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and motion STUDY is a business efficiency technique combining the Time Study WORK of Frederick Winslow Taylor with the Motion Study work of Frank and LILLIAN Gilbreth. It is a major part of SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.

apacity is one of the defining characteristics of any political system (Almond and Powell 1966; Katzenstein 1978; Zysman 1983; Migdal 1988; Ikenberry 1988; ORGANSKI and Kugler 1980). By "state capacity," I refer to the ABILITY of a government to administer its territory effectively (Skocpol 1985).

ing director is someone who is responsible for the daily operations of a company, ORGANIZATION, or CORPORATE division. In some countries, the TERM is equivalent to CEO (Chief Executive Officer) the executive head of a company.

ferent types of meetings of joint stock company are :-1. Statutory meeting- It is the first meeting of company shareholders. It's objective is to inform the shareholders about the affairs of the company. Statutory meeting is held by every limited company. Statutory meeting can be held after three moths from the date of commencement. But there should be no delay more than six months. Before this meeting 21 days must be given to each shareholders by Secretary.2. Annual General Meeting- Every company calls Annual General Meeting of the shareholders. It is the OPEN meeting of the shareholders in which various reports are submitted by the directors. Shareholders can criticize the policies of the directors and can suggest various measures to SOLVE the problems of the company. Annual General Meeting is held according the company ordinance. First meeting should be held within 18 months from the date of meeting. this meeting will be CALLED by the directors only. If Director fails to call the meeting in due PERIOD then penalty can be imposed on them.Hope it helps and plz mark as brainliest

ing director is someone who is responsible for the daily OPERATIONS of a company, organization, or corporate DIVISION. In some COUNTRIES, the TERM is equivalent to CEO (Chief Executive Officer) the executive head of a company.

dment is an ALTERATION proposed or made to a motion or a BILL. An amendment STARTS in the form of a subsidiary motion PROPOSING to ALTER the wording of the motionor bill under consideration.

forceable contract or transaction is one that is VALID but one the court will not enforce. ... If the parties perform the AGREEMENT, it will be valid, but the court will not COMPEL them if they do not. An exampleof a transaction which is an unenforceablecontract is a contract for prostitution under English LAW.

e of PHARMACEUTICAL research companies is to provide INFORMATION about their MEDICINES to health care professionals. This interaction between pharmaceuticalrepresentatives and health care professionals is often referred to as “marketing and promotion.”KEY skills for medical representativesCommercial awareness.Sales skills.Maturity.Confidence.Patience.Strong interpersonal and COMMUNICATION skills.Organisational skills.

t frequently used layout of the left hand, except the heading, which is usually centered. The Heading is a part of a business letter that contains the name of the firm sending the letter, it is usually printed on the letter and contains information about the firm, logo, name, style, full address, telephone, telex, FAX numbers, e-mail addresses and web site. The date The day in the right, or on the right or on the left.In British ENGLISH, the standard date is formed by the ordinal number of the day, the name of the month, a comma and the full year in numerals. i know the date on the left. Uses this form: 9th December, 1902 = the ninth of December, nineteen - o - two In American English, the standard date is formed by the month written out in full, the cardinal number of the day, a comma and the full year in numerals. Uses this form: December 9, 1902 = December the ninth, nineteen - o - two The Reference Line The most common form is represented by the initials of the person who wrote the letter in small letters. The Inside Address The inside address is always present in a business letter, as it STATES the name and address of the company you are writing to. There are three cases: the name of the firm is made up of the proper names, or the letter is addressed to a single person; the name of the firm does not include proper names; the firm is a company limited by SHARES. 1. In the first case, you will use a courtesy title: Mr., if the addressee is a man; Mrs., if the addressee is a married woman; Miss, if the addressee is an unmarried woman; Ms., if the address is a woman, whose marital status is not known. If the company is used as the first name, you will use it: Messrs, it is used as the plural form of Mr. Examples: The chamber of commerce 3. In the third case, you will simply copy the name of the company. Examples: Brookstone Co. Ltd The Attention Line This is not always a good idea. The Salutation The salutation is always present The difference is in English and American English. All the words forming the salutation are written with an initial capital letter. Addressee British English American English The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is not know. Dear Sir / Madame Dear Sir / Madame The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is The Salutation The salutation is always present The difference is in English and American English. All the words forming the salutation are written with an initial capital letter. Addressee British English American English The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is not know. Dear Sir / Madame Dear Sir / Madame The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is The Salutation The salutation is always present The difference is in English and American English. All the words forming the salutation are written with an initial capital letter. Addressee British English American English The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is not know. Dear Sir / Madame Dear Sir / Madame The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is whose name is not know. Dear Sir / Madame Dear Sir / Madame The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is whose name is not know. Dear Sir / Madame Dear Sir / Madame The letter is addressed to a single person, whose name is

