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Menstruation (men-STRAY-shuhn) is a WOMAN's monthly bleeding. When you MENSTRUATE, your body sheds the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstrual blood FLOWS from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix and PASSES out of the body through the vagina. Most menstrual periods last from 3 to 5 days.

The Replacement model asserts that there was a single origin of Homo sapiens in Africa and that these anatomically modern humans migrated out from Africa and replaced all other less EVOLVED humans throughout Europe and Asia - HENCE the name, Replacement model.

With the OFFICIAL definition fresh in our minds, let's try to break it down a BIT. First of all, when science uses the term Homo sapiens, it's referring to the species of humans that exist today. In other words, you and I are Homo sapiens.

When science uses words like 'less evolved humans,' they're referring to the theory made famous by Charles Darwin, that humans advanced over a vast amount of time, moving along the evolutionary ladder from apes to Homo sapiens.


Building from the theories of Charles Darwin who theorized that humans advanced over a vast amount of time, moving along the evolutionary ladder from apes to Homo sapiens, the Replacement model is also referred to as the Out of Africa model. ... When this OCCURRED, all lesser-evolved humans somehow became extinct.





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Cells in the leaves get PLENTY of oxygen from photosynthesis, but cells in the roots often need to get oxygen from the environment to stay alive. Even though roots are buried, they can absorb oxygen from the SMALL air spaces in SOIL. This is why it's POSSIBLE to 'drown' plants by watering them too much.



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1.Reproduction is ESSENTIAL for the continuation of a species.

2.It ensures the continuation of SIMILAR kinds of INDIVIDUALS, GENERATION after generation.

A synapse is a junction or space between TWO neurons or a neuron and a receptor which allows the transmssions of an ELECTRICAL or chemical signals to another CELL. ... The neurotransmitters diffuse across the SYNAPTIC cleft and BIND to transmitted-gated ion channel receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Leeches are used in the medical PRACTICE since ancient times to treat many diseases. It is a method in which localized impure blood is let out to heal the tissue. Leech therapy is Para-surgical treatment modality according to Ayurveda. Due to its therapeutic effects, this is SUCCESSFUL even today. The description of USING leech for therapy can be found in Sushruta Samhita written by Acharya Sushruta. He has described the nature of leeches, their habitat, the method of application, diseases indicated like Visarpa (Herpes), Skin diseases etc., in DETAIL. Though there are hundreds leech species, only 15 are used for therapy. In the medieval ages, this was very POPULAR. According to Ayurveda, Leech only sucks impure blood. Leech is used to relieve venous congestion and to improve blood circulation.

Brain:-

The brain is an organ that coordinates nervous system function in vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. ... In order to produce action potentials quickly, allowing for thought, movement, and other survival functions, neurons CREATE an ion gradient that must be actively maintained at all times.

Functions of brain:-

1] Frontal Lobe: Most anterior, right under the forehead; the frontal lobe controls intellectual activities, such as the ability to organize, as well as personality, behavior, and emotional control.

2]  Parietal Lobe: Near the back and top of the head above the ears; the parietal lobe controls the ability to read, write, and understand spatial relationships.

3]  Occipital Lobe: most posterior, at the back of the head; the occipital lobe controls sight.

4] Temporal Lobe: Side of head above ears situated immediately behind and below the frontal lobes; the temporal lobe controls memory, speech and comprehension.

5] Brain STEM: Lower part of brain, leads to spinal cord; the brain stem contains nerve fibers that carry signals to and from all parts of the body. The brain stem also regulates body functions such as consciousness, fatigue, heart rate, and blood pressure. Damage to the brain stem can cause LOSS of consciousness.

6]  Cerebellum: Located at the base of the skull; it is a curved mass of nerve tissues that regulates balance and coordinates fine motor skills; it enables us to move quickly and smoothly.

7]  GREY and White MATTER: The brain is made up of two types of tissue, grey matter and white matter. Grey matter is involved in analyzing information. White matter conducts information between grey matter areas. The ratio of grey to white matter changes over the lifespan.

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Examples of recombinant DNA molecules that are important to humans are pharmaceuticals LIKE human insulin and ANTIBIOTICS. ... The insulin GENE was placed in bacterial plasmid DNA in such a way that the bacteria that are GIVEN this plasmid will make the insulin PROTEIN, even though it is of no use to the bacteria.

Neuraminidase is one of three different viral proteins embedded in the lipid membrane of influenza virus (NA is blue in the illustration at left). This enzyme has a clear and proven role in virus release from cells. NA is also believed to be important during virus entry, by degrading the mucus BARRIER of the respiratory tract and allowing virus to REACH cells. This role is supported by the finding that TREATMENT of mucus-covered human airway EPITHELIAL cells with the NA inhibitor Tamiflu substantially suppresses the initiation of infection.  Further evidence comes from the recent finding that influenza virus binds to sialic acids in mucus and that NA cleaves these sugars to allow infection.

