100525 + Interview Questions in GENERAL QA IN GENERAL AWARENESS Page 32 InterviewSolution

1551.	Why did he show the thirty kronor to the peddler?
Answer» The crofter narrated his story of living a comfortable life and having a good reasonable income that he made due to his extraordinary cow that gave a lot of milk. He told the peddler that he had earned thirty kronor last month. But the peddler expressed his disbelief. In order to make him believe, the crofter opened the pouch and showed the tramp the money.

Discussion

1552.	What made the peddler think that he had indeed fallen into a rattrap?
Answer» After stealing the crofter’s money, the peddler avoided the road and walked through the forest. Soon the night fell and he could not find his way out. He walked and walked without coming to the end of the wood. He finally realised that he was walking round and round the same spot. This made him frustrated and tired. Now he realised that he had indeed fallen into a rattrap.

Discussion

1553.	Did the peddler expect the kind of hospitality that he received from the crofter?
Answer» No, the peddler did not expect the kind of hospitality that he received from the crofter. He was always refused whenever he asked anyone for any kind of kindness. Thus, he had expected the same, but, to his surprise, the crofter treated him very kindly and gave him food and shelter.

Discussion

1554.	Why did the stranger not tell the ironmaster that he was not Nils Olof?
Answer» The stranger did not tell the ironmaster that he was not Nils Olof because he thought that if the gentleman believed that he was an old friend or acquaintance of his, then he might take pity on him and help him with some money.

Discussion

1555.	Why was the peddler surprised when he knocked on the door of the cottage?
Answer» The peddler had never been treated kindly by the world. He was meted out cold treatment wherever he went. He was pleasantly surprised when the crofter greeted him with warmth and hospitality. Ordinarily, he always met ‘sour faces’ when he knocked for shelter and food, and was usually turned away.

Discussion

1556.	Which revolt is known as the ‘Bardoli of Kumaon’ ?1. Askot Revolt2. Saklana Revolt3. Tilari Kand4. Salt Revolt
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 4 : Salt Revolt The correct answer is Salt Revolt. Salt revolt is known as the ‘Bardoli of Kumaon’. Salt or Sult is a block in Almora district, Uttarakhand, India. It is also known as Kumaun Ki Bardoli, a name given to it by Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Almora in 1929. Khumar is a village located in Salt which has a Martyr Monument. The Saalam Salia Satyagraha is known as the Bardoli of Kumaon. The people of Kumaon revered Gandhiji. On his call, they started the Saalam Salia Satyagraha. This was led by Ram Singh Dhoni. But as a result of this revolt, many people lost it's life as this really shooks the root of the British government. Owing to the struggle of this revolt Gandhiji named it "Bardoli of Kumaon" because this was actually the result of the call of Gandhiji actually. The people lost their lives in this struggle due to the brutality of the police. Kumaon Division The Kumaon division was established in 1816 when the British reclaimed this region from the Gorkhas, who had annexed the erstwhile Kingdom of Kumaon in 1790. The division initially consisted of three districts, Kumaon, Terai, and British Garhwal, and formed the northernmost frontier of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces in British India, which later became North-Western Provinces in 1836, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1902, and United Provinces in 1937. Kumaon became an administrative and revenue division in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and was then transferred to Uttarakhand when the hill state was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in 2000. The ‘Kumaon region’ was known as ‘Kedarkhand’ or Uttarakhand in the ‘ancient literature’. The ‘Kumaon’ word originates from ‘Kurmanchal’ which means it is a land of Kurma – which is the tortoise incarnation of ‘Lord Vishnu’. Kumaon or Kumaun is one of the two regions and administrative divisions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand, the other being Garhwal. The Kumaon region spans over the eastern half of the state and includes the districts of Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar. The Kumaon region has Tibet in the north and on the south there is Uttar Pradesh. On the eastern side there is Nepal and on the west by there is the Garhwal area. In the early Hindu scriptures, Uttarakhand in North India is known as the combined region of Kedarkhand and Manaskhand. Pithoragarh is known as Mini Kashmir of Uttarakhand. Rishikesh is known as the 'Yoga Capital of the World'. Mussoorie is known as the 'Queen of hill stations in India. Nainital is known as the 'Lake District of India'. Dehradun is known as the 'City of Schools' and 'School Capital of India'.

1556.

Which revolt is known as the ‘Bardoli of Kumaon’ ?1. Askot Revolt2. Saklana Revolt3. Tilari Kand4. Salt Revolt

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 4 : Salt Revolt

The correct answer is Salt Revolt.

Salt revolt is known as the ‘Bardoli of Kumaon’.

Salt or Sult is a block in Almora district, Uttarakhand, India.
It is also known as Kumaun Ki Bardoli, a name given to it by Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Almora in 1929.
Khumar is a village located in Salt which has a Martyr Monument.
The Saalam Salia Satyagraha is known as the Bardoli of Kumaon.
The people of Kumaon revered Gandhiji. On his call, they started the Saalam Salia Satyagraha.
This was led by Ram Singh Dhoni.
But as a result of this revolt, many people lost it's life as this really shooks the root of the British government.
Owing to the struggle of this revolt Gandhiji named it "Bardoli of Kumaon" because this was actually the result of the call of Gandhiji actually.
The people lost their lives in this struggle due to the brutality of the police.

Kumaon Division

The Kumaon division was established in 1816 when the British reclaimed this region from the Gorkhas, who had annexed the erstwhile Kingdom of Kumaon in 1790.
The division initially consisted of three districts, Kumaon, Terai, and British Garhwal, and formed the northernmost frontier of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces in British India, which later became North-Western Provinces in 1836, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1902, and United Provinces in 1937.
Kumaon became an administrative and revenue division in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and was then transferred to Uttarakhand when the hill state was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in 2000.
The ‘Kumaon region’ was known as ‘Kedarkhand’ or Uttarakhand in the ‘ancient literature’.
The ‘Kumaon’ word originates from ‘Kurmanchal’ which means it is a land of Kurma – which is the tortoise incarnation of ‘Lord Vishnu’.
Kumaon or Kumaun is one of the two regions and administrative divisions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand, the other being Garhwal.
The Kumaon region spans over the eastern half of the state and includes the districts of Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar.
The Kumaon region has Tibet in the north and on the south there is Uttar Pradesh. On the eastern side there is Nepal and on the west by there is the Garhwal area.
In the early Hindu scriptures, Uttarakhand in North India is known as the combined region of Kedarkhand and Manaskhand.

Pithoragarh is known as Mini Kashmir of Uttarakhand.
Rishikesh is known as the 'Yoga Capital of the World'.
Mussoorie is known as the 'Queen of hill stations in India.
Nainital is known as the 'Lake District of India'.
Dehradun is known as the 'City of Schools' and 'School Capital of India'.

Discussion

1557.	The American words in the sentences below are printed in bold. Replace each American word or phrase with a British wordHis mother thought he was at school but in fact he was playing hookey__1__. He’ll probably flunk__2__ his exams. The kitchen faucet _3__ in my apartment__4__ isn’t working. I’ll tell the janitor__5__. He’ll get it fixed. Blue-collar workers are asking for a pay-hike__6__ and longer paid vacations__7__. The dog attacked the mailman__8__ and tore his pants__9__. Do you have a railroad schedule__10__? I want an early train for Chicago tomorrow. A patrolman__11__ reported a light-blue sedan__12__ parked right across the sidewalk__13__ on 3rd Street. She has a little baby so she has to make regular visits to the drugstore__14__ to buy diapers__15__. When the waiter handed me the check__16__ after the meal, I found that I had no money! How much does it cost to mail__17__ a letter to Australia?a) fail b) bill c) tap d) postman e) rise f) flat g) trousers h) holidays i) caretaker j) playing truant k) nappies l) pavement m) saloon car n) railway timetable o) chemist p) ordinary uniformed policeman q) post
Answer» 1 j) playing truant 2 a) fail 3 c) tap 4 f) flat 5 i) caretaker 6 e) rise 7 h) holidays 8 d) postman 9 g) trousers 10 n) railway timetable 11 p) ordinary uniformed policeman 12 m) saloon car 13 l) pavement 14 o) chemist 15 k) nappies 16 b) bill 17 q) post

1557.

The American words in the sentences below are printed in bold. Replace each American word or phrase with a British wordHis mother thought he was at school but in fact he was playing hookey1. He’ll probably flunk2 his exams. The kitchen faucet _3 in my apartment4 isn’t working. I’ll tell the janitor5. He’ll get it fixed. Blue-collar workers are asking for a pay-hike6 and longer paid vacations7. The dog attacked the mailman8 and tore his pants9. Do you have a railroad schedule10? I want an early train for Chicago tomorrow. A patrolman11 reported a light-blue sedan12 parked right across the sidewalk13 on 3rd Street. She has a little baby so she has to make regular visits to the drugstore14 to buy diapers15. When the waiter handed me the check16 after the meal, I found that I had no money! How much does it cost to mail17__ a letter to Australia?a) fail b) bill c) tap d) postman e) rise f) flat g) trousers h) holidays i) caretaker j) playing truant k) nappies l) pavement m) saloon car n) railway timetable o) chemist p) ordinary uniformed policeman q) post

Answer»

1 j) playing truant

2 a) fail

3 c) tap

4 f) flat

5 i) caretaker

6 e) rise

7 h) holidays

8 d) postman

9 g) trousers

10 n) railway timetable

11 p) ordinary uniformed policeman

12 m) saloon car

13 l) pavement

14 o) chemist

15 k) nappies

16 b) bill

17 q) post

Discussion

1558.	Did the peddler respect the confidence reposed in him by the crofter?
Answer» No, the peddler did not live up to the confidence reposed in him by the crofter. In fact, he abused the trust of the crofter. He returned after some time, opened the window of the cottage and stole the crofter’s hard-earned money.

