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the SOURCE where we GET UV RAYS.

diameter is the ANGLE subtended by the diameter of the SUN planet at the eyes of a viewer.     δ = angular diameter in radians     d = actual diameter of Sun planet    D = distance between the surface of Earth and Sun. = 1.496 * 10^11 meters    tan δ/2 =  (d/2) / D       δ in radians = δ in arcseconds / 3600  * π/180  = 1920/3600* π/180 radians   d = 2 D  tan δ/2 = 1.39 *10^9 meters           = 1.390 &10^6  kmEarth's diameter = 12,742 kmSun's diameter is around 109 times Earth's.  so it is 1388872 km        = 1.388 * 10^6 kmSo the calculated FIGURE and the diameter from the book are matching nearly.

c expansion of gas.As P is constant,  V is PROPORTIONAL to the temperature T.========Also, we find that  C_p / C_v = 5/3 C_p - C_v = RC_v [5/3 - 1] = R  =>  C_v = 3/2 R        => C_p = 5/2 R

ces F1 and F2 are perpendicular to each other.The forces F1 and F2 are BALANCED by EQUAL and opposite forces at O acting on the wheel by the support at  O.The moments of forces by F1 and F2 about O balance each other.  The REASON is that wheel is in static EQUILIBRIUM. let the radius of the wheel = R.   F1 * R = F2 * OO'         OO' / R = F1 / F2  As OO' is less than R,  F1 is less than F2.

ysics nuclear fusion is also a importent topic NUCLEAR FUSION:                           it  is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus.  It is accompanied  by  the   release  or  absorption of energy depending on the masses of the nuclei involved. Iron and nickel nuclei have the largest binding energies per nucleon of all nuclei and therefore are the most stable.                            The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or nickel generally releases energy while the fusion of nuclei heavier than iron or nickel ABSORBS energy; vice-versa for the reverse process, nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion of light elements releases the energy that causes stars to SHINE and HYDROGEN bombs to explode. Nuclear fusion of HEAVY elements (absorbing energy) occurs in the extremely high-energy conditions of supernova explosions. Nuclear fusion in stars and supernovae is the primary process by which new natural elements are created.    It is this reaction that is  harnessed in  fusion power.  It takes CONSIDERABLE energy to force nuclei to fuse, even those of the lightest element. THANK YOU.

defect is MYOPIA then we USE concave lens.if the defect is HYPERMETROPIA then we use CONVEX lens.if the defect is presbyopia then we use bi-focal lenses

c Electric Heater/Geyser   We use electric geysers at homes or in clinics or shops to heat WATER.  It is cylindrical shaped and is MOUNTED on walls. It has a capacity of 50 to 250 liters.  See diagram.   It consists of a water container vessel with an inlet for cold water and an outlet for hot water. The heater contains a thick electric conductor coil element. It gets heated due to the dissipation of energy when current passes through it. The heat energy is transmitted to water through conduction and convection mechanisms. Usually the heating element is made of Nickel or chromium.    There is a mechanism to measure the temperature of water using a thermostat. It shuts off, automatically, the current supply to the heating element, when the temperature is above a preset value. This is set in the factory.  There may be LEDs or small bulbs to indicate whether the heater is switched on or off.   The water container is usually made of a material which does not get corroded or rusted easily.  The water container is protected with insulating material and air gap so that the heat energy is retained inside the container.  The materials for the outer casings are usually stainless steel, plastic and china glass. Plastic is safer to prevent from leakages and shocks.=========================================Power and rating related information:     The heater is usually based on AC voltage. It is given a rating : power it consumes, current it passes when the rated voltage is APPLIED. Voltage rating V could be 220 V in countries like India and 110 V in USA. Power rating P could be 1 KW to 5 kW depending on size.      Heating Power P = V² / Resistance of heating coil.    If the water tank capacity is L liters, then rate of heating is:               = P / (L * density * specific heat )  = P / ( L * 1 * 4181) =               = P / (4181 L)  °K / sec    If we want to heat water from 20° to 50°, then it takes time T =                  T = 30 * 4181 L / P = 2000 L / P  minutes.    If people could wait for 15 minutes for L litres , then                   Power needed P = 2000 L /  L = 2 kW==================================================Instant Heaters    We get instant heaters ALSO. They have a small capacity (2 litres). The water is heated at a constant rate as the water flows through the geyser.  There is no storage and not much insulation provided in this type of heaters.  A heating (electric resistor) coil is used in them. The wattage could be around 2 kW.  Care must be taken as if there is not enough water, it may burn the coil.  Flow of water can be decreased or increased to have hotter or COLDER water.

