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1) it contains HEREDITARY information (GENE)

2) it HELPS in cell division by make CHROMATIN.

The Function of Chromosomes.
Chromosomes are the thread-like structure found in the nuclei of both animal and plant cells.
They are MADE of protein and one molecule of DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA).
Chromosomes are important to this process to ensure the DNA is accurately replicated.
They transfer the HERIDITY from parents to offspring!
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Functions of Chromosomes:

The role of chromosomes in heredity was suggested independently by Sutton and Bover in 1902. This and various other functions of chromosomes may be summarised as under.

✔1. It is universally accepted that DNA is the genetic MATERIAL, and that in eukaryotes almost all the DNA is present in chromosomes. THUS, the most IMPORTANT function of chromosomes is to provide the genetic information for various cellular functions essential for growth, survival, development, reproduction, etc., of organisms.

✔2. Another very important function of chromosomes is to protect the genetic material (DNA) from being DAMAGED during cell division. Chromosomes are coated with histones and other proteins which protect it from both chemical (e.g., enzymes) and physical forces.

✔3. The properties of chromosomes ensure a precise distribution of DNA (genetic material) to the DAUGHTER nuclei during cell division. Centromeres of chromosomes perform an important function in chromosome movements during cell division which is due to the contraction of spindle fibres attached to the centromeric regions of chromosomes.

✔4. Gene action in eukaryotes is believed to be regulated through histone and non-histone proteins associated with chromosomes.

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1 ) a small intestine absorb the digested food through finger like a structure that is called " Villi "

" Villi " it is finger like projection that absorb the essential component from a small intestine for example a water, food proteins , vitamins

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2) stomata :-

stomata is an closing and opening which help in process like transpiration and gaseous exchange .

here is daigram to show the opening and closing of stomata.

stomata help in process like transpiration .
as well as gaseous exchange.

transpiration is process of loss of water is known as transpiration.

stomata help in gaseous exchange like exchange of gas carbon dioxide and oxygen.

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3 ) following are the process that show RESPIRATION in the presence of oxygen or in absence of oxygen.

1 ) aerobic respiration :-

the respiration that take place in presence of oxygen is known as aerobic respiration.

here in this case glucose converted into carbon dioxide water and energy

here is equation that show aerobic respiration.

Glucose + pyuravate ==> Co2 + H20 + 38 ATP ( energy )

mitochondria is a site of aerobic respiration.

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anaerobic respiration :-

the respiration that take place in absence of oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration.

here in the case of yeast

Glucose + pyuravate ==> C2H5OH + CO2 + 2 ( ATP ).

in this process there is formation of ethanol. or alcohol.

in the case of human being following are the respiration that take place ( anerobic )

Glucose + pyuravate ==> lactic acid +. Co2 + 2 ATP (energy ) .

* I have don't remember the formula of lactic acid.

here in this case there is formation of lactic acid and this cause cramps in human being then there is insufficient supply of oxygen.

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4 ) inhalation means:-

the process of breathing in is known as inhalation.

there is inhalation of oxygen by human beings.

inhalation does not take place in formation of energy.

2 ) EXHALATION:-
the process of breathing out is known as exhalation.

generally there is exheletion of carbon dioxide water molecule with energy.

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5 ) following are the list that occur during the process of photosynthesis.

1 ) absorption of Sunlight by photosynthesis pigment.

2 ) breakdown of water that is photolysis .

3 ) conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
that is get from the Sun.

4) there is reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.

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6 ) the ascent of SAP or upward movement help in transportation of water to upward

there is creation of osmotic pressure or root pressure.

when the transpiration occurs from leaves there is osmotic pressure created so that there is pull of water from the root of plant to get water to upper part of plant.