Discussion

1559.	Why was the crofter so talkative and friendly with the peddler?
Answer» The old crofter was lonely and leading a dreary existence as he had no wife or children. He was happy to get someone to talk to and share his thoughts with, even though it was a tramp. So he welcomed the peddler who was quite a patient listener, and extended his hospitality to him.

Discussion

1560.	Replace each slang word with a word or phrase from the list.He smokes 30 fags __1__ a day. Too many! He drinks a lot. He must spend twenty quid __2__ a week on booze __3__. He thought his meal was overcooked. When the waiter brought his bill he kicked up __4__ a fuss and would not pay. I lost £500 at a casino last night. I’m absolutely skint __5__. My mate __6__ stole a car. Now he’s in the nick __7__. She got bored with her boyfriend and ditched __8__ him. There’s a good film on the telly __9__ tonight, but I’ve got to go out. What a drag! __10__ I wouldn’t like to be a copper __11__ directing traffic in the street in this bad weather.a) alcohol b) made c) pound(s) d) friend e) cigarettes f) television g) policeman h) discarded i) nuisance j) prison k) without money
Answer» 1 e) cigarettes 2 c) pound(s) 3 a) alcohol 4 b) made 5 k) without money 6 d) friend 7 j) prison 8 h) discarded 9 f) television 10 i) nuisance 11 g) policeman

1560.

Replace each slang word with a word or phrase from the list.He smokes 30 fags 1 a day. Too many! He drinks a lot. He must spend twenty quid 2 a week on booze 3. He thought his meal was overcooked. When the waiter brought his bill he kicked up 4 a fuss and would not pay. I lost £500 at a casino last night. I’m absolutely skint 5. My mate 6 stole a car. Now he’s in the nick 7. She got bored with her boyfriend and ditched 8 him. There’s a good film on the telly 9 tonight, but I’ve got to go out. What a drag! 10 I wouldn’t like to be a copper 11 directing traffic in the street in this bad weather.a) alcohol b) made c) pound(s) d) friend e) cigarettes f) television g) policeman h) discarded i) nuisance j) prison k) without money

Answer»

1 e) cigarettes

2 c) pound(s)

3 a) alcohol

4 b) made

5 k) without money

6 d) friend

7 j) prison

8 h) discarded

9 f) television

10 i) nuisance

11 g) policeman

Discussion

1561.	Before babies can walk, they can only ______ on their hands and knees. A) crawl B) trip C) wander D) stagger
Answer» Correct option is A) crawl

Discussion

1562.	We buy things in different units. Match each item on the left with the most suitable item on its right.1. a bara) of matches2. a pairb) of soap3. a boxc) of potatoes4. a poundd) of cloth5. a rolle) of shoes6. an ouncef) of milk7. a yardg) of tobacco8. a pinth) of film9. an acrei) of flowers10. a bottlej) of toothpaste11. a gallonk) of land12. a bunchl) of wine13. a tinm) of sardines14. a tuben) of petrol15. a packeto) of jam16. a jarp) of cigarettes
Answer» 1-b, 2-e, 3-a, 4-c, 5-h, 6-g, 7-d , 8-f, 9-k, 10-l, 11-n, 12-i, 13-m, 14-j, 15-p, 16-o

Discussion

1563.	Q9: Simplify each of the following using suitable properties:1. \( \left(\frac{1}{5} \times \frac{2}{15}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{5} \times \frac{2}{5}\right) \)2. \( -\frac{3}{5} \times\left(\frac{3}{7}+\left(-\frac{5}{6}\right)\right) \)
Answer» 1. \(\left(\frac15 \times \frac2{15}\right) - \left(\frac15 \times \frac2{5}\right) = \frac15\left(\frac2{15} - \frac25\right)\) \(= \frac15\times 25 \left(\frac13 - 1\right)\) \(= \frac2{25} \times \frac{-2}5\) \(= \frac{-4}{75}\) 2. \(-\frac{3}5 \times\left(\frac37 + (-\frac56)\right) = -\frac35 \times \frac{18 - 35}{42} \) \(= \frac{-3 \times 47}{5\times 42}\) \(= \frac{-(-17)}{5\times 14}\) = \(\frac{17}{70}\)

1563.

Q9: Simplify each of the following using suitable properties:1. \( \left(\frac{1}{5} \times \frac{2}{15}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{5} \times \frac{2}{5}\right) \)2. \( -\frac{3}{5} \times\left(\frac{3}{7}+\left(-\frac{5}{6}\right)\right) \)

Answer»

1. \(\left(\frac15 \times \frac2{15}\right) - \left(\frac15 \times \frac2{5}\right) = \frac15\left(\frac2{15} - \frac25\right)\)

\(= \frac15\times 25 \left(\frac13 - 1\right)\)

\(= \frac2{25} \times \frac{-2}5\)

\(= \frac{-4}{75}\)

2. \(-\frac{3}5 \times\left(\frac37 + (-\frac56)\right) = -\frac35 \times \frac{18 - 35}{42} \)

\(= \frac{-3 \times 47}{5\times 42}\)

\(= \frac{-(-17)}{5\times 14}\)

= \(\frac{17}{70}\)

Discussion

1564.	I’m afraid someone will ______ over that piece of wood and fall. A) crawl B) trip C) wander D) stagger
Answer» Correct option is B) trip

Discussion

1565.	Match each item on the left with the most suitable phrase on the right1. He trembleda) in the hot sun2. He shiveredb) with embarrassment3. He sweatedc) with fear4. He blushedd) when he heard the sad news5. He sobbede) with-cold6. He startledf) after going without food for three days7. He dozedg) in surprise at the sudden noise.8. He faintedh) in his armchair after a hard day’s work
Answer» 1-c, 2-e, 3-a, 4-b, 5-d, 6-g, 7-h, 8-f

Discussion

1566.	Match each item on the left with the most suitable phrase on the right1. He flexeda) his head in disagreement2. He shookb) his fists angrily3. He clenchedc) his neck to see better4. He cranedd) his muscles proudly5. He snappede) his forehead with a handkerchief6. He shruggedf) his foot in time to the music7. He wipedg) his shoulders8. He foldedh) his breath under water9. He scratchedi) his knee because it was painful10. He heldj) his arms and relaxed.11. He tappedk) his head thoughtfully12. He rubbedl) his fingers to get attention.
Answer» 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c, 5-l , 6-g, 7-e, 8-j, 9-k, 10-h, 11-f, 12-i

Discussion

1567.	It began to rain and we had to ______ into a shop to keep dry. A) trudge B) dash C) slip D) stray
Answer» Correct option is B) dash

Discussion

1568.	The exhausted men had to ______ for five miles through the snow. A) trudgeB) dash C) slip D) wander
Answer» Correct option is A) trudge

Discussion

1569.	To "dash off" means _____. A) to do, make, or draw something quickly B) to be deeply asleep C) to be precise
Answer» Correct option is A) to do, make, or draw something quickly

Discussion

1570.	Identify the international airport in India which was formerly known as Sahar International Airport.1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport2. Indira Gandhi International Airport3. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport4. Anna International Airport
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport The correct answer is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport is in Mumbai by its known as Sahar International Airport. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is the second busiest airport in the country after Delhi. The Airport has three operating terminal spread over the total land area of 750 hectares Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. it is opened in 1942 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Indira Gandhi International Airport is located in Delhi. Indira Gandhi International Airport is the busiest airport in India in the term of 5 passengers traffic.It was the 12th busiest airport in the world and 6th busiest airport in Asia by passenger traffic handling nearly seventy million passengers. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is located in Hyderabad. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is also busiest airport by passenger traffic in India. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport has been awarded in multiple categories such as world's top 3 airports by askew Bing in just one of them. Anna International Airport is located in Chennai,Tamil Nadu. It is also called as Chennai International Airport. Chennai International Airport is the third busiest in international traffic and cargo capacity in the country behind New Delhi and Mumbai.

1570.

Identify the international airport in India which was formerly known as Sahar International Airport.1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport2. Indira Gandhi International Airport3. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport4. Anna International Airport

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport

The correct answer is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport is in Mumbai by its known as Sahar International Airport. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is the second busiest airport in the country after Delhi.
The Airport has three operating terminal spread over the total land area of 750 hectares Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. it is opened in 1942 in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Indira Gandhi International Airport is located in Delhi. Indira Gandhi International Airport is the busiest airport in India in the term of 5 passengers traffic.It was the 12th busiest airport in the world and 6th busiest airport in Asia by passenger traffic handling nearly seventy million passengers.
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is located in Hyderabad. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is also busiest airport by passenger traffic in India. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport has been awarded in multiple categories such as world's top 3 airports by askew Bing in just one of them.
Anna International Airport is located in Chennai,Tamil Nadu. It is also called as Chennai International Airport. Chennai International Airport is the third busiest in international traffic and cargo capacity in the country behind New Delhi and Mumbai.