think that you are humiliated then u cant build up ur confidence levels. actually he or she might have studied about nick vujicic right. in ENGLISH 1 unit personality development tell ur FRIEND to study again. and search in google about SUDHA chandran, HELLEN KELLER, stephen hawking. i think it may help your friend.

erence = 2*π*r for SEMICIRCLE = π*rdistance COVERED = x .'. x = πr   .................. ( i )now,    displacement = diameter  ................( ii )                       from ( i ) & ( ii )    ⇒  x : displacement    ⇒  πr / 2R     ⇒  π / 2 = π : 2   ( answer )

joule of work is DONE per SECOND the eleticity power is 1 WATT                                    1 watt = 1J                              ---------                                1S2.Kilo watt is the unit which is used for commerial purpose                          1KW = 1000W

ept in the dish will evaporate FASTER because it provides larger SURFACE area for EVAPORATION

er has a long handle because we want the moment of force to be high.  The moment is equal to the force * the arm length.  The arm length is the distance between the pivot or or the bolt or the screw,    and the hands.  If the handle is long, less force is needed to  turn the bolts..In GYMS  the PADDING used is soft.  We want that any pressure or force or weight applied on the person does not damage the person.   The softness of materials absorbs some force by compression like in a spring.  Then the force is releases slowly.  This will result in less IMPACT on the sports person.When a person jumps up and lands on a soft mat, the person feels some spring like EFFECT under the feet.  Otherwise, the reaction force from the floor will damage the feet and ankles.if the mats and the padding are HARD like steel, then they are heavy, and the force or impact of any force is directly transmitted to the person's body.  That will damage the person.

Evaporation is affected proportionally by:1- Temperature (indicator to kinetic energy)2- Pressure 3- Surface Areaand affected inversely by:  1- INTERMOLECULAR Forces (which affected by matter concentration " dissolvedsubstances as salts and dissolved gases as N2,O2,CO2 2- Humidity3- WindThe rate of evaporation will be increased by bigger surface area. The greater the exposed surface, the faster the evaporation. This is becausewater molecules need to be at the surface of the water to evaporate. With a big surface area more water molecules can be at the surface of the waterand THEREFORE more water can evaporate.  In general the overall rate of evaporation will depend on the surface area exposed to the drying effects of the environmental conditions: Temperature, HUMIDITY, presence or absence of adjacent AIR and MOVEMENT.

done  = pd x CHARGE                 =6x1                 =6 joule2. pd = WORK /charge         = 200/20          =10 VOLTS

solid STATE of water. when water frozen into a solid state it become ice.to make ice U have to cool LIQUID water below 0℃ (273.15K, 32 F) at standdard atmospheric pressure.you can convert most of liquid in to ice like milk. for milk to ice pour milk in some container and frizz it below 0℃ for 5 to 6 hour and your milk ice is READY. this ice is look different from water ice.

altitude increases, the pressure DECREASES. So as the altitude decreases, the pressure will increase. So air pressure will be GREATER at the DEAD sea than the sea level.