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7) as we know that through the heart blood flow toys so that is known as double circulation.

firstly oxygenated blood is a started from LEFT auricle and then goes to left Atrium

after going to left Atrium it goes to the heart and true heart it is pumped out throughout the body and there is IT Gate deoxygenated

after getting deoxygenated it is carried out by viens .

from left atrium. it goes into right ventricle and then right Atrium ( deoxygenated ) .

as you know that human beings are mammals so it require continuous energy for maintaining the body temperature so there is requirement of double circulation.

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The GALLBLADDER is a pear-shaped, hollow structure located under the liver and on the right side of the ABDOMEN. Its PRIMARY FUNCTION is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver. The gallbladder is PART of the biliary tract.

The primary function of the CENTROMERE is to provide the foundation for ASSEMBLY of the KINETOCHORE, which is a protein complex essential to proper chromosomal segregation during mitosis. In electron micrographs of mitotic chromosomes, kinetochores appear as platelike structures COMPOSED of SEVERAL layers (Figure 4). In addition, multiple microtubules appear to insert into the kinetochore, which is positioned on the side of the chromosome facing the spindle pole to which the chromosome will be drawn during anaphase.
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Cytotaxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with the relationships and classification of organisms using comparative studies of CHROMOSOMES.

Description

Cytotaxonomy is branch of taxonomy,which uses the characteristics of cellular structures,such as somatic CHROMOSOME to classify organism.improvement in the cytological techniques permit chromosomal studies.The Study of primate chromosome is another very active field,which provide very much information on relationships(chiarelli,1996). The number, structure, and behaviour of chromosomes is of great value in taxonomy, with chromosome number being the most widely used and quoted character. Chromosome NUMBERS are usually determined at mitosis and quoted as the diploid number (2n), unless dealing with a polyploid series in which case the base number or number of chromosomes in the genome of the ORIGINAL haploid is quoted. Another USEFUL taxonomic character is the position of the centromere. Meioticbehaviour may show the heterozygosity of inversions. This may be constant for a taxon, offering further taxonomic evidence. Cytological data is regarded as having more significance than other taxonomic evidence.

Vaccination is a process in which WEAKEND GERMS are introduced in the body in this way our immune system becomes strong ENOUGH to face any such germ in future. Weak germs when they enter the body our immune system DEVELOP antibodies to cure the germs so if these kind of germs enter the body again our immune system and easily produce the same antibodies to face those germs.

The technique or PROCESS of maintaining or CULTIVATING cells or TISSUES derived from a living organism in a culture MEDIUM. It is a culture of cells or TISSUE grown by this technique or process.

the mole is defined by International Bureau of WEIGHTS and Measures to be the amount of SUBSTANCE of a system which contains the same number of constitutive entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, photons) as atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12 (12C), the isotope of carbon with STANDARD ATOMIC

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1) Pine-iv)Gymnosperm
2)Earthworm-vi)Animalia
3)BREAD mould-i)Fungi
4)Amoeba-iii)PROKARYOTE,VII)Protista
5)Moss-viii)Bryophyte
6)Bacteria-ii)Monera

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Hi..
ANATOMICAL evidences include the FOSSILS, embryological evidences , etc..so these evidences r emportant as to get a proper tract of information of course of EVOLUTION ..its SEQUENTIAL order ..the development from unicelled to multicelled . .changes in dna content of apes 2 modernman...life style change...and all..



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Starch is STORED in SPECIAL type of organells called amyloplasts.

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Transcription is something WRITTEN especially COPIED from one medium to ANOTHER as a typewritten or version and In biology it is organic process where by the dna SEQUENCE in a gene
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HCL IS SECRETED BY OXYNTIC CELLS..
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Peroxisomes absorb nutrients that the cell has acquired. They are very WELL KNOWN for digesting FATTY acids. They also play a part in the way organisms digest alcohol (ethanol). Because they do that job, you would expect LIVER cells to have more peroxisomes than most other cells in a human body.