Discussion

1571.	Find the common difference of an A.P if \( t_{18}-t_{14}=3 L \).If \( 3+k, 18-k, 5 k+1 \) are in A.P, then find \( k \).If \( p \) and \( q \) are positive integers, then we write \( p=a^{2} b^{3} \) and \( q=a^{3} b \) if \( a \), \( b \) are numbers, then verify that L.C.M of \( (p, q) \times \) H.C.F of \( (p, q)=p q \).
Answer» t₁₈=t₁₊17×d t_{14=t1 +13×d} solving the two equtaions, t₁₈-t₁₄= 4d subtisting 4d=32 = d=8

Discussion

1572.	Why did Akbar encourage the study of secular subjects
Answer» Akbar encourage the study of secular subjects like Mathematics, Agriculture, Logic, History and Astronomy to increase the knowledge of people and to promote religious harmony.

Discussion

1573.	Which of the following statements is/are correct about the right occupation of the Varna categories in Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras?1. Shudras were assigned only one occupation of serving the three “higher” varnas2. Caste hierarchy is according to the occupation.1. 1 only2. 2 only3. Both 1 and 24. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 3 : Both 1 and 2 The correct answer is Both 1 and 2. The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras also contained rules about the ideal “occupations” of the four categories or varnas. Caste hierarchy is according to the occupation. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach the Vedas, perform sacrifices and get sacrifices performed, and give and receive gifts. Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare, protect people, and administer justice, study the Vedas, get sacrifices performed, and make gifts. The last three “occupations” were also assigned to the Vaishyas, who were in addition expected to engage in agriculture, pastoralism, and trade. Shudras were assigned only one occupation of serving the three “higher” varnas. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. There were rules related to marriage worship occupation inter-dining The Brahmanas evolved two or three strategies for enforcing these norms. To assert that the varna order was of divine origin. They advised kings to ensure that these norms were followed within their kingdoms. They attempted to persuade people that their status was determined by birth. Prescriptions were often reinforced by stories told in the Mahabharata and other texts.

1573.

Which of the following statements is/are correct about the right occupation of the Varna categories in Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras?1. Shudras were assigned only one occupation of serving the three “higher” varnas2. Caste hierarchy is according to the occupation.1. 1 only2. 2 only3. Both 1 and 24. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 3 : Both 1 and 2

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras also contained rules about the ideal “occupations” of the four categories or varnas.
Caste hierarchy is according to the occupation. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach the Vedas, perform sacrifices and get sacrifices performed, and give and receive gifts.
Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare, protect people, and administer justice, study the Vedas, get sacrifices performed, and make gifts.
The last three “occupations” were also assigned to the Vaishyas, who were in addition expected to engage in agriculture, pastoralism, and trade.
Shudras were assigned only one occupation of serving the three “higher” varnas. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
There were rules related to
- marriage
- worship
- occupation
- inter-dining
The Brahmanas evolved two or three strategies for enforcing these norms.
- To assert that the varna order was of divine origin.
- They advised kings to ensure that these norms were followed within their kingdoms.
- They attempted to persuade people that their status was determined by birth.
Prescriptions were often reinforced by stories told in the Mahabharata and other texts.

Discussion

1574.	Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow "Tomorrow we shall break the salt tax law" On 5 April, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi spoke at Dendi: When I left Sabarmati with my companions for this seaside hamlet of Dandi, I was not certain in my mind that we would be allowed to reach this place. Even while I was at Sabarmati there was a rumour that I might be arrested. I had thought that the Government might perhaps let my party come as far as Dandi, but not me certainly. If someone says that this betrays imperfect faith on my part, I shall not deny the charge. That I have reached here is in no small measure due to the power of peace and non-violence that power is aniversally feit The Government may, if it wishes, itself on acting as it has done, for it could have arrested every one of us. In saying that it did not have the courage to arrest this army of peace, we praise it. It felt ashamed to arrest such He is a civilised man who feels congratulate an army. ashamed to do anythkig which his neighbours would The Government deserves to be congratulated on not arresting us, even if it desisted only from fear of woeld opinion. Tomortow we shall break the salt tax law. Whether disapprove. the Government will tolerate that is a different question. It may not tolerate it, but it deserves congratulations on the patience and forbearance it has displayed in regard to this party.. What if I and all the eminentleaders in Gujarat and in the rest of the country are arrested? This movement is based on the faith that when a whole nation is roused and on the march no leader is necessary. Why did Gandhiji say that the Government deserve to be congratulated?
Answer» According to Gandhi, the Government deserved to be congratulated on not arresting them, even if it desisted only becasue of the fear of world opinion.

Discussion

1575.	Which of the following statements is/are incorrect about Prabhavati Gupta?1. She was the daughter of Chandragupta I.2. She married Vakataka king Rudrasena II.3. She took over as queen after the sudden death of her husband.1. 1 only2. 2 only 3. 3 only 4. 1 and 2 only
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : 1 only The correct answer is 1 only. Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of Chandragupta II (375-415 C.E.). Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect. Prabhavatigupta was the chief queen of the Vakataka king Rudrasena II. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. She took over as queen after the sudden death of her husband. Hence, Statement 3 is correct. She ruled for about 10 years until her son Pravarasena II succeeded. She was a Vaishnavite and played a central role in the propagation of Vaishnava practices in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. She had donated land which is a rare example of donation by any woman. Nagardhan excavations provided an oval-shaped sealing belonging to the period when Prabhavatigupta was the queen of the Vakataka dynasty. It bears her name in the Brahmi script. A copper plate issued by Queen Prabhavatigupta has also been found. It starts with a genealogy of the Guptas, mentioning the Queen’s grandfather Samudragupta and her father Chandragupta II.

1575.

Which of the following statements is/are incorrect about Prabhavati Gupta?1. She was the daughter of Chandragupta I.2. She married Vakataka king Rudrasena II.3. She took over as queen after the sudden death of her husband.1. 1 only2. 2 only 3. 3 only 4. 1 and 2 only

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : 1 only

The correct answer is 1 only.

Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of Chandragupta II (375-415 C.E.). Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.
Prabhavatigupta was the chief queen of the Vakataka king Rudrasena II. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
She took over as queen after the sudden death of her husband. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
- She ruled for about 10 years until her son Pravarasena II succeeded.
She was a Vaishnavite and played a central role in the propagation of Vaishnava practices in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.
She had donated land which is a rare example of donation by any woman.

Nagardhan excavations provided an oval-shaped sealing belonging to the period when Prabhavatigupta was the queen of the Vakataka dynasty.
- It bears her name in the Brahmi script.
- A copper plate issued by Queen Prabhavatigupta has also been found.
- It starts with a genealogy of the Guptas, mentioning the Queen’s grandfather Samudragupta and her father Chandragupta II.

Discussion

1576.	Chandragupta I was succeeded by his son _______.1. Samudragupta2. Bhanugupta3. Skandagupta4. Purugupta
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : Samudragupta The correct answer is Samudragupta. Chandragupta I was succeeded by his son Samudragupta. Samudragupta (335AD-380 AD): Samudragupta was the greatest king of the Gupta dynasty. The most detailed and authentic record of his reign is preserved in the Prayaga Prasasti/Allahabad pillar inscription, composed by his court poet Harisena. Samudragupta’s military campaigns justify the description of him as the Napoleon of India by V.A. Smith. Titles: *Kaviraja, Param Bhagavat, Ashvamedha- parikrama, Vikram Sarva-rajochchhetta* only Gupta ruler had the title of Sarva-raj-ochchhetta. Allahabad pillar inscriptions mention the title Dharma Prachar Bandhu, i.e. he was the upholder of Brahmanical religion. Chandragupta I (319AD-334 AD): He was the first Gupta ruler to assume the title of Maharajadhiraja. He strengthened his kingdom by the matrimonial alliance with the powerful family of Lichchhavis, who were the rulers of Mithila. He got married to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. He started the Gupta Era in 319AD-320 AD. He established his authority over Magadha, Saketa and Prayaga. Skandagupta was the last ruler of the Gupta Dynasty. Skanda Gupta also took the title Vikramaditya. Chandragupta was the first Gupta ruler of the Gupta Dynasty. He took the title of Maharajadhiraja. Bhitari pillar depicts the information about Skandagupta of the Gupta Empire.

1576.

Chandragupta I was succeeded by his son _______.1. Samudragupta2. Bhanugupta3. Skandagupta4. Purugupta

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : Samudragupta

The correct answer is Samudragupta.

Chandragupta I was succeeded by his son Samudragupta.

Samudragupta (335AD-380 AD):
- Samudragupta was the greatest king of the Gupta dynasty.
- The most detailed and authentic record of his reign is preserved in the Prayaga Prasasti/Allahabad pillar inscription, composed by his court poet Harisena.
- Samudragupta’s military campaigns justify the description of him as the Napoleon of India by V.A. Smith.
- Titles: Kaviraja, Param Bhagavat, Ashvamedha- parikrama, Vikram Sarva-rajochchhetta only Gupta ruler had the title of Sarva-raj-ochchhetta.
- Allahabad pillar inscriptions mention the title Dharma Prachar Bandhu, i.e. he was the upholder of Brahmanical religion.