of information:   1. Alex has to lift the documents by 5 meters.  So he has to climb that height against gravity and so he has to do work to do that.   2. Alex drops the books onto the floor, but not slowly putting them down.   3. Alex walks at a velocity.  So he gains speed from rest.  So there is a change in Kinetic energy.    4. Nothing is specified regarding his slowing down or coming to rest, before DROPPING the books at the end.  =========amount of work done = change in potential energy while lifting the books and change in potential energy while putting books on floor againwork done for lifting the books and himself by 5 meters = m g h          =  85 kg * 9.81 m/sec² *  5 meters   = 4, 169.25 Joules work done in carrying the documents and himself across the hall by 100 meters         = 0  as the change in potential energy is zero, as there is no change in the height of the books or the person.The amount of work done in walking at a uniform pace = 1 m/sec is zero.  But to GAIN the kinetic energy of 1/2 * m * v² =  1/2 * 85 kg * (1 m/sec) ²         = 42.5 JoulesWhile the person walks at the steady rate there is no work done, if the friction is ignored.If he drops the documents directly without putting them gently on the floor, there is no work done :negative or positive.Total work done :  4,169.25 + 42.5 =  4, 211.75 Joules

oplets of water which you FIND at the surface of the leaf is also KNOWN as dew. This are nothing but the molecules of water which we find basically at the surface of leaf during EVENING( ESP .in winter) till morning .We all know that Air can carry molecules of water according to its temperature. So basically if you have a higher temperature then we find more molecules of water in surface of leaf. In evening, we find temperature as very low in winter season especially in evening . And - If condensation takes PLACE above 0 °C its called as dew. So this is the reason !

warm after TAKING bath because when we bath with normal WATER than the normal water will be  cooler than the temperature AROUND, so after taking bath the water DRIES up and our skin starts felling the air temperature which is HOTTER than the water.

mirror is the one which is curved inside.,.Convex mirror is the one which is bulged outside.,.Concave-- gives a snmal  IMAGE of the objectConvex --- gives a LARGER VIEW of object PLZ MARK as best

specific heat means the substance can absorb or discard high amount of energy with LESS change in its TEMPERATURE. During summer, the water evaporates from rivers, ponds etc. by absorbing energy from ATMOSPHERE and water bodies. The evaporated water takes very high energy with it and hence LEAVES the atmosphere and the water bodies relatively at a lower temperature. So we get temperatures of both water sources and atmosphere relatively lower.

:1>Acceleration will be DUE to gravity = 9.8 m/sec^22>>As the FRAGMENT reach a maximum HEIGHT in 7 sec.So as they are falling from same height then they will take the same TIME to reach down also.

h of the fragments would depend on the VELOCITY they have. - If they have 'only vertical component of velocity', then the PATH would be a straight LINE. It will travel vertically DOWNWARD. - If it has either 'only HORIZONTAL component of velocity' or 'both horizontal and vertical component of velocity', its path will be parabolic.

apply a magnetic field to an object, any magnetic atoms inside will respond to it and move to a new configuration, possibly causing a new magnetic field of their own, distinct from the field you're applying. If the permeability is a large number, it GETS magnetized parallel to the external field, and there is attraction. If the permeability is small enough, it ACTUALLY MAGNETIZES opposite to the external field (diamagnetism) and is repelled; this is a very WEAK effect and can be OBSERVED with pure water.In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself

is a TYPE of an object and has North and South poles. .A magnet is a PIECE of material that ATTRACTS some METALS by magnetism.

is a long narrow, vertical cavity FORMED in earth crust in the earth crust into which underground water seeps. Here the water column is heated by volcanic HEAT at where the temperature is above 100C due to the pressure exerted by the water column above. due to the DEEPER positions, this water is very hot than ground water. therefore bubbles arise and the water pushes up. then the ERUPTION will be started. Due to pressure the water rushes out. thus the geyser continues to spray hot water into AIR.

is possible to carry a CHARGE of 20MC. The smallest unit charge is 1.6×10⁻¹⁹C. So we can accumulate enough particle on an object which WOULD MAKE 20mC. It may not be EXACTLY 20mC but the difference would be very negligible as 20mC is much larger than 1.6×10⁻¹⁹C.

