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The CORRECT answer is (a) angiosperms

To explain: DOUBLE fertilization is found in angiosperms only. In angiosperms, female gametophyte abruptly stops its GROWTH at 8 nucleate stages. After the formation of the zygote and primary ENDOSPERM nucleus, further growth of embryo sac takes place.

Right choice is (B) True

The explanation is: It is NECESSARY for the STIGMA to recognize the pollen. Not all PLANT species are compatible with each other and in some species its not compatible with its own SELF.

Right choice is (b) PROTEINS

For explanation I would say: In the recent years, botanists have FOUND out the PRESENCE of certain proteins PRESENT on the pollen and the stigma that HELPS in the recognition.

Correct choice is (b) False

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: There is no guarantee that compatible pollens will fall on the STIGMA since pollination highly depends on factors LIKE wind, animals, birds, insects, etc.

The correct option is (c) SPOROPHYTIC

Easy EXPLANATION: In sporophytic self-incompatibility, GENOTYPE of sporophytic TISSUES and not the pollen, determines the incompatibility. Seen in ASTERACEAE and Brassicceae.

Correct answer is (d) GAMETOPHYTIC

To EXPLAIN I would SAY: In gametophytic self-incompatibility, genotype of pollen determines the incompatibility. Pollen is COMPATIBLE with the diploid cell of that pistil that carries the S ALLELE other than the one present on the pollen.

Right option is (b) INTRASPECIFIC

The explanation: Intraspecific INCOMPATIBILITY promotes cross pollination and ensures heterozygosity which helps in evolution. It is achieved by self-sterility. It is ALSO called self-incompatibility.

Correct answer is (C) Interspecific

For EXPLANATION: Interspecific incompatibility prevents CROSS pollination between members of different of different species. It MAINTAINS species individuality.

Right answer is (a) compatibility

The explanation is: Pollen-pistil INTERACTION determines the suitability of pollen for CARRYING out the PROCESS of sexual reproduction. If it is not COMPATIBLE, fertilization process will not begin.

The correct option is (c) Chiropterophily

Best EXPLANATION: It is cross pollination performed by BATS. Bats are nocturnal FLYING mammals which can transport pollen over long distance, sometimes over 30 km. Chiropterophilous flowers are dull-coloured with strong fermenting or fruity odour, abundant nectar and pollen GRAINS.

Right option is (d) MALACOPHILY

Explanation: Malacophily is the pollination of PLANTS by snails. Snails perform pollination in Arisaema (Snake or COBRA Plant) and some ARUM lilies.

The CORRECT option is (b) True

The best I can explain: Nectar, pollen grains, shelter and edible floral parts and young SEEDS are the USUAL floral rewards for pollinators and juicy and nutritious FRUITS for seed dispersers so that insects/animals REGULARLY visit them to feed or take shelter.

The correct answer is (d) Ornithophily

The BEST explanation: It is the mode of allogamy performed by birds. Only a few types of birds are specialised for this. They usually have small size and long beaks. Two common types of tropical pollinating birds are sun birds (Afro-Asia) and humming birds (AMERICA). Humming birds perform POLLINATION while HOVERING over the FLOWERS.

Right CHOICE is (a) ROSA

The best explanation: Edible pollens are produced by Rosa, Clematis, Magnolia, ETC. STUDIES show that pollen grains are HIGHLY nutritive. They have even claimed to cure many health issues.

The correct choice is (b) Rafflesia

Easiest EXPLANATION: Flowers attract insects in different ways. One way is by producing a smell. PLEASANT ODORS and fragrances attract bees and butterflies. Foul smells attract flies and BEETLES. Rafflesia produces a foul smell which attracts flies. This is also known as the fly trap mechanism.

Right answer is (c) Asteraceae

Explanation: Zoophilous flowers are often adapted to be pollinated by particular TYPE of ANIMALS. Bees and BUTTERFLIES pollinate the maximum number of flowering plants. The two COMMON FAMILIES pollinated by them are Asteraceae and Lamiaceae.

The correct answer is (d) Entomophily

Easiest explanation: Entomophily is a common type of zoophily wherein the pollen grains of MATURE anthers of a flower are transferred to a mature STIGMA of another flower through insects LIKE beetles, moths, butterflies, wasps, bees, ETC.

Right answer is (B) Bougainvillea

For explanation I would say: Other parts of the flower become showy when PETALS aren’t ATTRACTIVE. Bougainvillea is KNOWN for its showy bracts, LEAVES in Euphoria pulcherrima, stamens in mimosa, spathes in aroids, etc.

The correct choice is (b) Ceratophyllum

The explanation is: Ceratophyllum is a FRESH WATER plant (submerged) which bears male and female, both, flowers on the same plant. A male flower has several (30-45) stamens. The mature anthers breaks, and rises upward and dehisce OCCURS on the surface. The pollen grains are round, with no exine. The POLLENS come in CONTACT with long and sticky stigmas for pollination.

The correct answer is (c) Epihydrophily

Explanation: Hydrophylly is of two types— HYPOHYDROPHILY and epihydrophily. Hypohydrophily occurs below the surface of water, e.g., Zostera, CERATOPHYLLUM. Epihydrophily TAKES place over the surface of water, e.g., VALLISNERIA.