Chandragupta I (319AD-334 AD):
- He was the first Gupta ruler to assume the title of Maharajadhiraja.
- He strengthened his kingdom by the matrimonial alliance with the powerful family of Lichchhavis, who were the rulers of Mithila.
- He got married to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi.
- He started the Gupta Era in 319AD-320 AD.
- He established his authority over Magadha, Saketa and Prayaga.
Skandagupta was the last ruler of the Gupta Dynasty.
- Skanda Gupta also took the title Vikramaditya.
- Chandragupta was the first Gupta ruler of the Gupta Dynasty.
- He took the title of Maharajadhiraja.
- Bhitari pillar depicts the information about Skandagupta of the Gupta Empire.

Discussion

1577.	Which of the following are two works of Kalidasa, the great poet of the court of Chandragupta II?1. Malti Madhav and Kumara Sambhava2. Malti Madhava and Raghuvamsha3. Kumara Sambhav and Raghuvamsha4. Raghuvamsha and Kiratarjuniya
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 3 : Kumara Sambhav and Raghuvamsha The correct answer is Kumara Sambhav and Raghuvamsha. Kalidasa was one of the gems of the court of Gupta king Chandragupta II (375–415 CE). The poems he wrote were usually of epic proportions and were written in classical Sanskrit. He wrote two epic poems called Kumara Sambhava, which means the birth of Kumara, and the Raghuvamsha, which means the dynasty of Raghu. There are also two lyric poems written by Kalidasa known as Meghadutta that stands for cloud messenger and the Ritusamhara that means the description of the seasons. Meghadutta is one of the finest works of Kalidasa in terms of world literature. The beauty of the continuity in flawless Sanskrit is unmatched to date. The most famous and beautiful work of Kalidasa is the Shakuntalam. It is the second play of Kalidasa after he wrote Malavikagnimitra. The Shakuntalam tells the story of king Dushyant who falls in love with a beautiful girl Shakuntala, who happens to be the daughter of a saint.

1577.

Which of the following are two works of Kalidasa, the great poet of the court of Chandragupta II?1. Malti Madhav and Kumara Sambhava2. Malti Madhava and Raghuvamsha3. Kumara Sambhav and Raghuvamsha4. Raghuvamsha and Kiratarjuniya

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 3 : Kumara Sambhav and Raghuvamsha

The correct answer is Kumara Sambhav and Raghuvamsha.

Kalidasa was one of the gems of the court of Gupta king Chandragupta II (375–415 CE).
The poems he wrote were usually of epic proportions and were written in classical Sanskrit.

He wrote two epic poems called Kumara Sambhava, which means the birth of Kumara, and the Raghuvamsha, which means the dynasty of Raghu.
There are also two lyric poems written by Kalidasa known as Meghadutta that stands for cloud messenger and the Ritusamhara that means the description of the seasons.
Meghadutta is one of the finest works of Kalidasa in terms of world literature.
The beauty of the continuity in flawless Sanskrit is unmatched to date.
The most famous and beautiful work of Kalidasa is the Shakuntalam.
It is the second play of Kalidasa after he wrote Malavikagnimitra.
The Shakuntalam tells the story of king Dushyant who falls in love with a beautiful girl Shakuntala, who happens to be the daughter of a saint.

Discussion

1578.	Look at the given image and state what does the symbol of ‘stupa’ stand for?Which of the following was a non-Buddhist symbol used to decorate stupa: (A) Shalabhanjika (B)Wheel (C) Stupa (D) Tree
Answer» Stupa stands for mahaparinibbana. (A) Shalabhanjika

1578.

Look at the given image and state what does the symbol of ‘stupa’ stand for?Which of the following was a non-Buddhist symbol used to decorate stupa: (A) Shalabhanjika (B)Wheel (C) Stupa (D) Tree

Answer»

Stupa stands for mahaparinibbana.

(A) Shalabhanjika

Discussion

1579.	Ancient Mesopotamian texts refer to copper coming from a place called ‘Magan’.Which place were they referring to?
Answer» Magan refers to Oman .

Discussion

1580.

Gupta emperor Chandragupta II was known by which other following name/s?(A) Devagupta(B) Devaraja(C) Devaputra(D) DevavrataChoose the correct answer from the options give below:1. (A) only2. (A) and (B) only3. (A), (B) and (C) only4. (B), (C) and (D) only

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 2 : (A) and (B) only

Chandragupta II

Also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, he was born in 380 CE and died in 415 CE. He was the son of Samudragupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. He was deeply interested in art and culture.
Chandragupta II, also known by his title Vikramaditya, was one of the most powerful emperors of the Gupta Empire in northern India.
Chandragupta continued the expansionist policy of his father Samudragupta: historical evidence suggests that he defeated the Western Kshatrapas, and extended the Gupta empire from the Indus River in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Narmada River in the south.

Name of the Gupta Kings	Titles assumed
Sri Gupta (Founder of the empire)	Adiraja, Maharaja
Ghatotkacha	Maharaja
Chandragupta I	Maharajadhiraja
Samudragupta	Parakramank(marked with powers), Apratiratha(Unrivalled chariot warrior), Aprativaryavirya(Irresistible valour), Vyaghraparakramanka (Prossessor of a tiger), Sarvo raj ochchhetta (Uprooter of all kings)
Chandragupta II	Vikramaditya, Vikramanak Devagupta, Devaraja, Devashri
Kumaragupa	Mahendraditya, Vyaghrabala, Parakramam
Skandagupta	Kramaditya, Shakropana

Discussion

1581.	______ was the adopted son of Bajirao II, who was denied his pension and title.1. Bahadur Shah Zafar2. Mangal Pandey3. Tatya Tope4. Nana Saheb
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 4 : Nana Saheb The correct answer is Nana Saheb. Nana Sahib was the adopted son of Bajirao II. Narayan Bhat and Gangabai were his father and mother. He was denied his pension and title. In Maratha Empire, he was an Indian Peshwa. The rebellion of Kanpur was led by him. He believed that he deserves a pension from the British East India company. But the company refused to continue his pension followed by the death of his father. Due to these British policies. He decided to revolt against the British. In Cawnpower, the British garrison was forced to surrender by him. He was one of the important and famous leaders of the revolt of 1857.

1581.

______ was the adopted son of Bajirao II, who was denied his pension and title.1. Bahadur Shah Zafar2. Mangal Pandey3. Tatya Tope4. Nana Saheb

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 4 : Nana Saheb

The correct answer is Nana Saheb.

Nana Sahib was the adopted son of Bajirao II.
Narayan Bhat and Gangabai were his father and mother.

He was denied his pension and title.
In Maratha Empire, he was an Indian Peshwa.
The rebellion of Kanpur was led by him.
He believed that he deserves a pension from the British East India company.
But the company refused to continue his pension followed by the death of his father.
Due to these British policies.
- He decided to revolt against the British.
- In Cawnpower, the British garrison was forced to surrender by him.
- He was one of the important and famous leaders of the revolt of 1857.

Discussion

1582.	Whom did Ashoka appoint to spread the message of dhamma?
Answer» Appointed special officers called dhamma mahamatta

Discussion

1583.	Which among the following was a strategy adopted by the Brahmanas to enforce the varna order? (A) assert that varna order was a human creation (B) advised kings to punish those who violated these norms (C) persuaded people that their status was determined by Birth (D) persuaded people that their status was determined by occupations they practised.
Answer» (C) persuaded people that their status was determined by birth

Discussion

1584.	Read the following information and mention the context in which the statement is connected- “ Many Kushana rulers also adopted the title ‘ devaputra’ or ‘son of God’.”
Answer» Divine kings

Discussion

1585.	Write about the achievements of Chandragupta Maurya.
Answer» a. Chandragupta Maurya 324-300 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. There is very little information about his parents, his birth and early childhood, lie was born in the capital city of Pataliputra. Kautilya, better known as Chanakya, a brahmin from Takshashila took the orphan under his care, educated him in all the princely requirements and trained him to be a worthy commander and Ruler. Chandragupta was fortunate to come under the influence of this great thinker, politician, and statesman. Military Achievements: 1. Conquests of Punjab : Chandragupta built a strong army under the guidance of Chanakya and defeated the petty Rulers of Punjab and annexed their regions. He then marched against Magadha. 2. Defect of the Nanda ruler: Chandragupta made several attempts to defeat the Nandas. Chanakya had vowed to depose Dhanananda because he had insulted Chanakya. Dhanananda was finally defeated and killed and Chandragupta Maurya became the King of Magadha and established the Mauryan dynasty. After overthrowing and ending Dhanananda’s oppressive rule, Chandragupta consolidated his power and freed the country from foreign occupation. The Greek Governors appointed by Alexander in the Sindh and Punjab provinces were defeated and the territories were annexed by Chandragupta. 3. War with Seleucus: After the death of Alexander, the eastern part of his Empire went over to Seleucus. A war ensued between Seleucus and Chandragupta Maurya. Seleucus was defeated, and he had to sign a treaty with Chandragupta and had to surrender the provinces of Kabul, Afghanistan, Kandahar, and Baluchistan. This victory of Chandragupta spread his Kingdom up to the frontiers of Hindukush (Afghanistan) the northwest. Seleucus maintained friendly relations with the Mauryas and sent Megasthanes as his Ambassador to Pataliputra. b. Assessment: Chandragupta was undoubtedly one of the greatest Rulers of India. He expelled the Greeks from the country. According to Jain tradition, in the last days of his reign, Chandragupta abdicated the throne and embraced Jainism under the influence of the Jain scholar Bhadrabahu. lie spent his last days at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka and died by performing ‘Sallekhana’ in 300 BCE.

