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Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

• Formed in December 1885
• The first meeting of the ING was held in Bombay.

It was necessary for the British industrialists to get indigo plantation spread to more regions in India. They gave farmers a good amount as advance for the cultivation of indigo. The farmers succumbed to this and widely planted indigo as they were in trouble with no other means to pay the heavy land tax. Each farmer who accepted the advance amount from the British was liable to plant indigo in a fixed portion of the land, especially in the most fertile part.

The land used for the cultivation of food grains was reserved for indigo plantation. Due to the interference of the British agents in the harvesting season, the farmers received only a lower price for indigo. Later when artificial colours were invented, indigo became obsolete. This made the plight of indigo farmers more miserable.

In year 1885 was Indian National Congress formed.

Boycott of foreign goods.

Option (d). Kerala.

• Dadabhai Naoroji 
• Poverty and Un-British Rule in India written by Dadabhai Naoroji.

• In this system the tax was collected by the zamindar 
• Right to collect tax from the land and its ownership was also vested on zamindar. 
• The zamindars became the owners of land, the actual farmers became tenants. 
• 60% of production was given as tax. 
• Tax was to be paid in cash before the cut-off date. 

i. – b, 

ii. – c, 

iii. – a

• Permanent land revenue settlement, 
• Ryotwari system, 
• Mahalwari system. 

• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – NATO 
• South East Asia Treaty Organisation – SEATO 
• Central Treaty Organisation – CENTO 
• Warsaw Pact

• The economic system in which production and distribution are controlled by the capitalists with the aim to increase profit is known as capitalism. 
• This economic system developed following the Industrial Revolution.

The colonies of Asia and Africa started to secure freedom from the imperialist control after the Second World War. This is called decolonization. 

Causes:

• Supremacy of imperialist countries was questioned. 
• Freedom movement strengthened in colonies. 
• Super powers like USA and USSR supported freedom movement in the colonies.

• Adopted violence. 
• Socialists and leaders of peasants and workers were proclaimed as enemies of the nation. 
• Those who opposed the fasist party were executed. 
• Aimed to restore Roman empire. 
• By using his military force, the ‘Black shirts’, he executed enemies.
• Conquered nations like Ethiopia and Albania.

Crises as part of exploiting wealth by conquering colonies.

Moroccan Crisis : 

• A secret treaty was signed between Britain and France in 1904 in which Britain accepted the French supremacy in Morroco. 
• Germany did not approve it.
• Germany sent battleships to Morroco. 
• The problem was solved by giving some parts of French congo to Germany.

Balkan Crisis : 

• Balkan was a part of the Ottoman empire. 
• In 1912, Balkan League defeated Turkey. 
• Difference of opinion among Balkan countries started in sharing the benefits of the war.

Cold war was the powerful competition between the socialists under Soviet Union and capitalists under the US, after 2^nd world war. The war was with words and ideologies. The US propagated that Soviet Union was trying to propagate communism. Soviet Union propagated that US was trying to gain mastery over the world. This resulted in cold war. Many nations joined with American and Russian sides. They came to be militant forces and this enhanced cold war.

America and Soviet Union which were united leaving Fascism during the second world war were again separated after the war. America became the new economic nation and led capitalists. Soviet Union formed social-economic growth of the nations.

A result of cold war was the differences in the ideologies and diplomatic confrontation of two regions which were enemies.

They planned to help their own regions. When the whole world decided to be a part of any powerful region the countries in Asia and Africa stayed free. They were called third world nations. They feared that the powerful regions may lead for threats and use of dangerous weapons may lead for a 3rd world war. Gradually non-alignment was formed.

• Italy got nothing, though she was with the victors in the First World War. 
• Industrialists, in fear of Italy moving to socialism, were prompted to support fascism. 
• Post-war destruction of industries, unemployment, increase in tax, inflation, etc. kept the people away from the government.

• Hitler put forth his claims over the prosperous Sudetanland, a region of Czechoslovakia. 
• To discuss the issue, the representatives of Britain, France, Italy and Germany met in the . German city of Munich. They approved Germany’s claim over Sudetanland without consulting Czechoslovakia. This was the Munich Pact.
• Munich Pact is the best example of the policy of appeasement.

• To save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war. 
• To protect international treaties and laws. 
• To consolidate activities for the development of the nations of the world.

• War did not take place in USA. So she was not affected by the war. 
• European nations which were destroyed in war took large scale loans from America. 
• American dollar overtook British pound as the basis of foreign exchange holding. 
• As a result, USA emerged as a new economic power.

i) Munich Pact (1938) 

ii) Nazi – Soviet Non- Aggression Pact (1939)

iii) Pearl Harbour attack of Japan (1941) 

iv) Dropping of atom bomb in Japan by USA (1945)

• Economic system of European countries were destroyed. 
• European dominance in the world diminished. 
• America and Soviet Union emerged as global powers.
• Freedom movements in Asia and Africa intensified. 
• In a bid to preserve and maintain world peace the United Nations Organization (UNO) was formed.

a. Russia 

b. Germany 

c. France

Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio in the Island of Corsica on August 15^th 1769. His parents were Count Charles Bonaparte and Countess Leticia Romalina. During his childhood he cultivated self confidence, an ability to work hard and immense ambition.