The correct option is (a) False

The explanation is: WIND pollinated plants are small, winged, light and dusty. These pollen grains can be BLOWN off far and wide (a ball park figure of 1000 km). Pollen grains from Pinus are FOUND several HUNDRED kilometers from the parent plant.

Correct choice is (a) Vallisneria

The BEST explanation: Vallisneria is a dioecious, submerged, FRESH WATER aquatic PLANT. The male FLOWERS cut off and come to the surface of water. Mature female flowers rise to the surface by elongation of their stalks.

Correct option is (C) POLLINATION by WATER

For explanation I would say: Zoster is an example of pollination by water. In Zostera, the marine angiosperm (Sea Grass), the pollen grains are long ribbon-like (UPTO 2500 μm) and without EXINE.

Correct answer is (c) Hydrophily

To explain: Hydrophily is pollination by water. It is the MODE of pollination or transfer of pollen GRAINS from the mature anther of a FLOWER to the STIGMA of another flower which is accomplished through the agency of water.

Correct ANSWER is (d) Anemophily

For explanation: Anemophily is pollination by WINDS. It is a MODE of cross pollination or transfer of pollen grains from a mature anther to the stigma of a pistil which is ACCOMPLISHED through the agency of WIND, e.g., Coconut Palm, Date Palm, Maize, many grasses, Cannabis.

The correct option is (b) False

For explanation I would say: Hydrophily occurs in about 30 genera of (majorly) monocots e.g., Vallisneria, Ceratophyllum, Zostera. In several aquatic plants with flowers protruding onto the surface of WATER, POLLINATION may OCCUR by wind or insects, e.g., Lotus, Water Hyacinth, Water LILY.

Correct OPTION is (b) wind

For explanation I would say: Plants pollinated by wind produce a LARGE (maybe billions) AMOUNT of pollen grains into the air so that they hit the TARGET on other plants. MANY crop plants like wheat are wind pollinated.

The correct option is (b) True

Best EXPLANATION: True-Autogamy, Geitonogamy and Xenogamy.

Autogamy is a process of self-fertilization which MEANS fusion of 2 GAMETES that come from individual flowering plants.

Geitonogamy is a process of fertilization where the FLOWER is fertilized by a pollen of a different flower of the same plant.

Xenogamy is a process of fertilization where the flower is fertilized by a pollen of a different flower of a different plant.

The correct option is (c) Anther

To elaborate: Anthers is ABROAD knob like fertile PART of a stamen that produces and stores pollen GRAINS. On DEHISCENCE, that is the cracking open of anther SACS, the pollen grains fall off.

Right choice is (b) Autogamy

For explanation I WOULD SAY: Autogamy can be defined as the type of POLLINATION where the flowers self- pollinate. The difference between cleistogamy and autogamy is that in cleistogamy, pollination occurs within the BUDS whereas in autogamy, pollination occurs in OPEN flowers.

The correct option is (C) Geitonogamy

Explanation: Geitonogamy is a kind of self-pollination WHEREIN the fertilization of a flower is done by a POLLEN from another flower on the same or genetically identical plant.

The correct option is (a) Cleistogamous

Explanation: Cleistogamous are a type of AUTOMATIC self-pollinating PLANTS that can conduct pollination through non OPENING self-pollinating flowers, ESPECIALLY in peanuts and peas.

Correct ANSWER is (d) Xenogamy

To elaborate: Xenogamy is defined as the TRANSFER of POLLEN grains from the ANTHER of ONE plant to the stigma of a different plant. This type of pollination helps in breeding genetically different types of pollens.

Correct choice is (a) False

Explanation: All cells are not functional. Only the EGG and the CENTRAL CELL is INVOLVED in double fertilization. ONE synergid receives the pollen tube. The antipodal cells provide nourishment and then degenerate.

The CORRECT option is (b) ANTIPODAL cells

For EXPLANATION: The 3 chalazal cells are called antipodal cells. These are vegetative cells that provide nourishment to the embryo sac. After fertilization these cells DEGENERATE. Internally they are connected to the central cell by plasmodesmata.

The correct answer is (a) Plasmodesmata

To explain I WOULD SAY: The 3 MICROPYLAR cells are COLLECTIVELY known as the egg APPARATUS. They share a common wall. Its through the plasmodesmata that the 3 cells communicate.

Correct option is (d) Filiform

Easy EXPLANATION: Filiform apparatus is a mass of FINGER like projections of the wall of the synergid CELLS into the cytoplasm. It MAY or may not be PRESENT. It guides the male gametophytes during fertilization.

Correct OPTION is (c) MAHESHWARI

To explain: Maheshwari distinguished between bisporic and tetrasporic. Bisporic embryo SACS develop from 2 MEGASPORES and tetrasporic embryo sacs develop from 4 megaspores.

Correct choice is (c) Micropylar

For explanation: The EMBRYO sac is EMBEDDED in the micropylar end of the nucellus. Nucellus consists of the BODY of the embryo that is MADE up of parenchymatous cells. Its EQUIVALENT to microsporangium.