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nema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of the life CYCLE of mosses and liverworts. When a moss first grows from the spore, it start as a germ tube which lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex known as a PROTONEMA, which develops into a leafy gametophore, the adult FORM of a gametophyte in bryophytes.[1]Moss spores germinate to form an algae-like filamentous structure called the protonema. It represents the juvenile gametophyte. While the protonema is growing by apical cell division, at some stage, under the influence of the phytohormone cytokinin, buds are INDUCED which grow by three-faced apical cells. These give rise to gametophores, STEMS and leaf like structures (bryophytes do not have true leaves (megaphyll). [2] Protonema are characteristic of all mosses and some liverworts but are absent from hornworts. Credits: Saksham R.T.Protonemata of mosses are composed of two cell types: chloronemata, which form upon germination, and caulonemata, which later differentiate from chloronemata and on which buds are formed, which then differentiate togametophores.[3]please mark me as brainliest

photophosphorylation can be defined as the synthesis of ATP coupled to electron transport activated by Photosystem I solely, and can therefore proceed in long-wave-length light (03BB 2265 700 nm). This proces is unaffected by the specific inhibitors of Photosystem II, such as CMU, DCMU and orthophenanthroline. The current INTERPRETATION of cyclic phosphorylation is that the light-activated electrons of chlorophyll aI are USED to reduce an acceptor, the nature of which is still uncertain, and then a sequence of electron carriers transport the electron down the ELECTROCHEMICAL gradient, BACK to the oxidizing side of photosystem I. ATP formation is coupled to this electron transport. Experimentally, cyclic phosphorylation can therefore be distinguished from any other kind of chloroplast photophosphorylation by two criteria: 1) the resistence to CMU, DCMU and orthophenanthroline; 2) the fact that light absorbed by photosystem I at the far-red end of chlorophyll a ABSORPTION spectrum is sufficient to activate the reaction.hope it is helpful for you please mark me as brainliest

ive PROPAGATION is basically asexual reproduction which is effective MEANS of reproducing in an environment which is stable because it require LESS energy and WAY more faster than sexual reproduction which require POLLINATION and production of gametesmake me as brainlist pls

ntation2.lactic3.NaHCO34.yeast5.microbalhope it HELPS!PLEASE MARK me as BRAINLIEST if you are SATISFIED

cellular organism GROWS by CELL division. In plants, this growth by cell division occurs continuously throughout their life SPAN. In animals, this growth is SEEN only up to a certain age. However, cell division occurs in certain tissues to replace LOST cells.

in SEXUAL REPRODUCTION there TWO organisms are involved and they may have dofinate structures but in asexual reproduction there are only ONE ORGANISM are responsible for the reproduction so in this the offspring will get only the characteristics of that single one

a British TV channel. but in BIOLOGY it has MANY full FORMS. one of them is In-Transit VISIBILITY

is HELPS you

e here is your answer...Characteristic features of permanent tissues:(i) Cells may be living or dead.(ii) Cell WALLS may be thin or THICK.(iii) Cells may contain RESERVE, excretory or secretory substances.(IV) Intercellular SPACES may be present or absent.(v) Metabolic activities are relatively slow.(vi) Vacuoles prominent.hope so answer will help you...and don't forget to mark me brainlest

ical anesthesiaan anesthetic procedure designed ESPECIALLY for patients undergoing cesarean operation or INTRAUTERINE MANIPULATION of the fetus. The particular ADDITIONAL responsibility in this kind of anesthesia is the survival of the fetus.obstetrical assistanceassistance to the dam in the expulsion of the fetus varying from simple traction to episiotomy, fetal manipulation in the uterus, fetotomy and cesarean section.obstetrical chainssee obstetric chain.obstetrical instrumentsthere is a large range including long-handled and finger-grip fetotomy knives; eyehooks, either long-handled or threaded onto obstetric rope; fetotome; obstetric wire; Kuhn's crutch for repelling or rotating the fetus; obstetric forceps; traction chains and handles; fetal extractor.obstetrical sawwire saw used in fetotomes. There are two TYPES, Swedish and gigli wire saw

t or a WAY of MOVING is called MOTION and PHYSICAL strength of power is called FORCE

of segregation states that the two alleles CONTROLLING each character maintain identity in the organisms but during the formation of gametes by meiosis MOVE apart due to separation of the, homologous chromosome which BEARD them, so that each gamete receives only one ALLELE of each character on random basis.The law of independent assortment states that when more than one pair of contrasting character are brought together in an individual, the ENTRY of one pair of alleles separates independent entry and resorts independently of any other pairs of alleles.

nd recycling of waste materials is helpful in maintaining environment. Materials which are non BIODEGRADABLE such as PLASTICS  are harmful pollutants in an environment especially to SOIL ,it pollute soil.These materials should be reused or recycled to avoid such conditions in the environment. Dirty water are as much recycled to avoid stagnation which may lead to DANGEROUS conditions which may NECESSITATE breeding of insects which transmit diseases.