e - unit of force in CGS system.  it is equal to 10⁻⁵ of a Newton.2.  4 km towards North in one hour:       and then 3 km towards East in next one hour.       Final displacement of the person =  √4²+3²  = 5 km from the point of start.   The velocity =  total displacement / total time = 5 km /2 hours = 2.5 km/hr   if you WANT the average speed then it is = total distance / total time                      = 7 km /2 hours = 3.5 kmhr 3.   We could directly say that    The car travels a uniform velocity of v1 over a distance X  and a uniform velocity v2 over distance y.  let the times of travel be t1 and t2 respectively.  We assume that  the car travels in the same direction throughout.        average velocity = ( v1 * t1 + v2 * t2 ) / (t1 + t2)                                = ( v1 * x/v1 + v2 * y/v2 ) / (x/v1 + y/v2)                                =  (x + y) (v1 v2) / (v1 y + v2 x)           if x = y, then,                         v = 2 x v1 v2 / (v1 + v2) x                           = 2 / [ 1/v1 + 1/v2 ]             or,    2/v = 1/v1 + 1/v2

ice at  0 ⁰C  to  turn into 1 GM of vapour  at 100 ⁰C1)   1 gm of ice takes the latent heat of fusion to melt into water.           heat energy needed = 1 gm * 334 Joules/gm = 334 J2) 1 gm of water heats up to 100°C as water          heat energy needed = mass * specific heat * temperature difference                               =  1 gm * 4.18 J/gm/°C * 100°C      = 418 Joules3) 1 gm of water at 100°C changes physical STATE into vapour             heat energy needed = latent heat of vaporization                                         = 1 gm * 2260 J/gm = 2260 Jtotal energy ABSORBED by the water = 334 + 418 + 2260 = 3, 012 Joules

1) BLOOD is made up of DIFFERENT types of constituents           2) these constituents can be separated.          3) each constituents of the blood shows its own property           4) the composition of blood is not uniform GRAPHITE  -1) it is made up of only one kind of particle i.e. CARBON               2) the constituents can't be separated                3) it is made up of only one kind of particle so it only shows property of                    carbon              4) the composition is uniform throughout

high kinetic energy PARTICLES MOVE faster in hot water this the mixture dissolves CUSO4 faster but in COLD water  the particles having LESS kinetic energy dissolves CuSO4 slower

to arrange them is:the more the interparticle or inter-molecular attractions inside a compound or ELEMENT, the higher the melting POINT and the boiling point are.So  M.P. of  x = 298 K     M.P. of y = 314 Kincreasing order of inter particle FORCE attraction :  x , y

collisions MADE by the gas molecules with the walls of the container are  Inelastic collisions, then:  the kinetic energy, after BOUNCING from the walls, of the molecules will be less than  before colliding with the walls.   So there is less change of MOMENTUM of the molecules during the collision.  There is an energy loss and perhaps it is converted into some other form of energy.  Since change of momentum per unit  time is less, the force exerted on the walls is less.  So pressure on the walls is reduced.  Same is the case if there is a cohesive force between the walls and the molecules of gas.   However, if the walls are INSULATED, then the there is no loss of internal energy.  The temperature has to remain the same.  Then the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the gas molecules has to remain constant.   if the walls are not insulated, then there may be some loss of energy in the form of heat or sound or light or other radiation.  In that case the temperature of the gas may change until an equilibrium is established between the walls, surroundings, and the gas.  The ideal gas law or the Vander Waal's equation needs to be updated for the factor of adhesion force and inelastic collisions between the gas molecules and the walls of the container.

gramsinitial velocity = u = 200 m/st = 0.02 sec.let the ACCELERATION or deceleration = a m/sec^2  v = FINAL velocity = u + a t    0 = 200 + a * 0.02          a = - 10, 000 m/sec^2the resistance OFFERED = FORCE against the movement of the bullet        = F = m a = 20/1000 kg * 10,000 m/sec^2 = 200 Newtons.