nding a TIFF FILE through TESSERACT I get this errorWarning. Invalid resolution 0 DPI. USING 70

selling consists of two main business models: single-level marketing, in which a direct seller makes money by buying products from a parent organization and selling them DIRECTLY to customers, and multi-level marketing (also KNOWN as network marketing or person-to-person marketing), in which the direct seller may earn money from both direct sales to customers and by sponsoring new direct sellers and potentially earning a commission from their efforts.[1]According to the FTC: "Direct selling is a blanket term that encompasses a variety of business forms premised on person-to-person selling in locations other than a retail establishment, such as social media platforms or the home of the salesperson or prospective customer."[2]Modern direct selling includes sales made through the party plan, one-on-one demonstrations, and other personal contact arrangements as well as internet sales.[3] Some sources have DEFINED direct selling as: "The direct personal presentation, demonstration, and SALE of products and services to consumers, usually in their homes or at their jobs."[4][5]

te liability for the acts of OMISSION and COMMISSION COMMITTED by its servants, not being a static CONCEPT, has been governed by written or unwritten laws. Liability of State for the tortious acts of its servants known as tortious liability. ... This liability is ALSO a branch of Law of Torts

structured meeting agenda is a valuable tool for ensuring that meetings achieve desired results within the time allocated. The OUTLINE of activities to be carried out, as well as the list of specific topics to be DISCUSSED, should aim at guiding the participants through the meeting. Therefore, an agenda plays a significant role in ensuring that the meeting is productive.Advance CommunicationAn agenda ensures that pertinent information CONCERNING the issues to be discussed is passed to the participants in advance. As a result, it will give participants ample time to do their research and consultations since the agenda contains a list of the topics or issues to be tackled. Additionally, participants will know whether they are scheduled to talk or make presentations. All the members INVITED for the meeting know what to expect.

e past 10 years, there has been a growing consciousness in industry towards the importance of effective Supply Chain Management (SCM). The term supply chain has become a standard part of the business vocabulary. There are as many definitions for the term as articles or books on the topic, but the general idea is INTEGRATION. Excellent performance can be achieved by taking an integrated view of all the activities required to convert raw materials into finished goods. To archive that kind of performance, companies are now focusing on the logistics activities. Logistics activities have gained increasing strategic importance for most companies. Fixed costs of production have increased, consumer demands have become more complex and are harder to predict, both in time and place (Hoek, 1998a). TECHNOLOGY is rapidly changing and product life cycles have shortened while product range has increased (Gattorna and Walters 1996).Companies are now faced with the challenge of producing an increasingly large variety of products in a responsive manner while keeping materials and inventory to a minimum. Inventories are required to buffer the uncertainties and inefficiencies. Therefore, inventory has become a crucial part of supply chain management. The manufacturing world is facing the challenge of delivering what the customers want, when they want, while meeting the financial need to keep inventory levels down. In order to stay survive in the market, business strategies must be consider and fully implement. The most effectiveness strategy in today era will be using postponement strategy.Why choose PostponementPostponement refer to the extent that parts of manufacturing and logistics operations can be delayed until customer commitments are known and the uncertainty associated with operations can be reduced or eliminated’ (Pagh and Cooper, 1998). Postponement is essentially a type of network configuration that aims to reduce risk by making Trade-offs between flexibility and costs. On one hand postponement has the potential to increase a companies’ flexibility to respond to changes in demand from different markets, improve responsiveness to orders and reduce investment in inventory (Lee et al, 1993). At the same time, the strategy can make a product more expensive to produce since economies of scale MAY be sacrificed for a more fragmented system of production (Waller et al, 2000). Transport costs can also RISE since products may be shipped on demand and in smaller quantities.Postponement is also known as delayed differentiation, is an “adaptive supply chain strategy that enables companies to dramatically reduce inventory while improving customer service” (Muzumdar et al., 2003). The concept is to delay the point of commitment of work-in-process inventory into a final product and, thereby, gain control of efficient asset utilization in a uncertain environment.Nowadays, consumers are demanding higher levels of customization, yet are not willing to pay extra or wait longer. Product modification is a common challenge for firms for providing customized products. Postponement can be used to cope with this challenge as component commonality is one of the most popular supply chain strategies to tackle the challenges such as difficulties in estimating demand, controlling inventory, and providing high service levels for customers. Postponement can be achieved by postponing the configuration of generic components into a wide variety of end products. In postponement a product is processed till it remains generic and the customization is delayed until demand is realized. A generic product offers more flexibility when demand is uncertain since it can be transformed into any final product. Instead of keeping high finished goods inventory or suffer stock outs which can result in lost sales or interrupt plant production schedules, the customization of the product can be delayed until customer orders arrive.Postponement concept of delaying the point of product differentiation has been found to be an effective strategy in product variety. Postponement delays product differentiation at a point closer to the customer. This involves designing and developing generic products that can be customized once the actual demand is known. It also involves the implementation of precise inventory approach to position inventory farther away from the customer while satisfying the service levels and reducing the inventory costs. Postponement lessens the forecasting horizon and thereby solves the uncertainty of end product demand (Whang and Lee, 1998). Also better inventory performance can be achieved by redesigning a product or its supply chain.How to Implemented Postponement StrategyImplementing a postponement strategy involves