1585.

Write about the achievements of Chandragupta Maurya.

Answer»

a. Chandragupta Maurya 324-300 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. There is very little information about his parents, his birth and early childhood, lie was born in the capital city of Pataliputra. Kautilya, better known as Chanakya, a brahmin from Takshashila took the orphan under his care, educated him in all the princely requirements and trained him to be a worthy commander and Ruler. Chandragupta was fortunate to come under the influence of this great thinker, politician, and statesman.

Military Achievements:

1. Conquests of Punjab : Chandragupta built a strong army under the guidance of Chanakya and defeated the petty Rulers of Punjab and annexed their regions. He then marched against Magadha.

2. Defect of the Nanda ruler: Chandragupta made several attempts to defeat the Nandas. Chanakya had vowed to depose Dhanananda because he had insulted Chanakya. Dhanananda was finally defeated and killed and Chandragupta Maurya became the King of Magadha and established the Mauryan dynasty.

After overthrowing and ending Dhanananda’s oppressive rule, Chandragupta consolidated his power and freed the country from foreign occupation. The Greek Governors appointed by Alexander in the Sindh and Punjab provinces were defeated and the territories were annexed by Chandragupta.

3. War with Seleucus: After the death of Alexander, the eastern part of his Empire went over to Seleucus. A war ensued between Seleucus and Chandragupta Maurya. Seleucus was defeated, and he had to sign a treaty with Chandragupta and had to surrender the provinces of Kabul, Afghanistan, Kandahar, and Baluchistan.

This victory of Chandragupta spread his Kingdom up to the frontiers of Hindukush (Afghanistan) the northwest. Seleucus maintained friendly relations with the Mauryas and sent Megasthanes as his Ambassador to Pataliputra.

b. Assessment: Chandragupta was undoubtedly one of the greatest Rulers of India. He expelled the Greeks from the country. According to Jain tradition, in the last days of his reign, Chandragupta abdicated the throne and embraced Jainism under the influence of the Jain scholar Bhadrabahu. lie spent his last days at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka and died by performing ‘Sallekhana’ in 300 BCE.

Discussion

1586.	What is the meaning of the word ‘Neolithic’?
Answer» The word Neolithic is derived from the Greek words Neo meaning new and Lithic meaning stone to refer to the New Stone Age.

Discussion

1587.	Name any two architectural centres of the Satavahanas.
Answer» Amaravathi, Nagarjunakonda, Karle, Nasik, Kanheri etc.,

Discussion

1588.	Which two political institutions assisted the King in the administration, during the Vedic Period?
Answer» Sabha and Samithi.

Discussion

1589.	The earliest inscriptions were written in which language? (a) Pali (b) Prakrit (c) Sanskrit (d) Tamil
Answer» The Right option is :(b) Prakrit

Discussion

1590.	Name the stone used by paleolithic man?
Answer» Paleolithic (old stone age) people used rough and undressed stones fitted to a stick. These hard stones were called quartzite, and so they were also known as quartzite men.

Discussion

1591.	______ was a poet and minister in the court of King Samudragupta.1. Harisena2. Banabhatta3. Vasumitra4. Kamban
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : Harisena The correct answer is Harisena. Samudra Gupta court poet and minister Harisena composed the Allahabad pillar Inscription or Prayag Prasasti. The Pillar was an Asokan Pillar erected by Asoka six centuries before him. This Inscription is a eulogy of Samudra Gupta and mentions the conquests of Samudra Gupta and the boundaries of the Gupta Empire. As per this inscription, Samudra Gupta defeated 9 kings in the North, 12 Kings in the South, reduced all the Atavika states to vassalage. Allahabad Prasasti, composed by Harishena, does not bear any date and for this reason, historians have presumed that it was composed probably before the Ashwamedha Yajna performed by Samudragupta. Banbhatta He was the court poet of Harsha Vardhan. (who reigned c. 606–647 CE). He wrote the famous Harshcharit. He also wrote Kadambari, Chandi Shatak, and Parvati Parinay. Vasumitra The Fourth Buddhist council was held around 72 AD at Kundalavana, Kashmir under the patronage of King Kanishka(Kushan dynasty) It was presided by Vasumitra who was deputed by Asvagosha The result of this council was that Buddhism was divided into two sects Hinayana and Mahayana. Kamban Kamban was a famous poet of the reign of Kulothunga III. He composed the "Tamil Ramayan" or "Ramavataram"

1591.

______ was a poet and minister in the court of King Samudragupta.1. Harisena2. Banabhatta3. Vasumitra4. Kamban

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 1 : Harisena

The correct answer is Harisena.

Samudra Gupta court poet and minister Harisena composed the Allahabad pillar Inscription or Prayag Prasasti.
The Pillar was an Asokan Pillar erected by Asoka six centuries before him.
This Inscription is a eulogy of Samudra Gupta and mentions the conquests of Samudra Gupta and the boundaries of the Gupta Empire.
As per this inscription, Samudra Gupta defeated 9 kings in the North, 12 Kings in the South, reduced all the Atavika states to vassalage.
Allahabad Prasasti, composed by Harishena, does not bear any date and for this reason, historians have presumed that it was composed probably before the Ashwamedha Yajna performed by Samudragupta.

Banbhatta

He was the court poet of Harsha Vardhan. (who reigned c. 606–647 CE).
He wrote the famous Harshcharit.
He also wrote Kadambari, Chandi Shatak, and Parvati Parinay.

Vasumitra

The Fourth Buddhist council was held around 72 AD at Kundalavana, Kashmir under the patronage of King Kanishka(Kushan dynasty)
It was presided by Vasumitra who was deputed by Asvagosha
The result of this council was that Buddhism was divided into two sects Hinayana and Mahayana.

Kamban

Kamban was a famous poet of the reign of Kulothunga III.
He composed the "Tamil Ramayan" or "Ramavataram"

Discussion

1592.	Who was the 23rd Thirthankara?
Answer» Parshwanatha was the 23^rd Thirthankara.

Discussion

1593.	Who is the founder of Sikhism?
Answer» Gurunanak is the founder of Sikhism.

Discussion

1594.	Which inscription of Samudragupta reveals his expeditions?
Answer» The Allahabad pillar inscription.

Discussion

1595.	Briefly write about the administration of Akbar.
Answer» a. Administrative system of Akbar: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He established the heritage of Mughal administration and looked after the welfare of the people through a strong central government. He was a benevolent ruler having the welfare of the people, always in his mind and took personal interest in the affairs of the state and looked after every detail of the administration. He provided strength, stability and imperial rule. The Mughal Emperor was called ‘Padishah or Badshah’. He was considered ‘Shadow of God’ and ruled in accordance with Islamic principles. 1. Central administration: The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. The absolute authority of the King was never clearly defined, and there was practically no check on the Emperor’s powers. He was the supreme law maker and generally worked hard to safeguard the interests of the people. Emperor was assisted by a Council of Ministers. They were called the ‘Pillars of the State’. The important ministers were, the Vakil (Prime minister), Diwan-iAli (Finance), Mir Bakshi (Military), Sadar-us-Sadar (in charge of charities) Khan-i-Saman (Home), Dewan (Revenue), and Qazi (Chief Justice). The government was divided into a number of departments, each headed by an officer under a minister. 2. Provincial Administration : Akbar’s Empire consisted of 16 provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a Governor called ‘Subedar’, who was responsible for the collection of revenue and maintaining law and order within the province. Some of the important officers of the provinces were Dewan. Bakshi, Sadar, Faujdar, Kotwal, Qazi, etc., Each Suba was divided into a number of Sarkars. Faujdar was the head of a Sarkar and each Sarkar was further divided into a number of Paraganas. Kotwals were in charge of city administration and village was the last unit of administration. 3. Military administration or mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari system’. He evolved this with the help of Mir Bakshi Shahbaz Khan in 1571 C.E. The term ‘Mansab’ means rank, dignity or office or position. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place on the basis of his horses, soldiers, his status and salary, etc. This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required. The army was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry, and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. There were 33 grades of Mansabdars (from controlling 10 to those controlling 10,000 soldiers which was later extended to 50,000). The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will. The mansabdari system consisted of Zat and Sawar. Zat indicated the number of soldiers a Mansabdar was expected to maintain, while the word Sawar indicated the actual number of horses that he maintained. The salaries of Mansabdars were high. They were generally not paid in cash but were allotted Jagirs; yielding their respective salaries. Mansabdars were directly under the control of the Emperor. Hence, most of them obeyed the Emperor implicitly. However, the system was not without defects. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers because the loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar who recruited them and paid their salaries and not to the Emperor. 4. Revenue system of Raja Todarmal: Akbar followed the land revenue policy of Allauddin Khilji and Sher Shah. Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581, Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganised the whole land revenue system and introduced what was known as ‘Zabti system or Ain- deeh-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs (Bamboo sticks joined with iron studs). Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soil. Land was classified as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar Bhoomi. He collected the aggregate rate of taxation for ten years. It was called ‘Ain-deeh-Sala’. It was 1/3 of the average of the previous ten year’s produce. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind. The Emperor was conscious of the welfare of the peasantry. During the days of famine or fall in the yield, farmers were exempted from tax. Raja Todarmal’s revenue policy had provision to provide loans (Taccavi loans) to the cultivatiors. Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual instalments. This land revenue system was called as “Todarmal’s Bandobust”. The state maintained the documents Patta and Qabuliyat, which recorded information regarding the land ownership and land revenue details.

