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In the bone-remodeling unit, the rate of osteoclast generation DETERMINES the EXTENSION of the bone-remodeling unit, whereas the life span of osteoclasts determines the depth of resorption. Although both genesis and apoptosis of osteoclasts lead to changes in osteoclast number and bone resorption, ALTERATION of osteoclast life span might represent a more effective mechanism to accomplish rapid changes in bone resorption rate.

Sex steroids have profound effects on osteoclasts. Both estrogens and androgens inhibit osteoclast generation by regulating the production of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines (such as IL-6 and IL-1) by cells of the stromal/osteoblastic lineage. Estrogens also induce apoptosis of mature osteoclasts. This, together with an inhibitory effect of the hormones on osteoblast generation, leads to attenuation of the rate of bone remodeling.

Mice receiving excess glucocorticoids exhibit reduced osteoclast progenitors, but cancellous osteoclast number does not decrease in the early phases of the disease, because glucocorticoids prolong the life span of preexisting osteoclasts. This effect may account for the early transient increase in bone resorption in patients with hyperglucocorticoidism. In contrast to the rapid prosurvival effect of glucocorticoids on mature osteoclasts, glucocorticoids induce a decrease in osteoclast formation caused by a reduction in the pool of osteoblastic cells that support osteoclastogenesis. This effect leads to the TYPICAL low remodeling rate observed in chronic glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.


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When it comes to PERSONAL HYGINE,cats are the epitome of cleanliness.They are naturally equipped with the implements to groom themselves.,a barbed tongue with which to LICK forepaws they moisten with salivaand use a SURROGATE washcloth and teeth to fig out tougher DEBRIS...plzz mark it as brainliestt..

A normal left VENTRICULAR ejection fraction  LVEF ranges from 55% to 70%. An LVEF of 65% for example means that 65% of TOTAL amount of BLOOD in the left VENTRICLE is pumped out with each heartbeat.

WHEAT BREAD is GOOD for WEIGHT LOSS

These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory system does TWO very important THINGS: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we NEED for our cells to live and function properly; and it HELPS us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function.

A. viscosity of INK

B. CAPILLARY action phenomenon

C. diffusion of ink through the blotting

D. SIPHON action

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT. Solar lighting system is the use of natural light to provide illumination. Solar lighting system is the technology of obtaining usable energy from the light of the sun using semiconductor materials and this is energy efficient lighting technology.

Solar water heater uses radiation from the sun to heat up water. Solar water heater does not consume any fuel, so it is used in developing countries like in Africa where fuel is relatively expensive but sunlight is abundant. ... A SIMPLE solar water heater can be constructed using everyday materials.

Construction of a box-type solar COOKER: A box-type solar cooker consists of the following components:

Box (B): This is an insulated METAL or a WOODEN box. It is painted black from inside because black surface absorbs more heat. The box may be provided with four roll-wheels.

Glass COVER (G): A cover made of two sheets of toughened glass held together in an aluminium frame is used as a cover of the box B.

Plane mirror reflector ®: A plane mirror reflector fixed in a frame is fixed to the box B with the help of hinges. The mirror reflector can be positioned at any desired angle to the box. The mirror is positioned so as to allow the reflected sunlight fall on the glass cover of the box.

Cooking containers ©: A set of containers made of aluminium and blackened from outside are kept in the box B. These containers are also painted black because black surface absorbs more heat.

Working: The food is cooked in a shallow vessel of the container. The box has a transparent covering of glass sheet over it. The solar cooker is placed in sunlight and reflector (plane mirror) is adjusted in such a way that a strong beam of sunlight enters the box through the glass sheet. The blackened metal surfaces in the wooden box absorb infra-red radiations from the beam of sunlight and heat produced raises the temperature of blackened metal surface to about 100°C.

The food absorbs heat from the black surface and gets cooked. The thick glass sheet does not allow the heat produced to escape and thus, helps in raising the temperature in the box to a sufficiently high degree to cook the food.

it is like the WAYS THING GO like a rotation in all ways like food wise or anmla wise or plant lif E

Cell organells are the living parts of the cell. They are INTERNAL structures WITHIN a cell. They have the same status in a cell as the organs have in an organism. The organells like the organs in our BODY PERFORM VARIES functions within a cell.