ll in PLANTS and CELL MEMBRANE in ANIMALS  it controls the shape and SIZE of the cell

is ARTERIES that SUPPLY BLOOD to the WALL of blood VESSELS.

y VESSEL should be the ANS

of beverages obtained by microbial FERMENTATION are wine, beer, chikokivana, whisky, moutai, MALT whisky etc. EXAMPLES of chemicals obtained by microbial fermentation are CELLULOSE, etahnol, lactic ACID, acetic acid, riboflavin

rmones are the organic substances which are synthesized in minute quantities in one part of the plant body and transported to another part where they influence specific physiological processes. there are mainly 4 types of plant hormones1.auxins #promote elongation of cell.#cell division #root GROWTH 2.gibberellins#elongation of STEM#parthenocarpy (formation of seedless FRUITS without fertilization)#seed GERMINATION 3.cytokinins#cell division#BREAKING of dormancy#delay of senescence 4.abscisic acid#act as growth inhibitor#stomatal closing #seed development

e here is your answerplease mark as brainiest[] [] [] [] ● a substance used for DESTROYING insects or other organisms harmful to CULTIVATED plants or to animals.[] [] [] [] ● a substance used as a CHEMICAL weedkiller.PLEASE MARK AS BRAINLIEST

e here is your ANSWERIF possible mark as brainliesta group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental UNIT of a chemical COMPOUND that can take part in a chemical reaction.please mark ADD brainliest

te...The answer is...Fallopain tube is the PART where fertilisation OCCUR in HUMAN beings.Hope, it helps you...MARK ME AS BRAINLIST

swer isdiabetes, metabolic syndrome Polycystic OVARY syndrome INSULINOMA etc, are caused DUE to hypersecretion of insulin hormoneif this HELPS you PLEASE mark me as brainliest

nin is a hormone that is PRODUCED in HUMANS by the parafollicular CELLS (commonly known as C-cells) of the THYROID gland. ... Therefore, the inhibition of the OSTEOCLASTS by calcitonin directly reduces the amount of calcium released into the blood.Hope it helps you .Mark me as brainliest .

xual reproduction is the process where there is no interaction between the organisms of the same species and the organisms alone is capable of producing the offspring. Sexual reproduction involves the interaction of the TWO organisms (male and female), to produce the ZYGOTE or the offspring.Asexual reproduction is usually SEEN in lower forms of organisms like algae, protozoans, bacteria, and fungi. While sexual reproduction is noticed in higher plants and animals. Reproduction is the procedure of multiplication of the organisms, to increase the population of their species. This continuity occurs by giving birth to the offspring of its kind, which further develops and eventually will proceed to give rise to a new individual.The difference between the asexual and sexual reproduction is very meager. But its effect is very SIGNIFICANT in terms of characters and offspring. Although Fungi is an exception, which reproduces by both sexually as WELL as asexually.mark as brainlist!!!❤❤❤❤❤

ear FRIEND,A diet lacking in these can cause anemia. Besides, some people consume enough B12 but their bodies are not able to PROCESS this vitamin. ... Hemolytic anemias: When red BLOOD cells are destroyed FASTER than bone marrow can replace them, due to certain blood DISEASES this group of anemias occur.

othalamus is the part of the brain that monitors many ASPECTS of the state of the body systems, integrating a LARGE amount of information from many sensory pathways. The connection between the hypothalamus and the PITUITARY gland results from hormones RELEASED from the hypothalamic neurones. The hypothalamus has two different connections with the pituitary gland. The connection to the adenohypophysis (the anterior lobe) is via a special portal blood system, whereas the connection to the neurohypophysis (the posterior lobe) is directly via neurones.The hypothalamus is located underneath the thalamus and consists of many nerve cells (hypothalamic nuclei). As its role would suggest, the hypothalamus has a vast ARRAY of interconnections to other parts of the brain, including the pituitary gland itself. The lowest part of the hypothalamus that connects to the pituitary gland is known as the median eminence.MAY THIS HELPS YOU....

