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The CORRECT answer is (a) They are used to DETECT cancerous cells

The explanation is: Monoclonal antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for the DETECTION of certain cancers. For EXAMPLE, Herceptin. They are usually prepared by hybridoma technology.

Right answer is (d) Suspected tissues are studied under the microscope

The explanation: Biopsy is one of the TECHNIQUES to detect cancer in suspected individuals. In a biopsy, a PIECE of suspected tissue is CUT into thin sections and then is STAINED and examined under the microscope (histopathological studies) by a pathologist.

The correct CHOICE is (a) COMPUTED Topography

The explanation is: CT stands for computed tomography which uses X-rays to GENERATE a three-dimensional image of the internal organs. It is USED to detect cancer.

Right answer is (a) Biopsy

Best explanation: Biopsy of TISSUE (pap TEST) is generally used to DETECT cancer in cervix and uterus. Gastroscopy and laparoscopy (types of endoscopy) can be used to detect cancer in stomach and PELVIC region respectively. Radiography is used to detect cancer in internal organs like the kidney and pancreas.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The BEST I can explain: MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It detects the pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue and is very USEFUL in detecting the CANCERS of internal organs.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Diethylstilboestrol (DES)

To explain I WOULD say: Vagina is the target tissue for Diethylstilboestrol (DES). Asbestos, Soot and Cadmium Oxide are the chemical CARCINOGENS for Lungs, Skin and Prostate GLAND respectively.

The CORRECT answer is (c) MRI

Explanation: MRI is the most accurate and safest techniques to detect cancer of the internal organs. MRI uses STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect the presence of any abnormality in the living tissue.

The correct option is (a) True

The explanation is: Leukaemia is a CANCER of the blood or bone marrow. It is non-tumorous cancer which is caused by the uncontrolled DIVISION of blood cells. They get accumulated in the bloodstream and thus occupy more SPACE and hence STOP the white blood cells from FUNCTIONING normally.

The correct option is (a) Breast and Cervical Cancer

The explanation is: The most common form of cancer in Indian females is Breast and Cervical cancer. ONE WOMAN dies of cervical cancer every 8 MINUTES in India. For every 2 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, one woman dies of it in India.

The correct option is (d) Adenoma

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: Pituitary Cancer is a type of Adenoma. It is cancer caused by the excessive growth of glandular epithelium. SYMPTOMS include IRREGULAR menstruation, VISION disorders, headache etc.

Correct choice is (a) MOUTH and throat cancer

To elaborate: The most common form of cancer that affects INDIAN men is Mouth and Throat Cancer. INDIA has one-third of Mouth and Throat Cancer cases in the world. ORAL or Mouth Cancer ACCOUNTS for about 30% of all cancers in India.

The correct option is (B) False

The explanation is: Breast Cancer is a type of Carcinoma where there is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells in the breast. Its symptoms include a LUMP in the breast, MUCOUS or bloody DISCHARGE from the lumps or from the NIPPLES.

Correct choice is (b) 9^th and 22^nd

Explanation: In myelocytic leukaemia, 9^th and 22^nd chromosomes bring their jumping genes together which results in the REARRANGEMENT of genetic MATERIAL between them. It leads to the degeneration of erythroblastic TISSUE of bone marrow. There is BLEEDING at different places in the BODY.

Correct option is (d) Osteoma

To explain I WOULD say: Osteoma is commonly called as Bone Cancer. It is a TYPE of sarcoma where some cells undergo uncontrolled division and form a small mass of cells over the bone. These small mass of cells MAY even REPLACE the healthy bone tissue.

Right option is (c) Myelocytic Leukaemia

Best explanation: Sarcoma is the CANCER of organs derived from mesoderm. Depending upon the tissue involved, sarcoma is of several types, e.g., LYMPHOMA (involving LYMPH VESSELS), lipoma (ADIPOSE tissue), malignant reticulosis, angiosarcoma (blood vessels) etc.

Correct ANSWER is (a) Leukaemia

Explanation: Leukaemia is a malignancy where there is an unwanted and uncontrolled increase in White blood CORPUSCLES and immature or myeloid stem cells. These WBCs infiltrate the bone marrow, liver, SPLEEN, LYMPH nodes and other ORGANS causing damage and increase in their size.

The correct answer is (d) SARCOMA

The EXPLANATION is: Sarcoma is the cancer of PRIMITIVE mesodermal tissue LIKE connective tissue, bone, muscle, lymph nodes, etc. The OCCURRENCE of these types of cancer is very rare.

Correct answer is (a) Carcinoma

To explain I would say: Carcinoma is the most common form of cancer. It is a cancer of EPITHELIAL tissues and their DERIVATIVES like skin, mucous membrane, LUNGS, BREAST, pancreas, stomach etc.

Right answer is (d) UV rays

The explanation: UV rays are non-ionising physical CARCINOGENS. X-rays and GAMMA Rays are ionising physical carcinogens. Skin cancers are more common in areas with a HIGHER INCIDENCE of UV radiations.

Right choice is (C) ONCOGENES

For explanation I would say: Oncogenes on ACTIVATION produces malignant neoplasm. Cancer-causing viruses CALLED as oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogenes which when activated under certain conditions, produces malignant neoplasm.

The correct OPTION is (b) CARCINOGENS

Explanation: Transformation of normal cells into CANCEROUS neoplastic cells may be induced by physical, chemical or biological agents. These agents are called carcinogens.

Right answer is (d) Heat

To explain: Heat is a physical carcinogen. Chemical CARCINOGENS OFTEN include environmental pollutants which cause cancer. For example, soot, coal tar, cigarette smoke, cadmium oxide, AFLATOXIN, ASBESTOS, artificial sweeteners etc.

