matters concerning electricity in the State including the overall planning and co-ordination. All policy directions shall be issued by the State Government consistent with the objects sought to be achieved by this Act and accordingly shall not adversely affect or interfere with the functions and powers of the Commission including but not limited to determination of the structure of tariffs for supply of electricity to various classes of consumers:

(2) If any dispute arises between the Commission and the State Government as to whether or not a question is a matter of policy or whether a policy direction issued by the State Government adversely affects or interferes with the exercise of the functions of the Commission, the same shall be referred by the State Government to a retired judge of the Supreme Court in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court whose decision thereon shall be final and binding.

(3) The State Government shall be entitled to issue policy directions concerning the subsidies to be allowed for supply of electricity to any class or classes of persons or in respect of any area in addition to the subsidies permitted by the Commission while regulating and approving the tariff structure provided that the State Government shall contribute the amount to compensate such concerned body or unit affected by the grant of the subsidies by the State Government to the extent of the subsidies granted. The Commission shall determine the amounts and the terms and conditions and time frame on which such amounts are to be paid by the State Government.

(4) The State Government shall consult the Commission in relation to any proposed legislation or rules concerning any policy direction and shall duly take into account the recommendation by the Commission on all such matters.

How does local government affect you?

Did you know that the level of government that most affects you daily is much closer to home than the White House, the halls of Congress or even your state capitol building? Your local government - city council, county commissioners, etc. - is the level of governance responsible for establishing the speed limit on the streets in your town, setting rules for business, industrial and residential development, funding the public schools and ensuring that there are adequate numbers of police and firefighters on duty. These representatives live and work in your area and have a significant impact on your life every day.

Where do local governments get their authority?

The Constitution of the United States, while delineating the authority of the federal government, does not even mention local governments. These units of authority, from the mayor's office to the county clerk, are established by individual states.

Each state grants authority to local government through written rules called charters, often detailed in the state’s constitution. These charters may be specific to the municipality, as is the case with home rule charters for certain cities, or they can be based on features, like size or population, of the communities. Sometimes special charters are drafted for towns with unique situations, such as geographic distances or specialized industries.

The structure of local government varies from state to state and town to town but usually mirrors the separation of powers found in the federal government. Most towns and cities have a mayor, who serves as the city’s chief executive; much like the president is to the U.S. federal government. The legislative branch of local governments is made up of a group of elected representatives, often called the city council, town council, board of commissioners, or city commission and it serves the function of a local congress. These officials propose debate and sometimes enact new local laws and regulations. In some cities, the mayor is a voting member of the city council; in others, they simply approve or veto legislation that the council approves.In addition to these officials, school boards are officials who are normally elected and oversee the local school district. The school board is responsible for many of the legislative decisions that affect the public school systems, from approving textbooks in the classes to managing school construction. Additional local government entities manage certain parts of the day-to-day operations of the city or town, like are the zoning commission, appointed officials who manage construction permits and codes, and the parks and recreation department, overseeing public spaces throughout the area.

These local government bodies are usually composed of officials appointed by the mayor and are responsible for a specific function in government.

How local governments work, an example

In order to better understand how local government works and how it affects you, let’s take a look at an example from the city of Philadelphia. In January 2007, Philadelphia city council enacted a smoking ban, forbidding smoking in all offices, public areas, restaurants and most bars. The legislation took much time, work and compromise before the ban could finally be approved by the council. Several proposals, health studies, debates and public hearings took place before it was ultimately adopted.

“It took six years to get this done, so there were numerous changes, additions, different bills, all kinds of stuff that we did in order to craft something that was good and that a majority of people could agree to,” said Mayor Michael Nutter in a Student Voices interview.

Nutter drafted the legislation when he was serving as a city council member, citing the public health concerns regarding second-hand-smoke and research that suggested reduced exposure could lower rates of cancer and respiratory ailments. According to a 2002 study, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that second hand smoke causes 3,000 nonsmokers to die of lung cancer and 300,000 children to suffer from respiratory tract infections in the U.S. each year. At the time, health organizations were trying to sway policymakers into drafting smoking bans, and Nutter listened to their arguments.

But many local business leaders - like the owners of bars and restaurants - were concerned that a smoking ban would hurt their business. They argued that their businesses would be hurt because fewer people would patronize their bars and restaurants because they could not smoke in them, and they too contacted the City Council to express their concerns.

When the proposal of a smoking ban came before the city council, officials had to weigh the benefits to residents' health with economic costs the ban would have on local businesses like bars and restaurants.

After years of public input and many debates among council members, a compromise was struck and the legislation was passed. Business owners were able to get the city council to ease restrictions on some business while smoking was eliminated in most public places and businesses, protecting public health.

“Policy change, like this, might be seen by some as radical so you start out with one idea and certainly we would have wanted a pretty extensive prohibition on smoking in virtually any public space, “said Nutter. “But we did make some exceptions, small, but still some exceptions because all in all in the policy making business often you will make some compromises.”

Contacting your local representatives

Like the smoking ban shows, local policy is not created solely by government officials; it takes the work and interest of the citizens they represent to help enact change. Just as it is part of every representative's duty to act on behalf of his or her constituents, it is also your duty to make sure your representatives are aware of problems and concerns that exist in your community and areas that are in need of improvements.

The first step towards communicating your views with those in office is to stay informed. Read your local newspaper and learn as much as you can about the issues you are going to present to your local officials. When a concern arises, you’ll need to find out which official is responsible for addressing the issue. For example, if you are concerned about street conditions in your community, you should contact your local city council member or the streets department.