gram.The point P is initially at the origin O.  The circle, initially on the left, rotates right SIDE.    The point P follows the curved locus as shown.  Reaches the TOP of the circle at P on the right.  The diameter PP' gets inverted  on the right side.The DISTANCE rolled by the wheel is  OP' on the x axis:  π R ,  R = radius.The diameter PP' = 2 R.The triangle OPP' is a right angle triangle.     OP² = P'O² + P'P²           = (πR)² + (2R)²             = (π²+4) R²   The magnitude of displacement vector  OP = √(4+π²) * RThe direction of  OP = displacement vector = Tan⁻¹  PP' / OP'        = tan⁻¹ 2R/πR = tan⁻¹ 2/π  = 32.48 deg.OR,  the slope of displacement vector = 2/π.

sbyopia is saw in the PEOPLE who cant ABLE to see bth near and far OBJECTS CLEARLY. hence we used  both convex on concave lens to CLEAR this problem.

dded the APPRECIATION in the FOLLOWING DOCUMENT.

ges of circuit breakers and fuses are that they protect our electronic DEVICES in ELECTRICAL circuit against short circuits and overloading of circuits. If they are not used then the short circuit may DAMAGE our DEVICE or it may catch a fire which can ruin everything.Fuse: Fuse is the cheapest type of PROTECTION in an electric circuit and it needs zero maintenance. Operation of fuse is simple and no complexity is involved. Circuit Breakers: Circuit breakers are better than fuse as fuse  which gets operateonce and needs to be replaced but a circuit breaker can be replaced. Circuit breakers are more reliable, more sensitive and responds quicker than fuse.

c fences are set up so that the horses do not RUN away breaking through the fence or try to jump over them.  Due to the shocks they try to keep away from the fence.There is ELECTRIC power supply connected to metallic fences.  The fence is at a higher POTENTIAL as compared to the ground.  The animal bodies are CONDUCTORS of ELECTRICITY.  The reason is we have salts, minerals, acids, bases and water in our body.When a horse touches the fence, an electric circuit is formed from the fence to the horse , its legs to the ground.  The ground is at a potential of 0.  Thus due to the potential difference difference, electricity passes through the body of the horses.Due to the current, the body gets heated up, the passing of electrons creates a sensation though the body.  This results in a shock.the voltage is kept low enough not to damage or hurt the horses.

of gyser:Geysers WORK on a PRINCIPLE of converting electrical energy into the heat energy. There is heating element inside the geyser which gets HEATED. Cold water gets collected into the geyser tank and gets heated to a certain temperature. There is thermostat device, fitted in the geyser, which CUTS off the electric supply to the geyser, once the water inside reaches a certain temperature. It helps conserving the electricity. For the convenience of the users, there are two LED lights are given on the below side of the geyser. Conventionally, these are red and green lights. When the element is heating up, red light is lighted and when the element stops working, green light starting emitting. Emission of green light means the water is hot at the maximum temperature ALLOWED by the geyser. Cold water in the geyser come in through a separate inlet and hot water goes out through a separate outlet.i hope this helps u :)

factor of a CRYSTAL tells US the packing efficiency of the SPACE in which the crystal is present.The packing factor of 80% will tell us that  around 20 % of space is free or air gaps and the 80% of space is occupied by atoms and sub atomic particles.Higher packing factor means higher density of the material.  It ALSO means that energy required to melt the material or to vaporize will be more.  The melting point and the boiling points MAY be higher.The bonds among the molecules or atoms are stronger if the packing factor is higher.

he FORCE between TWO masses, which is PROPORTIONAL to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.It is always attractive.

ice, you NEED to provide SUFFICIENT energy to the ice. So the question now is if you can provide energy in vaccum or not. And yes, you can. There is RADIATION energy which can help in melting of ice. So you can melt ice in vaccum.