The mucus layer of the respiratory tract has a defensive role because it contains soluble glycoproteins that are rich in sialic acids, which are cell receptors for some viruses. When influenza virions enter the respiratory tract, they are thought to be trapped in mucus where they bind sialic acids, preventing infection of the underlying cells. The role of NA in penetration of the mucus layer was studied in frozen sections of human tracheal and bronchial tissues, in which the mucus layer is preserved. Influenza A virions bind to this mucus layer; the interaction is blocked when the tissues are first TREATED with a bacterial neuramindase, which removes sialic acids from glycoproteins. These observations indicate that the mucus layer of human airway epithelial cells contain sialic acid-containing decoys that bind influenza A viruses.

Human salivary mucins, which approximate the mucus of the human respiratory tract, can protect cultured cells from influenza virus infection. The protective effect can be achieved by simply adding the mucins to cells. The inhibitory effect is dependent on the sialic acid content of the mucins: fewer cells are infected when higher concentrations are used. In contrast, porcine salivary mucins do not substantially reduce influenza virus infection. The type of sialic acids and the virus strain also determine the extent of protection.

Even after occupying 90% of cell volume, vacoule is not the largest cell organelle because it is not found in both plants and animal CELLS .

It is just found in plant cells only.

It's FUNCTION in plant cells is to store water and other proteins.

The OUTER sap of the plastids is KNOWN as cell sap .


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The digestion of starch BEGINS with salivary AMYLASE, but this activity is MUCH less important than that of pancreatic amylase in the small INTESTINE. Amylase hydrolyzes starch, with the primary end products being MALTOSE, maltotriose, and a -dextrins, although some glucose is also produced.

Pollination is the transfer of POLLEN to the female organs of seed plants. In FLOWERING plants (angiosperms, or "covered seeds"), immature seeds (ovules) are LOCATED within carpels. In contrast, nonflowering seed plants have uncovered ovules to which the pollen is TRANSFERRED, making these "NAKED seeds" (gymnosperms).

A SUPPLY drop balloon refers to the box of supplies, which is dropped from the sky gradually into the BATTLEFIELD, it originally exhibited 2000 health in Fortnite. The supply drops are SIGNIFIED as blue crates, which are fixed to weather balloons



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It is an WRONG QUESTION

During EXERCISE the breathing rate is increased the reason behind this is whenever a person needs extra ENERGY the body STARTS breathing faster. As a result more oxygen is supplied to our cells. It speeds up the BREAKDOWN of food and more energy is released.

is a complex of an mRNA MOLECULE and two or more ribosomes that act to TRANSLATE mRNA INSTRUCTIONS into polypeptides. ... Polysomes CONSIST of varying numbers of ribosomes, and each ribosome contributes to the addition of its substantial mass

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Influenza A viruses are highly INFECTIOUS respiratory pathogens that can infect many species. Birds are the reservoir for all known influenza A subtypes; and novel influenza viruses can emerge from birds and infect mammalian species including humans. Because swine are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza viruses, novel reassortant influenza viruses can be GENERATED in this mammalian species by reassortment of influenza viral segments leading to the “mixing vessel” theory. There is no direct evidence that the reassortment EVENTS culminating in the 1918, 1957 or 1968 pandemic influenza viruses ORIGINATED from pigs.


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Because they R cells
cell is SMALLEST PART of tissue
tissue is smallest part of ORGAN
n organ is smallest part of ORGANISM

How fossils help in TRACING the ORGANIC evolution. ... Fossils help in establishingevolutionary TRAITS among organisms and their ancestors. Fossils help in establishing the time period in which organisms lived. Fossils provide good evidence of the structure and lifestyle of animals (and even PLANTS) from the PAST.

Binary fission usually occurs in UNICELLULAR organisms in which the PARENT body evenly divides into 2 similar halves. eg amoeba,
whereas budding occurs in lower multicellular organisms in this PROCESS a small BUD is formed from the parent body. eg yeast.

Prokaryotes lack NUCLEAR ENVELOPE and cellular ORGANELLES.,whereas EUKARYOTES have well enveloped nucleus(I.e. nucleus is not naked), and ALSO have cell organelle.

It is an EXAMPLE of MUTATION

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☀VOLUNTARY muecles can be controlled by our conscious will but we cannot control involuntary MUSCLES.

☀Voluntary muscles show alternate LIGHT and dark bands when observed under a microscope but involuntary muscles do not show such patterns.

☀The cells of voluntary muscles are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate but the cells of involuntary muscles are long with pointed ends (spindle-shaped) and uninucleate (having a single nucleus) .

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They COME at the AGE of 17 to 25

(Out of the Slime) The Primordial Soup Theory suggest that life BEGAN in a POND or ocean as a result of the combination of chemicals from the atmosphere and some form of energy to make amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which would then evolve into all the species.

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The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to CIRCULATE and transport nutrients(such as amino ACIDS and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, STABILIZE temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.