To get in touch with your local government officials, you can contact them by email, phone, or by mail. To find out more information about your local government, use the Student Voices Go Local section on the homepage. Click "Find Your Local Elected Officials" and enter your address to see who represents you. When there is an issue in your community, get informed and make your voice heard to the people in charge!

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Make crime pay. Become a lawyer." - Will Rogers

Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price or availability of the traded products.

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Partition of Bengal, (1905), division ofBengalcarried out by the British viceroy inIndia,Lord Curzon, despite strong Indian nationalist opposition. It began a transformation of theIndian National Congressfrom a middle-classpressure groupinto a nationwide mass movement.Bengal,Bihar, andOrissahad formed a single province of British India since 1765. By 1900 the province had grown too large to handle under a single administration. East Bengal, because of isolation and poor communications, had been neglected in favour of west Bengal and Bihar. Curzon chose one of several schemes for partition: to uniteAssam, which had been a part of the province until 1874, with 15 districts of east Bengal and thus form a new province with a population of 31 million. The capital was Dacca (nowDhaka, Bangl.), and the people were mainly Muslim

The Hindus of west Bengal, who controlled most of Bengal’s commerce and professional and rural life, complained that the Bengali nation would be split in two, making them a minority in a province including the whole of Bihar and Orissa. They regarded the partition as an attempt to stranglenationalismin Bengal, where it was more developed than elsewhere. Agitation against the partition included mass meetings, rural unrest, and aswadeshi(native) movement toboycottthe import of British goods. The partition was carried through despite the agitation, and the extreme opposition went underground to form a terrorist movement.1911, the year that the capital was shifted from Calcutta (nowKolkata) to Delhi, east and west Bengal were reunited; Assam again became a chief commissionership, while Bihar and Orissa were separated to form a new province. The aim was to combine appeasement of Bengalisentimentwith administrative convenience. This end was achieved for a time, but the Bengali Muslims, having benefitted from partition, were angry and disappointed. This resentment remained throughout the rest of the British period. The final division of Bengal at the partitioning of the subcontinent in 1947, which split Bengal into India in the west and EastPakistan(later Bangladesh) in the east, was accompanied by intense violence.

Paul Bernad an influential writer and policy maker strongly believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed. He argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits. If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved they would buy more goods . The market would consequently expand,leading to better profits for French business.

Views of Paul Bernard regarding the development of colonies by the mother country :(i) He believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed.(ii) If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would buy more goods. The market would consequently expand, leading to better profits for French business.(iii) Bernard suggested that there were several barriers to economic growth in Vietnam like high population levels, low agricultural productivity and extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.(iv) To reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural productivity, it was necessary to carry out land reforms as the Japanese had done in the 1890's.(v) As the experience of Japan showed, industrialization would be essential to create more jobs.

Partition of Bengal was announced by LORD CURZONin July 1905 and it took place in 16 OCT 1905. This partition led to the separation of largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Curzon stated that eastern area was neglected and was undeveloped. Hindus were against the partition and Muslims were in its support. But there was hidden agenda of Lord Curzon behind this partition as he was applying the "divide and rule policy" to secure their rule. As Britishers were afraidwith the growing efforts of Indian National Congress for getting Independence.

Shahjahanabad in 1639, when Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor at the time, decided to shift the Mughal capital from Agra.

मानसूनी वन (अंग्रेज़ी: Monsoon forest) ऐसे वनों को कहा जाता है, जो मानसूनी जलवायु प्रदेशों में पाये जाते हैं। भारत के कुल वन क्षेत्र के 80 प्रतिशत में मानसूनी वन पाये जाते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में 'एक प्रकार के उष्णकटिबंधीय वन, जो वास्तविक मानसून जलवायु वाले प्रदेशों में उन स्थानों पर पाए जाते हैं, जहाँ 40” से 80” तक वर्षा होती है।' साधारण रूप से ऐसे वन भारत, बर्मा, थाइलैंड तथा दक्षिण-पूर्वी एशिया के अन्य भागों में भी पाए जाते हैं। मानसूनी जलवायु वाले प्रदेशों में पाये जाने वाले ऊँचे-ऊँचे वृक्षों के वन मानसूनी वन कहलाते हैं। इस वन में उगने वाले वृक्ष चौड़ी पत्ती वाले पर्णपाती होते हैं, जो वर्ष में एक बार (प्रायः शीत ऋतु के अंत में) अपनी पत्तियां गिरा देते हैं और उनके स्थान पर पुनः नवीन पत्ते निकलते हैं। मानसूनी वनों में साल, सागौन, शीशम, बांस, महुआ, नीम, आम, पीपल आदि अनेक प्रकार के वृक्ष उगते हैं। अत्यधिक वर्षा वाले कुछ उष्ण भागों में सदापर्णी वृक्ष भी मिलते हैं, जिनमें महोगनी, देवदार आदि प्रमुख हैं। कम वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में घासें तथा झाड़ियाँ भी पायी जाती हैं।

multi-grade classroom refers to a class that has two or more grade level of children in one classroom. o Multigrade classes also called A Multi- Age Group.The meaning of multi-age is “Use multi-age to mean two or more grade levels that have been intentionally blended together to improve learning".

Located in the continent of Asia. India covers 2973193.00 square kilometers of land and has a population of 1205073612.

1 .Germany 2.north africa 3.

These rights are regarded asfundamentalbecause they are mostessentialfor the attainment by the individual of his full intellectual, moral and spiritual status. The object the inclusion of them in the constitution is to establish a government of law and not of man.