1595.

Briefly write about the administration of Akbar.

Answer»

a. Administrative system of Akbar: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He established the heritage of Mughal administration and looked after the welfare of the people through a strong central government. He was a benevolent ruler having the welfare of the people, always in his mind and took personal interest in the affairs of the state and looked after every detail of the administration.

He provided strength, stability and imperial rule. The Mughal Emperor was called ‘Padishah or Badshah’. He was considered ‘Shadow of God’ and ruled in accordance with Islamic principles.

1. Central administration: The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. The absolute authority of the King was never clearly defined, and there was practically no check on the Emperor’s powers. He was the supreme law maker and generally worked hard to safeguard the interests of the people. Emperor was assisted by a Council of Ministers. They were called the ‘Pillars of the State’.

The important ministers were, the Vakil (Prime minister), Diwan-iAli (Finance), Mir Bakshi (Military), Sadar-us-Sadar (in charge of charities) Khan-i-Saman (Home), Dewan (Revenue), and Qazi (Chief Justice). The government was divided into a number of departments, each headed by an officer under a minister.

2. Provincial Administration : Akbar’s Empire consisted of 16 provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a Governor called ‘Subedar’, who was responsible for the collection of revenue and maintaining law and order within the province. Some of the important officers of the provinces were Dewan.

Bakshi, Sadar, Faujdar, Kotwal, Qazi, etc., Each Suba was divided into a number of Sarkars. Faujdar was the head of a Sarkar and each Sarkar was further divided into a number of Paraganas. Kotwals were in charge of city administration and village was the last unit of administration.

3. Military administration or mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari system’. He evolved this with the help of Mir Bakshi Shahbaz Khan in 1571 C.E. The term ‘Mansab’ means rank, dignity or office or position. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place on the basis of his horses, soldiers, his status and salary, etc. This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required.

The army was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry, and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. There were 33 grades of Mansabdars (from controlling 10 to those controlling 10,000 soldiers which was later extended to 50,000). The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will.

The mansabdari system consisted of Zat and Sawar. Zat indicated the number of soldiers a Mansabdar was expected to maintain, while the word Sawar indicated the actual number of horses that he maintained. The salaries of Mansabdars were high. They were generally not paid in cash but were allotted Jagirs; yielding their respective salaries.

Mansabdars were directly under the control of the Emperor. Hence, most of them obeyed the Emperor implicitly. However, the system was not without defects. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers because the loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar who recruited them and paid their salaries and not to the Emperor.

4. Revenue system of Raja Todarmal: Akbar followed the land revenue policy of Allauddin Khilji and Sher Shah. Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581, Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganised the whole land revenue system and introduced what was known as ‘Zabti system or Ain- deeh-Sala’.

The land was surveyed with Jaribs (Bamboo sticks joined with iron studs). Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soil. Land was classified as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar Bhoomi. He collected the aggregate rate of taxation for ten years. It was called ‘Ain-deeh-Sala’. It was 1/3 of the average of the previous ten year’s produce. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind.

The Emperor was conscious of the welfare of the peasantry. During the days of famine or fall in the yield, farmers were exempted from tax. Raja Todarmal’s revenue policy had provision to provide loans (Taccavi loans) to the cultivatiors. Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual instalments.

This land revenue system was called as “Todarmal’s Bandobust”. The state maintained the documents Patta and Qabuliyat, which recorded information regarding the land ownership and land revenue details.

Discussion

1596.	Write a note on the contributions of foreign writers in reconstructing the History of India.
Answer» 1. Foreign Accounts: There are some interesting sources of information from the accounts narrated by foreign writers. India had attracted many foreign traders, pilgrims, philosophers, and invaders. Many of them left their records, impressions, and opinions about India. These help to fill in the gaps about important events. 2. Greek and Roman writers: Megasthenes, the Ambassadar of the Greek Sovereign Sefeucos to the court of Chandragupta Mourya, has left a detailed account of India during the Mauiyan period, in his book ‘Indica’. Ptolemy, another greek, wrote a geographical account of India in the 2^nd century AD. He gave information regarding the.e commercial relations of Greece with ancient India. ‘The Periplus of the Erithrean sea’, a work by an unknown greek author mentions many coastal towns, rulers-and products of India. Pliny wrote ‘Natural Historia’ (1^st century AD) which gives some idea regarding Indo-Roman trade relations and the political conditions of India. 3. Chinese Accounts: There were some notable Chinese pilgrims who visited India. Fahian visited India (The reign of Chandragupta-II) in early 5^th century AD and has given a vivid picture of many cities and Ashoka’s palace. He also gives information about the Gupta administration. Hiuen Tsang (629-645 AD) visited India in the 7^th century AD. He left valuable information in his book ‘Siyuki’ (Records of the western world). He visited the court of Harshavardhana and Pulikeshi-II. He has given a vivid picture of the education, religion, society, and administration of their regimes. He has also mentioned the battle of Narmada and the defeat of Harshavardhana. 4. Itsing: visited India during the end of the 7th century AD. He had travelled across India extensively and gives information regarding various cities of India like Rajagraha, Kasi, and Nalanda and describes the status of Buddhism in India at that period. 5. Arab and other writers: Muslim writers and historians have given valuable contributions to the reconstruction of our history. Prominent among them were Firdousi’s (Ibn Hassan) ‘Shahanama’. ‘Babarnama’ by Emperor Babar, ‘Jahangirnama’ by Jahangir and ‘Akbarnama’ by Abdul Fazal and many more. The Arab travellers, Sulaiman Alberuni (contemporary of Mohammad Ghazni) and Ibn Batuta, have left their records about India. Other travellers like Nicolo Conti of Italy, Abdul Razzak (Persia), Barbosa and Domingo Paes (Portugal) and Niketan (Russia) have given a lot of information regarding Vijayanagara and Bahamani Empires.

1596.

Write a note on the contributions of foreign writers in reconstructing the History of India.

Answer»

1. Foreign Accounts: There are some interesting sources of information from the accounts narrated by foreign writers. India had attracted many foreign traders, pilgrims, philosophers, and invaders. Many of them left their records, impressions, and opinions about India. These help to fill in the gaps about important events.

2. Greek and Roman writers: Megasthenes, the Ambassadar of the Greek Sovereign Sefeucos to the court of Chandragupta Mourya, has left a detailed account of India during the Mauiyan period, in his book ‘Indica’. Ptolemy, another greek, wrote a geographical account of India in the 2^nd century AD.

He gave information regarding the.e commercial relations of Greece with ancient India. ‘The Periplus of the Erithrean sea’, a work by an unknown greek author mentions many coastal towns, rulers-and products of India. Pliny wrote ‘Natural Historia’ (1^st century AD) which gives some idea regarding Indo-Roman trade relations and the political conditions of India.

3. Chinese Accounts: There were some notable Chinese pilgrims who visited India. Fahian visited India (The reign of Chandragupta-II) in early 5^th century AD and has given a vivid picture of many cities and Ashoka’s palace. He also gives information about the Gupta administration.

Hiuen Tsang (629-645 AD) visited India in the 7^th century AD. He left valuable information in his book ‘Siyuki’ (Records of the western world). He visited the court of Harshavardhana and Pulikeshi-II. He has given a vivid picture of the education, religion, society, and administration of their regimes. He has also mentioned the battle of Narmada and the defeat of Harshavardhana.

4. Itsing: visited India during the end of the 7th century AD. He had travelled across India extensively and gives information regarding various cities of India like Rajagraha, Kasi, and Nalanda and describes the status of Buddhism in India at that period.

5. Arab and other writers: Muslim writers and historians have given valuable contributions to the reconstruction of our history. Prominent among them were Firdousi’s (Ibn Hassan) ‘Shahanama’.

‘Babarnama’ by Emperor Babar, ‘Jahangirnama’ by Jahangir and ‘Akbarnama’ by Abdul Fazal and many more. The Arab travellers, Sulaiman Alberuni (contemporary of Mohammad Ghazni) and Ibn Batuta, have left their records about India. Other travellers like Nicolo Conti of Italy, Abdul Razzak (Persia), Barbosa and Domingo Paes (Portugal) and Niketan (Russia) have given a lot of information regarding Vijayanagara and Bahamani Empires.

