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C₄ – Plants shows kranz anatomy - chloroplast dimorphism

ATP and NADPH₂

1. C₄ pathway – PEPCO, C₃ pathway-RUBISCO 

2. Bundle sheath chloroplast 

3. CO₂ acceptor-RUBP, Stable product— 3- phosphoglycerate

1. Lumen of the thylakoids. 

2. O₂ is evolved during this reaction, moreover, electrons are made available to PS-II continuously.

The rate of photosynthesis in C₃ plants increases with increase in CO₂ concentration

1. False 

2. True 

3. False 

4. True

1. Inside thylakoid 

2. 

• Cyclic – It involves PSI (P700) 
• Only ATP is formed 
• Noncyclic – It involves PSI and PSII (P680) 
• ATP and NADPH are produced

Cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria have thylakoids suspended freely in the cytoplasm (i.e., they are not enclosed in membrane), and they have bacteriochlorophyll.

1. C₃ pathway – 18 ATPs 

2. C₄ pathway – 30 ATPs

The conditions helpful in chemiosmotic ATP synthesis are: 

1. The splitting of the water molecule takes place on the inner side of the membrane, it causes the accumulation of protons or hydrogen ions within the lumen of the thylakoids. 

2. As electrons move through the photosystems, protons are transported across the membrane, and proton is released into the inner side or the lumen side of the membrane.

3. The NADP reductase enzyme is located on the stroma side of the membrane. Along with electrons that come from the accepter of electrons of PS I, protons are necessary for the reduction of NADP⁺ to NADPH⁺ H⁺. These protons are also removed from the stroma.

1. In light reaction, energy-rich molecules like ATP and NADPH₂ are produced. These are used in Dark reaction for Glucose synthesis, 

2. RUBP – CO₂ acceptor in C₃ cycle 

PEP – CO₂ acceptor in C₄ cycle

Mesophyll tissues and cells of a leaf contain the chloroplast 

1. Carboxylation in C₃ cycle. Oxygenation in photorespiration 

2. Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase. 

3. Chloroplast, peroxisomes & mitochondria

1. C₃ plants – First stable product is a 3 carbon compound – PGA 

2. C₄ plants – First stable product is a 4 carbon compound – OAA

d) All of the above

d) All of the above 

d) All of the above

Sinemet preparations combines carbidopa and levodopa in a fixed proportion.

a) A selective loss of dopaminergic neurons

d) All of the above

c) Trihexyphenidyl

b) Inhibition of dopa decarboxilase

b) Benztropine

a) Amitriptyline

b) Fluoxetine

a) Protriptyline 

Answer: Protriptyline 

c) Chlorpromazine

Amitriptyline agents is related to tricyclic antidepressants.

b) Muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockade

c) Chlorpromazine 

c) The mesolimbic and mesofrontal systems 

d) All of the above 

a) Strongly block postsynaptic d₂ receptor 

‘Father Returning Home’ by Dilip Chitre is a biographical sketch of the poet’s father. It is a monologue that deals with the plight of man, where he alienated from the very society that he built. He, thus, goes through the mundane motions of life, having no connections with either the outside world or even his family and suppresses his emotions as there is no one with whom he can share them. The poem deals with the themes of alienation or estrangement, isolation, and the dissolution of the self in the man-made world. This two-stanza poem, which has been written in the form of a dramatic monologue, does not follow any rhyme scheme as it is written in free-verse. The lines in the poem clearly depict the miserable state of man in this busy and crowded world. The poet uses numerous figures of speech such as Alliteration, Consonance, Metaphor, Onomatopoeia, Paradox, Personification, Repetition, Simile and Transferred Epithet.
An example of Paradox from the poem is “unseeing eyes”, as the phrase is self-contradictory. The language used by the poet is very simple and straight-forward. It paints a vivid picture of the tiring routine of the poet’s father and communicates his pathetic condition through the use of various descriptive words. The use of enjambment, where one line of the poem continues into the next, indicates the succession of the worsening state of the father’s condition, whether it’s his isolation from the outside world in the first stanza or his alienation in his own house in the second stanza. The use of imagery is clearly evident in the poem. Whether the poet is sketching the image of his father as an old man with words like “eyes dimmed by age”, “fade homeward”, “grey platform”, or describing his father’s appearance “soggy shirt and pants”, “black raincoat stained with mud”, “chappals sticky with mud”, or comparing the disembarking of his father from the crowded train as “a word dropped from a long sentence”, the strong use of imagery makes the poem thoroughly appealing.
The message that the poem conveys is that of the seclusion of man from the modern world. In today’s fast-paced and humdrum life, the only solace that man can find is in his dreams of the past or the future. The poem also communicates the apathy of the society towards the elderly, who are trying to cope with estrangement in a metropolis. Overall, I find the poem highly relevant to today’s world. The aspect that I like the most about the poem is the simplicity with which it conveys a strong message to the readers.

b) Serotoninergic synapses

a) Is responsible for norepinephrine, serotonin, and tyramine metabolism

c) Tranylcypramine 

b) Tranylcypramine  

Indicate the second-generation heterocyclic drug Maprotiline.

Nefazodone agents is related to the third-generation heterocyclic antidepressants.

c) Moclobemide