ficate of incorporation is a LEGAL document relating to the formation of a company or corporation. It is a license to form a corporation ISSUED by state government or, in some jurisdictions, by non-governmental entity. Its PRECISE meaning depends upon the legal SYSTEM in which it is used.—————————————————————————————————Under Companies Act 2013, the date of incorporation of a company cannot be the date of commencement of business (COB). From the point of commencement of Business companies may be divided into 2 categories:Public and Private Companies not having Share CapitalA public company or a private limited company not having share capital are not required to comply with any other formalities and may commence its business activities immediately after obtaining the certificate of incorporation from the concerned Registrar of Companies.Public and Private Companies having Share CapitalAs PER section 11 of Companies Act, 2013, now all newly incorporated Public and Private Companies having Share Capital would be required to obtain certificate of commencement of business from concerned Registrar of Companies before commencing the business or exercise of borrowing powers.Through this article we discuss the procedure for obtaining certificate of commencement of Business under Companies Act, 2013. For statutory provisions related to commencement of Business one can refer to the following sources:Section 11 of Companies Act, 2013Rule 24 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014A certificate of incorporation is a legal document relating to the formation of a company or corporation. It is a license to form a corporation issued by state government or, in some jurisdictions, by non-governmental entity.Its precise meaning depends upon the legal system in which it is used.

rofession as a teacher, i am the head of the science department this stands me at the MIDDLE of the HIERARCHICAL authorities having ensured that it is the  principal and his deputy that are above me, together with the senior teacher and the director of studies, THEREAFTER am the next one in the hierarchy.The other ordinary teachers ESPECIALLY those falling under my department are below my LEVEL in the hierarchy

dixitamitabh bachhanyami GAUTAM

ponsibilities of board secretaryinclude preparing meetings of shareholdersand boards of directors, MAINTAINING company RECORDS and shareholdersinformation, DEALING with information disclosure ETC. ... Such listing rules discussduties of board SECRETARY in details.

poses of life insurance, everyone is CONSIDERED to have an insurable INTEREST in their own life as well as in the lives of their SPOUSES and dependents. For property and casualty insurance, the insurable interestmust exist both at the time the insurance is PURCHASED and at the time a loss occurs.

mpounded Annually or Half yearly. The time period after which the INTEREST is added each time to FORM a new principal is called the CONVERSION period. When the interest is compounded half yearly, there are 2 conversion period in a year each after 6 months. ... RATE of interest = half of 10% = 5% half yearly.

or sales value method of joint COST allocation. Under MARKET or sales value method, the joint cost INCURRED in a jointproduction process is allocated to differentjoint products on the BASIS of their market or sales value.

ital Structure decision remains ONE of the most controversial SUBJECTS in the world of finance. Capital Structure REFERS to the mix of debt and equity which a company uses to finance its LONG term OPERATIONS.

essages help build trust and INTEGRITY between the writer and the reader. Well-written communication HELPS define goals, identify problems and arrive at solutions. This is important in every aspect of business. Executives MUST clearly WRITE memos so that staff UNDERSTANDS the directives without confusion.

ce Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) ACT, 1999 spells out the Mission of IRDAI as: “... to protect the INTERESTS of the policyholders, to regulate, PROMOTE and ensure orderly GROWTH of the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or INCIDENTAL thereto......”

measure is an action or procedure that will reduce, PREVENT or eliminate a potential hazard. A critical CONTROL point is a step at which a control measure is APPLIED. ACRITICAL limit is a maximum and/or MINIMUM value for controlling a chemical, biological or physical parameter.