After his education, he joined the Military Academy at Paris and graduated. Because of his keen interest in Military Science and ability, he rose up in the ranks fast an cl proved his talent by suppressing two rebellions against the French Government.

In 1796, the Directory Government appointed Napoleon as the commander of the French Army in Italy. His Italian campaign was a great success. He defeated the Sardinians and then the Austrians. By the Treaty of ‘Campo-Formio’ in 1797, he gained immense success for France.

Napoleon started re-drawing the map of Europe though his conquests. Arbitrary Governments were imposed on Italy and Belgium. His Egyptian campaign was aimed at striking the British Imperialism. In the ‘Battle of the Pyramids’ Napoleon could score a victory over England. 

But in the Naval Battle of the Nile or ‘Aboukir Bay’, he was defeated by Admiral Nelson. Napoleon overthrew the Directory Government and became the first Consul of the three member Consulate government and later took over absolute control and declared himself as the Emperor.

By 1802 Napoleon’s control over France was total. He aspired to become Consul for life. On December 2^nd, 1804, he was coronated as the Emperor of France. Napoleon had invited the Pope to give his blessings and also to crown him. But at the last moment, he himself placed the crown on his head and later remarked “I found the Crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword”. Wars of Napoleon:

The Napoleonic Empire lasted fourteen years from 1804 to 1814. It was a period of uninterrupted warfare. He had become all powerful in France. Now he desired to become all-powerful in Europe. He had overthrown the three great military states of Europe: Austria, Russia and Prussia. Only Great Britain and Sweden remained to be defeated.

Continental system: Britain was the chief commercial and industrial nation of the world. But invading Britain was impossible as it was the strongest naval power. So its Commerce and industry must be attacked by preventing the import of British goods into the continent, which was its chief market. Such a move would ruin the British commerce and industry and compel Britain to sue for peace. Toward this end, Napoleon fought an economic war with Great Britain from 1806 to 1814, this economic warfare is known as the ‘Continental System’.

In 1806, Napoleon proclaimed a decree which provided for closure of all ports on the continent to the British manufactured goods. In retaliation the British Government issued ‘Orders in Council’ (1807). The result of this confrontation was that Napoleon would not allow import of British goods into the continent and Britain, in turn, would prevent the sea trade of France and its allies.

For Napoleon it proved physically impossible to enforce the “Continental system” thoroughly. It was difficult to prevent the bribery of customs officials and smuggling. In the course of enforcing the ‘Continental System’, Napoleon was involved in the series of disastrous wars in Europe. 

Tsar Alexander violated the Continental System and Napoleon organised a huge army for the invasion of Moscow. It was a disaster and the French army suffered from the biting cold, hunger and thirst and lost more than 3,00,000 soldiers.

Napoleon’s enemies increased and the combined armies of Austria and Prussia with the help of England defeated him in the Battle of Leipzig. He was deported to the island of Elba. He escaped from there and ruled France for 100 days but was completely routed in the battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena where he died.

a. Austria Hungary

b. Italy 

c. England 

d. Russia

Apart from the first one in 1961, the 9th summit conference in 1989 was also hold in Belgrade. 

UNICEF- NEW DELHI is not correctly matched.

• Disintegration of Soviet Union 
• End of cold war

India is the biggest country in South Asia.

Roza means fasting which every Muslim should do during the holy month of Ramzan.

1. Capture of Constantinople – 1453 

2. Napoleon Bonaparte – 1769 

3. Unification of Germany – 1817 

4. Treaty of Versailles – 1919 

5. IInd world war – 1939

(d) All of these 

In the 18th century, as a result of Industrial Revolution, the investment began to increase and many nations produced more than what they needed. It could not be accommodated in domestic markets. The trade relation was established with Asian, African and Latin American nations. The European countries economically exploited other from tries using political power and military forces.

The nations produced more than their need and it could not be accommodated in domestic markets. This resulted in competition among the European countries. The economical exploitation of European countries using political power and military forces among the nations later resulted in colonization.

They had considered the colonies as the source of raw materials and market for industrial products. The colonial masters began to invest capital in the colonies.

The phase of flow of finance capital to colonies is termed as imperialism. A nation imposing its political, economic and cultural dominance on another is a fundamental feature of Imperialism. This was done using legal system, administrative measures, military force etc.

Colonization : Colonial countries considered the colonies as the source of raw materials and the market for their industrial products.