known as: icterusCharacterized by a yellow discoloration of the eyes, skin, and urine.Common causes:-Jaundice is not always related to an underlying condition. It may be caused by Large bruises leading to high amounts of unconjugated bilirubinFasting for long periodsMedicationsExcess alcohol intake  Treatment:- Self-treatment: Self- care steps that may be helpful in some less- serious cases:Adequate hydrationTaking adequate restAbstinence from alcoholSee a doctor IMMEDIATELY if you NOTICE: -Yellow eyesYellow urine :- A contagious infection caused by bacteria that mainly affects the lungs but also can affect any other organ.Rare (Fewer than 20,000 cases per year in US)Transmitted through direct contactMay be preventable by vaccineDiagnosis often requires lab test or imagingTreatment from medical professional advisedCan last several months or yearsCaused by the bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is characterized by cough with blood in sputum, fever lasting for more than 2 - 3 weeks, night sweats, anorexia, and weight loss. Antibiotics are available to treat tuberculosis.SymptomsEarly infection causes no symptoms as the body's immune system protects spread, and in many cases, it remains inactive - this stage is referred to as Latent TB and shows no symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment is necessary to control the spread of the infection.Active TB is a stage where immediate medications and care is required, the common symptoms include:Cough which lasts for more than 2 - 3 weeksCough with blood in sputumFever for more than 2 - 3 weeksSudden weight lossNight sweatsLoss of APPETITE  TreatmentsTB bacteria will need to be cultured and their sensitivities analysed to determine the EXACT course of treatment. Often a combination of therapy is required for several months. In cases of known resistance, HIGHER order antibiotics, or even intravenous antibiotics will be necessary. Multi-drug resistant TB is harder to treat.MedicationAntibiotics: To fight the infection or kill the bacteria.Isoniazid · Rifampicin · Ethambutol · BedaquilineSelf careDuring treatment eat healthy foods and get enough sleep.Drink high- calorie protein shakes between meals.CausesTuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, slow- growing bacteria that thrive in areas of the body that are rich in blood and oxygen, such as the lungs.TB is spread through infected droplets from the affected individual.

ascular disease is so prevalent that all businesses are LIKELY to have employees who suffer from, or MAY DEVELOP, thiscondition. RESEARCH shows that between 50-80% of all peoplewho suffer a heart attack are able to return to work. ... EXAMPLE C) is: Heart diseasemay affect employees in any type of BUSINESS.

abolism of lactoserequires two enzymes: a permease to transport lactoseinto the cell and β-galactosidase to CLEAVE the lactose molecule to YIELD glucose and galactose (Figure 14-4). ... All THREE genes are transcribed into a single, multigenic messenger RNA (MRNA) molecule.

or BACTERIA. Certain bacteria can be used as indicator organisms in particular situations. The presence of bacteria commonly found in human feces, termed coliform bacteria (e.g. E. coli), in SURFACE water is a common indicator of faecal contamination Indicator bacteria are TYPES of bacteria used to detect and estimate the level of fecal contamination of water. They are not dangerous to human health but are used to indicate the presence of a health risk.Each gram of human feces contains approximately ~100 billion (1x1011) bacteria.These bacteria may include species of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella or CAMPYLOBACTER, associated with gastroenteritis. In addition, feces may contain pathogenic viruses, protozoa and parasites.

yte recirculation and homing: roles of adhesion molecules and chemoattractants.Lymphocyte migration from high endothelial venules into LYMPHOID organs is mediated by a sequence of interactions between cell adhesion molecules on LYMPHOCYTES and those on the vascular endothelial cells that line the vessels. recent STUDIES suggest that the so-called lymphocyte homing receptors and vascular addressins regulate the first stages of this process, that of binding of lymphocytes from FLOWING blood. The subsequent crawling of lymphocytes over the endothelial cell surface and migration across the vessel wall (diapedesis) are regulated independently of initial binding. These latter stages are thought to be mediated by functional ACTIVATION of integrins on the lymphocyte by chemoattractants located in the vessel wall.

nal genomics- this is a field of study which co-relates the structure and sequence of the genome to its function. In this field the information provided by structure genomics is used to study the function of genes or protein in a systematic manner.Structural Genomics- In structural genomics, one studies the sequence-structure relationship of a genome. It REPRESENTS an INITIAL phase of genome analysis which involves creating high RESOLUTION genetic physical and transcript MAPS and ultimately sequencing the genome. Because of rapid advances in the field of proteomics the study of THREE dimension structure of all proteins has also become easier because of structural genomics.hope it help you!

ाइड के कारण मानव शरीर के फेफड़े, जिगर,गाॉल्बलैडर तथा किडनी जैसे अंग प्रभावित होते हैं।

ected GENOTYPE ratio when two HETEROZYGOTES are crossed is 1 (homozygous dominant) : 2 (HETEROZYGOUS) : 1 (homozygous recessive). When a phenotypic ratio of 2 : 1 is observed, there is probably a lethal allele.

s CONTAIN both STAMEN and CARPEL.

ic PRINCIPLE of prevention of INFECTIOUS disease are:-Prevention from exposure to infectious microbes. PROVISION of proper NUTRITION to keep the immune system in a healthy state.

er in most of our rivers is HIGHLY polluted.The pollution of river water is caused by the dumping of untreated sewage and industrial WASTES into it.for example,the river ganga which flows for over 2500 kilometers from gangotri in the Himalayas to ganga Sagar in the bay of Bengal is being turned into a dirty water drain by the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastes emanating from more than a HUNDRED towns and cities which lie along it's way. The contamination of water can be usually found from two factors:1-- the PRESENCE of caliform bacteria in river water,and2-- measurement of pH of river water. Wells and tube-wells( bore- Wells) are yet another SOURCE of water.. Thank you.....

ographical isolation2). GENETIC drift3). NATURAL SELECTION