Ball and stick MODEL is considered to be the molecular model of chemical substance which display both 3 dimension position of atoms as WELL as BONDS between them.

The atoms are represented typically by means of spheres connected VIA rods that represent the bonds.

Triple or double bonds are usually indicated by TWO or three curved rods respectively.

It is said that vernacular names CREATE confusion in case of plants. Every region has its own name for a PLANT and thus it SOMETIMES can create confusion.

Using scientific names can eradicate that confusion as it is constant everywhere.

But scientific names are not known to everyone and THEREFORE identification of a plant BECOMES impossible for commoners.

Gene Therapy ADA Deficiency. Brief SUMMARY: Adenosine deaminase deficiency is an INHERITED DISORDER that RESULTS in severe abnormalities of the immune system and leaves children unable to fight INFECTION. This trial aims to treat adenosine deaminase deficiency patients using gene therapy

SWOLLEN placentae and OBLIQUE ovary occur in GYNOECIUM of ovary AXILE.

The OCEANS influence the climate by ABSORBING and storing carbon dioxide. Climate change is CAUSED by the accumulation of man MADE carbon dioxide CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Scientists believe that the oceans currently absorb 30% to 50% of the CO2 produced by the burning of fossil fuel.

The ANSWER is THALASSEMIA.

"When you remove ONE element from a fragile ecosystem, it has far reaching and long lasting effects on biodiversity. This impacts on local communities, habitats and other species which SHARE the tiger's home.

The tiger is at the top of the food chain in all the ecosystems it lives in. As such, it keeps populations of deer, wildbore, sambar and gaur in check. Without the tiger to control them these prey species would expand.

This excessive population would then totally RAVAGE its food source - vegetation. If the vegetation in the JUNGLES was devastated, smaller ANIMALS and insects would not survive there."

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood.Carbon dioxide is TRANSPORTED by three MAJOR mechanisms. The first miechanism of carbon dioxide transport by blood plasma, as somecarbon dioxide MOLECULES dissolve in the blood. The second mechanism istransport in the form of BICARBONATE (HCO3–), which also DISSOLVES in plasma 

Neurons CONTAIN the same basic parts as any other animal cell but their structure is specially adapted to be ABLE to CARRY messages over long distances in the BODY quickly. Each NEURON has three components:cell body, dendrites and axon

Hey mate here is ur ANSWER ⬇
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the AMPULLA of the fallopian TUBE.
The result of this union is the production of a zygote CELL, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development.
The PROCESS of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum.
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Zygote: The cell FORMED by the union of a male sex cell (a SPERM) and a female sex cell (an ovum). The zygote develops into the embryo following the instruction encoded in its geneticmaterial, the DNA.

The UNIFICATION of a sperm and an ovum to form a zygote constitutes fertilization.

PLANTS which have come from outside india are called exotic plants. They do not naturally grow in an AREA rather become part of an ecosystem due to HUMAN intervention. Endemic or indigenous plants refers to VIRGIN VEGETATION which is purely indian.

The gymnosperms are seed BEARING flowerless PLANTS..
they have haploid endosperm formed from gametophyte before fertilisation...


the ANGIOSPERMS are seed bearing flowering plants ..
they have triplod endosperm formed from sporophyte after fertilisation


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C3 PATHWAY occur in mesophyll CHLOROPLASTS where as in c4 plants it occurs in both bundle sheeth and mesophyll tissues.

C3 cycle is ALSO called Calvin cycle. it happens during the day time.

A 6 carbon enzyme called RUBISCO is the main component of this cycle.

it is the most abundant enzyme in the world. but it is least efficient.

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Bile juice contains no digestiveenzymes, yet it is important for digestion. ... Bile juice has bilepigments such as BILIRUBIN and BILIVERDIN. These break down large FAT globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. This process is known as EMULSIFICATION of fats.
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Chilhood
Preadolesant
Adolacent and ADULTHOOD

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THE ROOTS OF PLANT ARE HAVING LEUCOPLAST AS THEIR PLASTIDS . THEY ARE COLOURLESS AND STORE GLUCOSE FOR THE PLANTS.

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HOMEOSTASIS
the process by which the body reacts to changes in order to keep conditions inside the body.
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Hormones alter conditions inside the CELL, usually in response to a stimulus. That means they are activated at specific times. So they MUST be turned on and then turned back off. What turns these hormones and their responses on or off?