Imperialism : The distinctive phase of flow of finance capital to colonies is known as imperialism. Imposing a nation’s political, economic and cultural dominance on other nation is a fundamental feature of imperial.

The Balkan region is situated in Europe, close to the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, the Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) defeated Turkey. However, the conflict among the allied nations in sharing the benefits of the war led to the break up of the League and resulted in wars among them.

Industrial Revolution resulted in the increase of capital and that was to be invested in foreign trades. These resulted in financial ex-exploitation and competition among the nations and as a result the strong and powerful ones began to divide Africa. This competition for the markets, raw materials and the colonies went on in the last phase of 19^th and in the 20^th century. All the imperialist nations too joined in this competition that resulted in the outbreak of wars.

India : 

India contributed for the freedom movements in Asian countries. Indian become aware of the religious, education, social reformation and connection with western nations in 19th century. India was saved from British under the leadership of Gandhiji. On 15 August 1947 India and Pakistan became independent.

Burma : 

Burma was under British rule till Japan surrendered in the second world war. When Japan lost in the war, British tried to capture Burma, but they protested under the leadership of OngSan. Burma became free in 1948.

USA and USSR who were in the same ally during the Second World War gave leadership to capitalist bloc and socialist bloc respectively after the war. This ideological division is called bipolar politics.

• Economic system of the country linked to global economy. 
• The interests and motives of multinational companies are protected. 
• Competition driven market came into existence. 
• Trans-border flow of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources facilitated.

• The policy of considering one’s own nation as the supreme and justifying whatever be the actions of the nation is called aggressive nationalism. European nations used this policy to invade other countries. 
• Pan German movement is an example.

\(\because\) 15 + x = 28

(\(\because\) 28 is cumulative frequency of class 8 - 16 which is obtained by adding frequencies of this class and all previous classes which is equal to 15 + x)

⇒ x = 28 - 15 = 13

Also, 43 + 18  = y

⇒ y = 61

Basically, digital marketing refers to any online marketing efforts or assets. Email marketing, pay-per-click advertising, social media marketing, and even blogging are all great examples of digital marketing—they help introduce people to your company and convince them to buy.

Here are some of the most common digital marketing assets and strategies businesses use to reach people online:

Digital Marketing Assets

Almost anything can be a digital marketing asset. It simply needs to be a marketing tool you use online. That being said, many people don’t realize how many digital marketing assets they have at their disposal. Here are just a few examples:

• Your website
• Branded assets (logos, icons, acronyms, etc)
• Video content (video ads, product demos, etc)
• Images (infographics, product shots, company photos, etc)
• Written content (blog posts, eBooks, product descriptions, testimonials, etc)
• Online products or tools (SaaS, calculators, interactive content, etc)
• Reviews
• Social media pages

As you can probably imagine, this list just scratches the surface. Most digital marketing assets will fall into one of these categories, but clever marketers are constantly coming up with new ways to reach customers online, so the list keeps growing!

A small-business owner seeks to maximize both total revenue and profit. When she prepares her annual business plan, the owner and her team determine the expenditures that are required to reach the revenue goals she has set for the upcoming year. To maximize profit, she has to carefully control costs and make difficult decisions about which expenditures are absolutely necessary. By understanding the relationship between total revenue, profit and total costs -- RPC for short -- she can see how each of the decisions she makes impacts her profitability.

Perfect competition is the term applied to a situation in which the individual buyer or seller (firm) represent such a small share of the total business transacted in the market that he exerts no perceptible influence on the price of the commodity in which he deals.

Thus, in perfect competition an individual firm is price taker, because the price is determined by the collective forces of market demand and supply which are not influenced by the individual. When price is the same for all units of a commodity, naturally AR (Price) will be equal to MR i.e., AR = MR.

Marginal revenue is the addition to total revenue by selling one more unit of the commodity.

Algebraically it is the total revenue earned by selling ‘n’ units of the commodity instead of n-1. Thus,

MR_n = TR_n – TR_n-1; where MR_n = Marginal revenue of the nth unit 

TR_n = Total revenue of n units

TR_n-1 = Total revenue of n-1 units

Relationship between Marginal Revenue and Total Revenue is as follows: 

(i) TR increases at increasing rate, if MR is increasing.

(ii) TR increases at diminishing rate, if MR is diminishing. 

(iii) TR is constant and maximum, if MR is zero. 

(iv) TR decreases, when MR becomes negative. 

Marginal revenue measures the change in revenue that results from a change in the amount of goods or services sold. It indicates how much revenue increases for selling an additional unit of a good or service. To calculate marginal revenue, divide the change in total revenue by the change in the quantity sold. Therefore, the marginal revenue is the slope of the total revenue curve.

TR-“Total revenue is the sum of all sales, receipts or income of a firm.”

AR-“The average revenue curve shows that the price of the firm’s product is the same at each level of output.”

MR-“The marginal revenue is the change in total revenue resulting from selling an additional unit of the commodity.”