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It FUNCTIONS as a PORE, providing a pathway for the DIRECT EXCHANGE of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark, which is otherwise IMPERMEABLE to gases. The name lenticel, pronounced with an [s], derives from its lenticular (lens-like) shape.

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Mitochondria are the cell organelle which is called the powerhouse of the cell because it carries out the PROCESS of AEROBIC respiration and also produces the molecules KNOWN as ATP for cell functions.

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Cardiac, which contains mucous secreting glands (called cardiac glands) and is closest to theoesophagus. FUNDUS, the body or LARGEST part of the stomach which contain the GASTRIC (fundic) glands.pyloric, which secretes two types of mucus, and the HORMONE gastrin.

Rna is known as the carrier of INFORMATION because it CARRIES all the MESSAGES to BRAIN

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rhesus factor is also TERMED as Rh factor which is a protein that can be found on the surface of RED blood cells.If your blood cells have this protein then u R Rh positive.If your blood cells do not have then u r Rf negative.
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Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, foreign material and cellular debris. Lysosomes are capable of DIGESTING nucleic acid, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins. Along with them lysosomes also digest or damage its own cells by its own enzymes, which lead to cell death. This PROCESS is CALLED as AUTOLYSIS. Hence lysosomes are also called as SUICIDE bags

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He is SUFFERING from scurvy. ..as it is a gum PRBLM....so scurvy is TH disease

A IS THE ANSWER FOR YOUR QUESTION

The Kashmiri stag is ALSO KNOWN as CERVUS elaphus hanglu which is a type of RED deer native generally found in Northern Pakistan and India.

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A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life. It is a complex network of INTERLINKING filaments and TUBULES that EXTEND throughout the cytoplasm, from the nucleus to the PLASMA membrane.

Respiration reffers to intake of oxygen and its utilisation by cells for breakdown of glucose MOLECULES.. Carbon dioxide and water are released as by product along with ATP molecules...

However BREATHING is simply a phenomenon which reffers to intake of air rich in oxygen and exhalation of air rich in carbon dioxide..

Cell respiration causes a controlled release of energy from glucose. The released energy is used to make ATP from ADP.

Aerobic respiration..
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The first stage of cell respiration is called glycolysis. In glycolysis, there is an initial expenditure of ATP. Then glucose is broken down (in the cytoplasm) into pyruvic ACID (pyruvate) with a SMALL 'profit' of ATP.
The pyruvate produced by glycolysis contains a significant amount of energy. If oxygen is present then pyruvate is metabolized by aerobic respiration to yield a LARGE amount of ATP.
In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria where the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain produce CO2, water and a large yield of ATP.
A mitochondrion has an outer membrane that is smooth and an inner membrane that has infoldings called cristae. The cristae increase surface area of the inner membrane, thereby enhancing the productivity of aerobic respiration...
This simply discribes aerobic respiration process...

Anaerobic respiration
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It begins with Glycolysis process. The glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, releasing electrons in the process and generating two molecules of ATP..

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Hii frnd...  

Nothing will HAPPEN as ISOTONIC solution means that CONCENTRATION on either side of MEMBRANE is same.

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An advantage of composite FISH culture is that it increases the YIELD of fish. In a composite fish culture, five or six different species are grown together in a single fish pond. FISHES with different food HABITATS are chosen so that they do not compete for food among themselves.

Both a and b..
OESTROGEN hormone CONTROLS the menstrual cycle , tge ovulation process..
this hormone is secreted in females

progesterone is a hormone which secreted in females useful in development of UTERUS in FEMALE......

Pepsin is the MAIN proteins digesting enzyme.Meat consists of LARGE MOLECULES of PROTEIN. The body digests it into smaller molecules – AMINO acids.


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D) HOLLOW BONES (PNEUMATIC)

Abiotic COMPONENTS are non living components of environment.
example :
air SOIL water
biotic components are living components of environment.
example :
PLANNTS ANIMAL and human

D) CROP selection.
Ur ANSWER is above.