Hormone Regulation: Feedback Mechanisms

Hormones control many cell activities, so they are very IMPORTANT for homeostasis. But what controls the hormones themselves? Most hormones are regulated by feedback mechanisms. A feedback mechanism is a loop in which a product feeds back to control its own production. Most hormone feedback mechanisms involve negative feedback loops. Negative feedback keeps the concentration of a hormone within a narrow range.

Negative Feedback

Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds back to decrease its own production. This type of feedback brings things back to normal whenever they start to BECOME too extreme. The thyroid gland is a good EXAMPLE of this type of regulation. 

There can totally be the CASE that the BLOOD group of the child does not match to either of his parents

Let me explain it in this way-

For eg. mother has blood group of A and father has B

for mother- either she may have IA Ia or Ia i

For father— he may be Ib Ib or Ib i

So here the child can have his blood group as FOLLOW--

Ia Ia × Ib Ib = AB

Ia Ia ×Ib i =AB or A

Ia i × Ib Ib = AB or B

Ia i × Ib i = AB or A or B or O

So blood group of child can be or cannot be same as that of PARENT.

Ndndnbebebeebbbdbdbdbdbd

My AREA VA I DONT KNOW

Is saturated or unsaturated fat better for you?

Last reviewed Fri 27 Apr 2018

By Gillian D’Souza

Reviewed by Natalie Butler, RD, LD

Table of contents

Overall, saturated fat has a LESS healthful effect on the body compared to unsaturated fat. This means unsaturated fat may be a wiser dietary choice, although there are some exceptions.

According to recent FINDINGS, consuming saturated fat may not be bad for health as researchers once thought.

Fat is an essential nutrient that the body NEEDS to function properly. Fats provide ENERGY, absorb CERTAIN vitamins and minerals, help maintain body temperature, and insulate the body's vital organs.

The most recent Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015–2020) recommend that adults get between 20 to 35 percent of their daily calories from fat.

Deforestration means cutting down of trees. Deforestration affects food chain also. As we know that For eg', DEER eats plants,then deer is eaten by canrnivore animal eg Tiger. Carnivore animals are those animals which EAT meat.. Meat eaters...
If we CUT down trees it affects ENVIRONMENT badly.. Plants clean the carbon monoxide coming from factories, chimneys.. We should PLANT more and more trees..
Humans depend on trees also.So we should plant more and more trees.
We get food from plants..

Answer:

99

Explanation:

Because

of the Arithmetic division. In first division two CELL are formed but only one cell Undergoes division and the SECOND cell formed get preserved this cycle CONTINUE which means in every step

no. of division = n-1

EG 99 divisions = 100 - 1

* 1 cell( preserved cell ) are Produced during 2nd division because another cell will under go division again

* 2 cell get preserved duing 3rd division

* 3 cell get preserved during 4th division

* 4 cell get preserved during 5th division and so on.

Thermogenin is an uncoupling protein FOUND in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue .... "The HUMAN uncoupling protein-1 gene (UCP1): present STATUS and perspectives in obesity research .

Artries are the blood cappillaries which carry PURE blood( blood contains oxygen).
VEINS carry impure blood( CO2 containing).
pulmonary veins are the only veins which carry pure blood from heart to other body PARTS.

Key Points

Natural selection can cause microevolution (change in allele frequencies), with fitness-increasing alleles becoming more common in the population.

Fitness is a measure of reproductive success (how many offspring an organism leaves in the next GENERATION, relative to others in the GROUP).

Natural selection can act on traits determined by alternative alleles of a single gene, or on polygenic traits (traits determined by many genes).

Natural selection on traits determined by MULTIPLE genes MAY take the FORM of stabilizing selection, directional selection, or disruptive selection.

A) NUCLEAR membrane

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Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubularlumen; it is the opposite PROCESS of reabsorption. This secretion is caused mainly by active TRANSPORT and passive DIFFUSION. Usually only a few SUBSTANCES are secreted, and are typically waste products.

It os because of POLLEN pistil interaction.it is the result of continuous DIALOGUE between pollen GRAIN and pistil which leads to acceptance or REJECTION of pollen grain