s of Sole Trading Concern.Minimum government.Unlimited liability.Freedom in Selection of Business.Secrecy.Single Ownership.Direct CONTACTS with Customers and Employees.Suitable for some Special Business.No sharing of PROFITS and risks.

eting, promotion refers to any type of marketing communication used to inform or persuade target AUDIENCES of the relative merits of a product, service, brand or issue. ... It is ONE of the basic elements of the market mix, which INCLUDES the four P's ,i.e., Product, Price, Place, Promotion.

pany LAW BOARD is an independent quasi-judicial body in India which has powers to overlook the BEHAVIOUR of companies within the Company Law. ... The same is the object behind constitution of BIFR and SECTION 391 to 394 of Companies Act, 1956.

dumA person who signs the MEMORANDUM of ASSOCIATION with the companybecomes a member.After signing the memorandum, a person can BECOME a shareholder only if shares are ALLOTTED to him

irectors of a firm are APPOINTED by the original investors (members or subscribers) usually from AMONG themselves, and are named in the articles of ASSOCIATION. ...Appointment or election of the subsequentdirectors is usually effected at a general meeting by a resolution to the effect.

ly we have to realize a major change in the technological basis of MANUFACTURING or even all production processes: The diffusion of NEW information and communication technologies, especially Internet Technologies, on the shop floor. Applications of Internet Technologies may be directly implemented on the shop floor, e.g. in networking dislocated assembly lines, as well as in assisting management processes, e.g. in production planning and CONTROL. Both, formal and empirical studies have VERIFIED a significant increase in productivity of manufacturing processes by intraorganizational applications of modern information and communication technologies (Barua/Lee 2001, pp. 37). Therefore, this change has a high influence on operations management. While traditional Production Concepts such as Lean Production, World Class Manufacturing and Agile Manufacturing inevitably disregard this DEVELOPMENT, new Production Concepts arise that fundamentally consider the application of Internet Technologies on the shop floor. However, from a business management perspective, industrial firms have to accomplish new operating requirements deriving from this technological change. This paper provides a discussion of the consequences of Internet Technologies on operations management, as well as of production concepts based on Internet Technologies from an institutional point of view.

r users INCLUDE both corporate companies and individuals. Computers are efficient and reliable; they ease people's onerous jobs through software and applications specific to their needs offering convenience. ... Computers and technology affect how we live, work and entertain ourselves.If you work in an office environment today, you MAY not remember the introduction of office work done by computer. Over the past three decades, computers have gradually replaced typewriters, adding machines and paper-based processes, GIVING BUSINESSES the tools they need to be more efficient and productive.HOPE IT HELPS U DEAR ✔✔✔

tion of MEMBERSHIP. If for any REASON the membership of a Member is terminated as provided in this Agreement or the Act, the Member whose membership has terminated loses all Membership Voting Interests and shall be CONSIDERED merely an unadmitted Assignee of the Membership Economic Interest owned before the termination of membership, having only the RIGHTS provided for unadmitted Assignees in Section 9.7 hereof. No Member whose membership in the Company terminates, not any transferee of such Member, shall have any right to demand or receive a return of such terminated Members Capital Contributions or to require the purchase or REDEMPTION of the Members Membership Interest. The other Members and the Company shall not have any obligation to purchase or redeem the Membership Interest of any such terminated Member or transferee of any such terminated Member.hope this helps uh..

h And DEVELOPMENT Strategies. The NEED to develop or improve products and PRODUCTION processes is met by the RESEARCH and development (R&D) function. ... The more important innovation is to the strategy of the organization, the more implementation will require consideration of strategic ISSUE in R&D.

ion ANALYSIS CONSTITUTES an important part of a statistical analysis to EXPLORE and model the relationship between VARIABLES. ... Regression analysis helps in predicting the value of a dependent variable based on the values of the INDEPENDENT variables.

tional BUSINESS ✌Buying nd selling of goods BEYOND the GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARY of a COUNTRY known as International business.

e here's your answer The exchange of goods and services among individuals and BUSINESSES in multiple countries.A specific entity, such as a multinational corporation or INTERNATIONAL businesscompany that engages in business among multiple countries.USAGE EXAMPLESWe decided to research international businessopportunities to expand our market as costs were so low abroad that this option could not be ignored.Many Internet businesses are involved in international business as the WEB offers the chance for exchanging goods and services with people globally.Gordon was accustomed to doing things on a small scale, but he knew he would only make big money if he transformed his small company into an international businessand started making SALES worldwide.Hope this MAY help you.........