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aquatic species are more COMFORTABLE in cold water in winters than in warm water in SUMMERS because in winters the upper SURFACE of cold water freezes and HENCE making it warm from inside but in summer the water BECOMES more hot making in uncomfortable

There are 195 COUNTRIES in the WORLD

Better in any form, the first option that would strike your mind would perhaps be PLASTIC surgery. Like everything, plastic surgery also INVOLVES many pros and cons. And when it comes to advantages and DISADVANTAGES, you need to plan things before you make up your mind to go for plastic surgery. Although there are many disadvantages associated with plastic surgery the advantages of plastic surgery will definitely outweigh the disadvantages of plastic surgery. Teasing and taunting by someone about your features will take their toll on a persons emotional and mental well-being. Not only years of teasing cause emotional scars but a person who is dissatisfied about something in them will be equally affected. Well in this case even a small procedure that would affect your self-esteem positively can work wonders for such persons. Plastic surgery is a procedure to change ourselves not only to look better but to feel better as well.

Disadvantages of Plastic Surgery

The obvious risk of plastic surgery is that it not only involves complications but also the risk of receiving bad work. This is for sure, no one wants to spend substantial amount money to look even worse that before or to be affected by side effects involved in plastic surgery. In order to clarify all the possibilities of plastic surgery, whether good or bad, you should consult your doctor before you plan any surgery for you. This will assist you in knowing the risks involved and to get prior knowledge of the medications to which your body reacts unpredictably. With cosmetic surgeries, results may be unrealistic, not up to the expectations of the person undergoing surgery.

Advantage of Plastic Surgery

The advantages of plastic surgery are no doubt dramatic, like the ability to USE a hand, remove skin cancer or close an open wound, or subtle like cosmetic or skin surgery or rhinoplasty for a young woman etc. Cosmetic surgery has become one of the most common events in the lives of people of all age groups, after all everyone takes due advantage from this processes. The motive behind the surgery can be any, removing birth marks or unattractive looking scars, re-scaling of noses, get rid of enlarged breasts or any other problem. The sole purpose behind plastic surgery is to get a good appearance and therefore to enhance self-confidence.

While doing all this, you should not forget that these surgical procedures can prove to be fatal and has a lot of risks involved in it. Taking decision in FAVOUR of plastic surgery is like putting yourself under testing as there is no guarantee of the results in the surgical treatments. Another important thing that you should keep in your mind is that, the surgeon who will perform the surgery is certified and has been qualified for conducting such kind of surgery. Do not risk yourself just to enhance your outwardly appearance to get mental pleasure. The factors that will affect you if you undergo should not be overlooked but the problems should be considered and rectified

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here's your answer...

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✔Recessive ALLELE ( identical allele)

✔The gene that are INCOMPLETELY penetrate .

✔An allele that MASKS the presence of recessive allele in the phenotype .

✔Recessive alleles for a trait are usually expressed in HOMOZYGOUS conditions.

✒ ANSWER :: Recessive alleles only show their effect if the individual has two COPIES of the allele ( also known as being homozygous ) . that's why the recessive characters are expressed in homozygous conditions.



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Paul ANDERSEN's explains the process of photosynthesis by which plants and algae can convert carbon dioxide into usable sugar.He begins with a brief description of the chloroplast.He describes the major pigments in a plant (like chlorophyll a and b).He then describes both the light reaction and the CALVIN cycle.He finishes with a discussion of photo respiration and strategies for avoiding this problem EVOLVED in CAM and C4 plants

According to HERZBERG, these factorsdo not MOTIVATE employees. ... These are linked to employee MOTIVATION and arise from intrinsic, or dependent, conditions of the job itself. Factors for satisfaction include responsibility, job satisfaction, RECOGNITION, achievement, opportunities for growth, and advancement.


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A plant with male and FEMALE FLOWERS borne on over it is CALLED as MONOECIOUS plant.

Working LENGTH was determined by tactile method, by using Ingle's RADIOGRAPHIC method and by using a Foramatron-IV digital APEX locator. The teeth were then extracted and the actual working length was determined by placing an endodontic file in the ROOT CANAL 0.5 mm short of the apex.


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Population can be controlled by following ways:

1. Delayed marriages
2. Medical facilities
3. Legislative actions
4. Spread awareness
5. Education
6. Women empowerment

Schemes started by govt. re the population CONTROL MACHINES. ONE such scheme is "Hum DOH HAMARE doh."

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The crops which is cultivated in Rainy SEASON is called as KHARIF crops.Ex-rice. The crops which is cultivate in SUMMER season is called as RABI crops.Ex-wheat

Both are population BASED not guaranteed, optimization algorithm even for non-differentiable, non-continuous objectives.

Populations are initialized randomly for both the ALGORITHMS between upper and lower bounds of the respective decision space. SIZE of the population should be at LEAST four in the differential evolution and two for GENETIC algorithm. New population will be created in every generation, which will be performed by some evolutionary operations sequentially. Until a termination criterion is met, such generations will be repeated.