Discussion

1597.	State the social and economic conditions of the Indus people.
Answer» a. Social conditions: 1. Race: Experts are of the opinion, that the Indus people belonged to a mixed (admixtured) race of Proto- austroloids, Alpines, Mediterraneans, and Mongoloids. Some other scholars believed, that Dravidians founded the Indus culture. 2. Social divisions (classes): There was no caste system then. With the help of the excavations, historians have come to the conclusion that there was a fourfold division of the society based on occupations. They were probably, as follows. The first class was made up of priests, physicians, astrologers, etc., the second that of warriors, the third class consisted of traders and various artisans and the fourth one comprising of manual labourers and agriculturists who were the majority. 3. Dresses and ornaments: Both men and women used cotton and woollen threads as fabrics. Men wore an upper garment like shawl or cloak and their lower garment was dhoti. Women used skirts and a garment to cover their upper body and a kind of fan-shaped head-dress. They were conscious about their physical appearance. Women used cosmetics like face powder, lipsticks, eye ointment and accessories like mirrors, combs, and hairpins. 4. Ornaments: Ornaments were worn by men and women, like necklaces, anklets, girdles, armlets and finger rings. Women alone used girdles, nose studs, earstuds, anklets, etc. Rich amongst them used gold, silver, ivory, and semi-precious stone ornaments and the poor used shell, bone and copper ornaments. 5. Household articles: Highly sophisticated household articles were found at the Indus sites. They had used mud to make domestic vessels of different shapes and sizes, stands and storage jars. Vessels of copper, bronze, silver, and porcelain were also used and they knew how to make them. Toilet jars made of ivory, metal, pottery, and stones have been discovered at Harappa. 6. Food articles: Indus people consumed wheat, barley, rice, other grains, vegetables, fruits, and milk. Animal produce like beef, mutton, pork, fresh and dried fish, etc., were also consumed. 7. Amusements: The people had great love for indoor and outdoor games. Dice, balls, hunting, animal and bird fight were their entertainment games. Toys were made of terracotta consisting of rattles, whistles, carts, birds, and figures of men and women. Chanhudaro was a centre for toy products. 8. Weapons: Excavations have brought to light, weapons such as slings, maces, daggers, spears, bows, and arrows. No piece of iron has been discovered there and only weapons of defence have been found. Therefore, scholars hold the view, that Indus people were peace-loving people. b. Economic conditions : 1. Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation followed by cattle rearing and dairy farming. In those days, the Indus basin must have been much more fertile and received more rain. They produced wheat, barley, peas, sesame, mustard, rice, fruits, and vegetables. 2. Domestication of animals: The Indus people had domesticated a number of animals. They were cow, oxen, sheep, goat, dog, pig, cat, elephant, camel, buffaloe, humped bull, etc. They reared a fine breed of cattle, both for milk and meat purposes. 3. Industries: At both Mohenjodaro and Harappa, several industries including home- spun cloth were developed. There were professionals like potters, carpenters, jewellers, ivory workers, gold smiths, weavers, blacksmiths, and dyers. Chanhudaro became a great centre for pottery and terracotta toys. They produced artistically made stone beads. 4. Trade and commerce: Indus people had developed internal and external trade. External trade was with many countries of Western Asia, Egypt, Persia, Sumeria. Baluchistan etc., They used bullock carts as a means of transport to carry goods. Harappa, Lothal, Rupar, Kalibangan, Surkotada, and Chanhudaro were the main centers of trade. They carried on their trading activities through a barter system. They also had knowledge of the decimal system. The dockyard at Lothal (Gurajat) shows, that they carried on external trade through ships. They exported ivory, gold, beads, timber, etc, and imported precious stones, copper and tin. The uniform seals and a regular system of weights and measures have helped commercial transactions. Weight ratios were 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 160,200,320 and 640. Measurement of the linear scale used was 13.2 inches.

1597.

State the social and economic conditions of the Indus people.

Answer»

a. Social conditions:

1. Race: Experts are of the opinion, that the Indus people belonged to a mixed (admixtured) race of Proto- austroloids, Alpines, Mediterraneans, and Mongoloids. Some other scholars believed, that Dravidians founded the Indus culture.

2. Social divisions (classes): There was no caste system then. With the help of the excavations, historians have come to the conclusion that there was a fourfold division of the society based on occupations. They were probably, as follows. The first class was made up of priests, physicians, astrologers, etc., the second that of warriors, the third class consisted of traders and various artisans and the fourth one comprising of manual labourers and agriculturists who were the majority.

3. Dresses and ornaments: Both men and women used cotton and woollen threads as fabrics. Men wore an upper garment like shawl or cloak and their lower garment was dhoti. Women used skirts and a garment to cover their upper body and a kind of fan-shaped head-dress. They were conscious about their physical appearance. Women used cosmetics like face powder, lipsticks, eye ointment and accessories like mirrors, combs, and hairpins.

4. Ornaments: Ornaments were worn by men and women, like necklaces, anklets, girdles, armlets and finger rings. Women alone used girdles, nose studs, earstuds, anklets, etc. Rich amongst them used gold, silver, ivory, and semi-precious stone ornaments and the poor used shell, bone and copper ornaments.

5. Household articles: Highly sophisticated household articles were found at the Indus sites. They had used mud to make domestic vessels of different shapes and sizes, stands and storage jars. Vessels of copper, bronze, silver, and porcelain were also used and they knew how to make them. Toilet jars made of ivory, metal, pottery, and stones have been discovered at Harappa.

6. Food articles: Indus people consumed wheat, barley, rice, other grains, vegetables, fruits, and milk. Animal produce like beef, mutton, pork, fresh and dried fish, etc., were also consumed.

7. Amusements: The people had great love for indoor and outdoor games. Dice, balls, hunting, animal and bird fight were their entertainment games. Toys were made of terracotta consisting of rattles, whistles, carts, birds, and figures of men and women. Chanhudaro was a centre for toy products.

8. Weapons: Excavations have brought to light, weapons such as slings, maces, daggers, spears, bows, and arrows. No piece of iron has been discovered there and only weapons of defence have been found. Therefore, scholars hold the view, that Indus people were peace-loving people.

b. Economic conditions :

1. Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation followed by cattle rearing and dairy farming. In those days, the Indus basin must have been much more fertile and received more rain. They produced wheat, barley, peas, sesame, mustard, rice, fruits, and vegetables.

2. Domestication of animals: The Indus people had domesticated a number of animals. They were cow, oxen, sheep, goat, dog, pig, cat, elephant, camel, buffaloe, humped bull, etc. They reared a fine breed of cattle, both for milk and meat purposes.

3. Industries: At both Mohenjodaro and Harappa, several industries including home- spun cloth were developed. There were professionals like potters, carpenters, jewellers, ivory workers, gold smiths, weavers, blacksmiths, and dyers. Chanhudaro became a great centre for pottery and terracotta toys. They produced artistically made stone beads.

4. Trade and commerce: Indus people had developed internal and external trade. External trade was with many countries of Western Asia, Egypt, Persia, Sumeria. Baluchistan etc., They used bullock carts as a means of transport to carry goods. Harappa, Lothal, Rupar, Kalibangan, Surkotada, and Chanhudaro were the main centers of trade. They carried on their trading activities through a barter system. They also had knowledge of the decimal system.

The dockyard at Lothal (Gurajat) shows, that they carried on external trade through ships. They exported ivory, gold, beads, timber, etc, and imported precious stones, copper and tin. The uniform seals and a regular system of weights and measures have helped commercial transactions. Weight ratios were 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 160,200,320 and 640. Measurement of the linear scale used was 13.2 inches.

Discussion

1598.	Illustrate Hoysala contributions to religion and literature.
Answer» Hoysala rulers have contributed a lot in the fields of religion, literature, art, and architecture. A unique style of architecture and sculpture was developed during this period. It is known as ‘The golden age of temple architecture’. 1. Religion: The Hoysala period witnessed great religious activities. Hoysalas patronised Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism. Most of the Hoysala rulers were devout Jains and patronised Jainism. Bittideva (Vishnuvardhana) was initially a Jain, but by the influence of Ramanuja charya, he embraced Srivaishnavism. He changed his name from Bittideva to Vishunardhana. His Queen Shantaladevi and his general Gangaraja were Jains. Shaivism was encouraged by the Hoysala Kings like Ballala-II and Someshwara. Sivacharya wrote commentaries on the Gita and Brahma sastras. By the 12^th century, a dynamic form of Saivism known as Virasaivism came into existence. Ramanujacharya led the spread of Srivaishnavism in Karnataka. People had complete freedom in their religious activities. This led to the construction and renovation of a number of temples and basa dies in different parts of the Kingdom. 2. Literature: Kannada and Sanskrit literature flourished during this period. Nagachandra was patronised by Ballala-1. He was called as ‘Ahinava Pampa’ or ‘Kavita Manohara’. He was the author of books like Mallinathapurana, Ramachandra charitha, and Pampa Ramayana. Janna was in the court of Ballala-II, and he received the title ‘Kavichakravarthi’. Janna wrote Yashodacharilre and Ananthanatha Purana. Keshiraja wrote Shabdamanidarpana, the first Kannada grammer treatise. Nayasena was the author of Dharmamrutha. Among the several other celebrities were Harihara who wrote Girija Kalyana, Pampashataka and Shivaksharamale and Raghavanka, who wrote Harischandra kavya and Siddaramapurana. Rajadityawas the author of Kshetra Ganitha, Vyavahara .Ganitha and Leelavathi.’ Thrivikrama panditha wrote Ushaharana, Narayana panditha wrote Martdhava Vijaya and Maninianjari and Sakala, Vidyachak ravarthi-III wrote Rukmini Kalyana. All these were in Sanskrit.

1598.

Illustrate Hoysala contributions to religion and literature.

Answer»

Hoysala rulers have contributed a lot in the fields of religion, literature, art, and architecture. A unique style of architecture and sculpture was developed during this period. It is known as ‘The golden age of temple architecture’.