Correct answer is (b) False

To explain: Proto-oncogenes are not responsible for the LYSIS of cancerous cells. Instead, several genes CALLED cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto-oncogenes have been identified in normal cells which when activated under certain conditions, could LEAD to oncogenic TRANSFORMATION of cells.

The correct option is (a) Metastasis

The explanation is: The most feared property of malignant tumours is a metastasis. Cells SLOUGHED from malignant tumours reach distant sites through BLOOD, and wherever they GET lodged in the body, they start a new tumour there. This property is CALLED metastasis.

Right option is (a) True

For explanation: Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases. More than a million Indians SUFFER from cancer and a large NUMBER of them die annually. The mechanisms that UNDERLIE the development of cancer or oncogenic transformation of cells, its TREATMENT and control have been some of the most intense areas of research in biology and MEDICINE.

Right choice is (b) It is encapsulated

The best EXPLANATION: Malignant tumours are a mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumour cells. These cells are not encapsulated. They grow very rapidly, invading and DAMAGING the surrounding NORMAL tissues. Cells sloughed from such tumours reach DISTANT sites through the blood.

Correct option is (d) Through blood

To explain: Cancerous cells SPREAD from one body organ to another through blood, LYMPH or through the SECONDARY growth of the MALIGNANT tumour.

The correct choice is (d) Cannot spread

Explanation: Cancer cannot spread from ONE INFECTED INDIVIDUAL to another because it is a non-communicable disease. Though, the genes which cause cancer can be INHERITED by children from their parents.

Correct ANSWER is (a) Benign tumour

Easiest explanation: Benign tumour is a large localised mass of abnormal TISSUE which presses other tissues and causes pain but does not INFILTRATE ADJACENT tissues because it is encapsulated in connective tissue.

The correct option is (c) Cannot spread to other body organs

Best explanation: Neoplasm is a new abnormal TISSUE that is CAPABLE of CONTINUED growth, the formation of tumour, crowding and disrupting of normal CELLS. They are caused by abnormal proliferation of the cells. They may or may not be localised.

The correct OPTION is (c) 4^th February

Easiest EXPLANATION: WORLD Cancer Day is celebrated on 4^th February to create awareness AMONGST people regarding the most fatal and non-communicable disease. Cancer is one of the most DREADED diseases of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe.

The correct CHOICE is (b) Limited life span

The best explanation: Cancerous CELLS show UNCONTROLLED and abnormal division. They do not show the PROPERTY of contact inhibition. They have abnormal shape and size and show an unlimited life span.

Right answer is (B) Retrovirus

Explanation: AIDS VIRUS belongs to a group of viruses called Retrovirus which have an ENVELOPE CONSISTING of a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell membrane and projecting knob like glycoprotein spikes with pedicel FORMED of virus called glycoprotein.

Right option is (a) 1ST DECEMBER

The explanation: AIDS day is celebrated on 1st December. AIDS was FIRST reported in 1981 and in the LAST twenty-five years or so, it has spread all over the world killing more than 25 MILLION people.

The correct ANSWER is (B) False

Easy explanation: HIV VIRUS is of two types. HIV-I is more COMMON in India, Europe and USA and HIV-II is more common in African regions. In India, the first AIDS was reported in 1986.

Correct answer is (b) AIDS-Related Complex

Easy explanation: ARC STANDS for AIDS-Related Complex. Fatigue, fever, repeated prolonged episodes of DIARRHOEA, night sweating, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and unexplained LOSS of weight are the COMMON symptoms.

Correct answer is (a) Azidothymidine

Best explanation: Azidothymidine is a nucleoside analogue USED for the treatment of AIDS. It prevents the FUNCTION of Reverse TRANSCRIPTASE and hence slows down the replication of the HIV virus. However, death is inevitable.

Correct answer is (d) Widal test

To explain I would say: Widal test is used to DIAGNOSE typhoid. PCR is done in the window period when there are no antibodies against the virus. It is ALSO the fastest test to diagnose HIV INFECTION. ELISA and Western BLOT are the antigen-antibody tests.

Correct CHOICE is (B) Neuroglial CELLS

Best explanation: HIV virus attacks those cells which have CD4 receptor sites. It includes Helper T-cells, Macrophages, Neuroglial cells, Dendritic cells of the SKIN, etc.

The correct answer is (b) False

For EXPLANATION I would say: Group of people with a high risk of contracting HIV INFECTION include prostitutes, drug addicts, homosexual MALES, people with EXTRAMARITAL relations and recipients of unscreened blood transfusions.

The correct answer is (d) Influenza

Easiest EXPLANATION: Influenza may be contacted during an HIV INFECTION but is not a serious opportunistic DISEASE. Opportunistic serious DISEASES which can be contracted in HIV infected patients are Kaposi’s SARCOMA, Toxoplasmosis, Leukoplakia, Herpes virus, Cytomegalovirus etc.

Correct CHOICE is (a) 1200/mm^3

For explanation: The normal COUNT of Helper T-cells in human BEINGS is 1200/mm^3. If the count GOES below 200/mm^3 then HIV infection is suspected.

Right CHOICE is (b) 2.4 million

The explanation: NACO through its 1200 nationwide sentinel SURVEILLANCE sites believe that the NUMBER of HIV INFECTED patients in India was 2.4 million at the end of 2009, out of the total 33 million present to be worldwide. 63% of the HIV infected individuals lived in ANDHRA Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra.

The correct CHOICE is (b) USA

To elaborate: AIDS was first reported in the USA AMONGST HOMOSEXUALS in 1981 and in last years or so, it has spread all over the world killing more than 25 million people.