1. Religion: The Hoysala period witnessed great religious activities. Hoysalas patronised Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism. Most of the Hoysala rulers were devout Jains and patronised Jainism. Bittideva (Vishnuvardhana) was initially a Jain, but by the influence of Ramanuja charya, he embraced Srivaishnavism. He changed his name from Bittideva to Vishunardhana. His Queen Shantaladevi and his general Gangaraja were Jains.

Shaivism was encouraged by the Hoysala Kings like Ballala-II and Someshwara. Sivacharya wrote commentaries on the Gita and Brahma sastras. By the 12^th century, a dynamic form of Saivism known as Virasaivism came into existence. Ramanujacharya led the spread of Srivaishnavism in Karnataka. People had complete freedom in their religious activities. This led to the construction and renovation of a number of temples and basa dies in different parts of the Kingdom.

2. Literature: Kannada and Sanskrit literature flourished during this period. Nagachandra was patronised by Ballala-1. He was called as ‘Ahinava Pampa’ or ‘Kavita Manohara’. He was the author of books like Mallinathapurana, Ramachandra charitha, and Pampa Ramayana. Janna was in the court of Ballala-II, and he received the title ‘Kavichakravarthi’.

Janna wrote Yashodacharilre and Ananthanatha Purana. Keshiraja wrote Shabdamanidarpana, the first Kannada grammer treatise. Nayasena was the author of Dharmamrutha. Among the several other celebrities were Harihara who wrote Girija Kalyana, Pampashataka and Shivaksharamale and Raghavanka, who wrote Harischandra kavya and Siddaramapurana.

Rajadityawas the author of Kshetra Ganitha, Vyavahara .Ganitha and Leelavathi.’ Thrivikrama panditha wrote Ushaharana, Narayana panditha wrote Martdhava Vijaya and Maninianjari and Sakala, Vidyachak ravarthi-III wrote Rukmini Kalyana. All these were in Sanskrit.

Discussion

1599.	Explain the conquests of Samudra Gupta.
Answer» 1. Samudragupta (335 to 375 CE): The most outstanding ruler of the Gupta dynasty was Samudragupta, who was the son and successor of Chandragupta-I. He was an ambitious, ablest and most distinguished ruler and wanted to be an ‘Emperor’ (Chakravarthi). The Allahabad pillar inscription (Prayag) throws much light on his conquests and personal qualities. The author of this edict was Harisena, the court poet as well as the commander – in – chief of Samudragupta. It is in Sanskrit prose and verse and contains 33 lines. The inscription is in the nature of a prasasti (ponegric). The military conquests mentioned in the inscription may be divided into four distinct campaigns. 1. Northern campaign (Aryavartha): The early years of his reign were spent in subduing the provinces of the Gangetic plain called ‘Aryavartha’. According to the inscription, he defeated nine Kings in his northern campaign and annexed their territories into his Empire. The Rulers who were defeated by Samudragupta were 1. Nandin, 2. Balavarman, 3. Chandravarman, 4. Nagadatta, 5. Nagasena, 6. Ganapathinaga, 7. Achyutanaga, 8. Mathila and 9. Rudradeva. After the conquest, he performed Ashvvamedha Yaga and became the master of Aryavartha. 2. Conquest of the Forest Kingdoms (Central India): Samudragupta conquered the forest Kingdoms of Abhiras, Madrakas, Kakas, Reva, Jabalpur, Nagapurand Bhaghelkhanda in the upper Vindya regions, many of whom surrendered to him voluntarily. 3. Southern Campaign: After consolidating his authority in the north, he turned his attention towards the South and took an expedition. Samudragupta derived his name and fame by his compaigns in South India and he did not extend his direct rule over this region. The inscription refers to the twelve Kings of the south who were defeated and later reinstated to rule under him. They were : 1. Mahendra of Kosala, 2. Vyagraraja of Mahaknathara, 3. Mantaraja of Kowrala, 4. Mahendra of Pistapura. 5. Swamydatta of Kottura, 6. Damana of Yarandapalli, 7. Vishnugopa of Kanchi, 8. Hasthivarman of Vengi, 9. Neelaraja of Avamuktha, 10. Ugrasena of Palakkad, 11. Kubera of Devarashtra and 12. Dhananjaya of Kustalapura. The southern states were far away from his capital Pataliputra, and so they could not be brought under his direct control. The defeated rulers accepted his sovereignty and paid him tributes. No territory was annexed. 4. Annexation of the frontier Kingdoms: The frontier area also came under the control of Samudragupta. They accepted his authority and paid tributes to him. They were Kamarupa (Assam), Samataka (Bengal), Karthripura (Punjab), Devaka (Nepal) And Rohilkhanda. 5. Extended the Kingdom: Samudragupta’s Empire had extended from Bengal in the east to Punjab in the west, Himalayas in the north and up to the Vindya mountains in the south. The fame of Samudragupta reached far and wide. He maintained friendly relations with Ceylon. He was triumphant everywhere in India. Hence, Dr. V.A. Smith, the historian has called him as the ‘The Indian Napolean’. After his conquests, he performed ‘ Ashwamcda Yaga’ (horse sacrifice) to commemorate his victories. He also issued gold coins of various denominations. He composed many poems and thereby earned the title ‘Kaviraja’.

1599.

Explain the conquests of Samudra Gupta.

Answer»

1. Samudragupta (335 to 375 CE): The most outstanding ruler of the Gupta dynasty was Samudragupta, who was the son and successor of Chandragupta-I. He was an ambitious, ablest and most distinguished ruler and wanted to be an ‘Emperor’ (Chakravarthi).

The Allahabad pillar inscription (Prayag) throws much light on his conquests and personal qualities. The author of this edict was Harisena, the court poet as well as the commander – in – chief of Samudragupta. It is in Sanskrit prose and verse and contains 33 lines. The inscription is in the nature of a prasasti (ponegric). The military conquests mentioned in the inscription may be divided into four distinct campaigns.

1. Northern campaign (Aryavartha): The early years of his reign were spent in subduing the provinces of the Gangetic plain called ‘Aryavartha’. According to the inscription, he defeated nine Kings in his northern campaign and annexed their territories into his Empire. The Rulers who were defeated by Samudragupta were

1. Nandin,

2. Balavarman,

3. Chandravarman,

4. Nagadatta,

5. Nagasena,

6. Ganapathinaga,

7. Achyutanaga,

8. Mathila and

9. Rudradeva. After the conquest, he performed Ashvvamedha Yaga and became the master of Aryavartha.

2. Conquest of the Forest Kingdoms (Central India): Samudragupta conquered the forest Kingdoms of Abhiras, Madrakas, Kakas, Reva, Jabalpur, Nagapurand Bhaghelkhanda in the upper Vindya regions, many of whom surrendered to him voluntarily.

3. Southern Campaign: After consolidating his authority in the north, he turned his attention towards the South and took an expedition. Samudragupta derived his name and fame by his compaigns in South India and he did not extend his direct rule over this region. The inscription refers to the twelve Kings of the south who were defeated and later reinstated to rule under him. They were :

1. Mahendra of Kosala,

2. Vyagraraja of Mahaknathara,

3. Mantaraja of Kowrala,

4. Mahendra of Pistapura.

5. Swamydatta of Kottura,

6. Damana of Yarandapalli,

7. Vishnugopa of Kanchi,

8. Hasthivarman of Vengi,

9. Neelaraja of Avamuktha,

10. Ugrasena of Palakkad,

11. Kubera of Devarashtra and

12. Dhananjaya of Kustalapura.

The southern states were far away from his capital Pataliputra, and so they could not be brought under his direct control. The defeated rulers accepted his sovereignty and paid him tributes. No territory was annexed.

4. Annexation of the frontier Kingdoms: The frontier area also came under the control of Samudragupta. They accepted his authority and paid tributes to him. They were Kamarupa (Assam), Samataka (Bengal), Karthripura (Punjab), Devaka (Nepal) And Rohilkhanda.

5. Extended the Kingdom: Samudragupta’s Empire had extended from Bengal in the east to Punjab in the west, Himalayas in the north and up to the Vindya mountains in the south. The fame of Samudragupta reached far and wide. He maintained friendly relations with Ceylon. He was triumphant everywhere in India.

Hence, Dr. V.A. Smith, the historian has called him as the ‘The Indian Napolean’. After his conquests, he performed ‘ Ashwamcda Yaga’ (horse sacrifice) to commemorate his victories. He also issued gold coins of various denominations. He composed many poems and thereby earned the title ‘Kaviraja’.

Discussion

1600.

Dachigam National Park is in which state of India?1. Himachal Pradesh2. West Bengal3. Uttarakhand4. Jammu and Kashmir

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 4 : Jammu and Kashmir

The correct answer is Jammu and Kashmir.

Dachigam National Park has located 22 km (kilometer) from Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir.

It covers an area of 141 sq km (square kilometers).
The name literally stands for 'ten villages', which could be in memory of the ten villages that were relocated in order to create the park.
Dachigam was initially established to ensure the supply of clean drinking water to Srinagar city.
It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in the year of 1951.
In 1981, the Dachigam wildlife sanctuary declared as a National Park.

The park is best known as the home of the hangul, or Kashmir stag.

Discussion

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