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Organelles where protein synthesis take place Aibosome.

With the help of DBMS the present volume of sales is known and this information together with past records and perhaps statistics obtained from market research, forms some of the data needed for sales forecasting which in turn influence stock control. Computers are widely used in everyday cash transactions. Computer help to minimise excess stock and release money for other purpose.

Two or more attributes may be related in such a way that one or more becomes basic while other becomes dependent on that basic attribute. 

E.g.:- Date of birth of a person is a stored attribute while age of that person is derived attribute.

A Database Management system is a software system that manages the creation and use of databse. It is a general purpose software system which helps the users in the process of defining, creating, updating, reading, maintaining and protecting the database. All access to the database is through the database management system. It helps the users to obtain data in a more orderly and logical fashion.

Correct answer is (b) Histogram

An attribute with multiple values for an entity is called multivalued attributes. For example the qualifications of a person. The composite attributes can be divided into smaller sub-parts to represent some more basic attributes with independent meanings. For example – Name of a person that is normally subdivided into First name, Middle name, and Last name is a composite attribute. 

The composite and Multi-valued attributes may be grouped into constitute “Complex ones”. The paren-thesis () are used for showing grouping of components of composite attributes. The braces {} are used for showing the multi-valued attributes.

Absence of a data item is represented by a special value called null value. There are three situation which may require the use of null values. 

• When a particular attributes doesnot apply to an entity. 
• Value of an attribute is unknown, although it exists. 
• Unknown because it does not exist.

1. Insurance – To enter the data relating to the amounts of insurance premium paid, date of payment, date of maturity, etc. and to retrieve the same. 

2. Railway – For reservation of railway tickets. 

3. Bank – Money can be deposited in one bank and be withdrawn from another bank.

4. Telecom department – Enter customers details, amount of bill, date of payment, etc. 

5. Payroll department – To enter the name of the employee, amount and date of payment and type of employees.

Economic development refers to that process as a result of which, along with increase in real per capita income, there is reduction in inequality, poverty, illiteracy, and disease.

Each entity type that participates in a relationship type plays a particular role in the relationship. The role name signifies the role that a participating entity of an entity type plays in each relationship instance. 

In PREPARED BY relationship type, EMPLOYEE plays the role of document creator and voucher plays the role of document created. Entity TEACHER and Entity STUDENT are related with a relationship TEACHER – teach – STUDENT. The teaches is a participating role in the entity set TEACHER and STUDENT

The modern industries which were in operation in our country at the time of independence were: 

• Cotton and jute textile mills 
• The iron and steel company 
• Sugar industry
• Cement industry

1. Relational Data Model 

2. Hierarchical model 

3. Network model

a. The environment is able to perform its functions uninterruptedly so long as the demand for these functions is within the carrying capacity of the environment. This means that the resources are not extracted beyond the rate of their regeneration. 

If there is a disequilibrium (demand being more than supply), the environment fails to replenish itself and it will lead to environmental crisis. Thus, to maintain a healthy environment, the carrying capacity of the environment must be valued and respected.

b. The calorie based norms is not an adequate measure to identify the poor as this method does not differentiate between the very poor and the other poor. This mechanism takes into account expenditure on food and a few other items as proxy for income. It ignores many other vital factors associated with poverty; for instance, the accessibility to basic education, health care, drinking water and sanitation. 

Commercialisation of agriculture means the production of cash crops for the market rather than food crops for self consumption.

The primary motive of the colonial government behind the policy of systematic de-industrialization was two-fold: 

1. To turn India into a market of finished products of those industries which were established in Britain. 

2. To reduce India to a status of a mere exporter of important raw materials for the industries in Britain.

Periplanata americana belongs to the suborder Blattaria.

American cockroach is known as Periplaneta Americana.

‘Chipko Movement’ was started in Karnataka to save trees. The word ‘Chipko’ means ‘to hug’. On 8^th September 1983, 160 men, women and children hugged the trees in Salkani forest in Sirsi and forced the woodcutters to leave the ultimate aim of this movement is to save trees.

1. As the reserves are exhausted huge amount of money should be spent on research to explore new resources. 

2. Health cost of degraded environmental quality. 

3. Increased financial commitment for the government due to global warming and ozone depletion.

The following are the factors responsible for land degradation in India. 

1. loss of vegetation occurring due to deforestation. 

2. shifting cultivation. 

3. forest res. 

4. unsustainable fuelwood extraction. 

5. overgrazing. 

6. non-adoption of soil conservation measures.

1. Coal is a non-renewable energy.

2. Burning of fossil fuel leads to global warming.

3. Bio composts are used in organic farming.

4. CFCs cause ozone depletion.

The following strategies can be adopted for the sustainable development of our locality. 

• Use of solar power through photovoltaic cells 
• The practice of bio composting 
• Generating wind power 
• Using bio pest control

Frogs are beneficial for mankind because they eat insects and protect the crop. Frogs maintain ecological balance because these serve as an important link of food chain and food web in the ecosystem. In some countries the muscular legs of frog are used as food by man.

The environment performs four vital functions which are listed out below: 

1. It supplies resources: resources here include both renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable resources are those which can be used without the possibility of the resource becoming depleted or exhausted. 

That is, a continuous supply of the resource remains available. Examples of renewable resources are the trees in the forests and the fishes in the ocean. Nonrenewable resources, on the other hand, are those which get exhausted with extraction and use, for example, fossil fuel. 

2. It assimilates waste 

3. It sustains life by providing genetic and biodiversity and

4. It also provides aesthetic services like scenery etc.

1. Hepatic portal system 

2. Renal portal system

1. In frog: 

Mouth → Oesophagus → stomach → Intestine → Rectus → Cloacal aperture 

2. In coackroach: 

Mouth → Oesophagus → Crop → Gizzard → Mesentron → ileum → Colon → Rectum → Anus

1. Natural capital refers to the sum total of the natural resources and environment available to a country as a free gift of nature.

2. On the other hand, man-made capital refers to the stock of all such things which are produced by man for use as means of production.

1. Nictitating membrane 

2. Ten pairs 

3. Pericardium 

4. Cranium 

5. Tadpole

1. Gills 

2. Lungs 

3. Skin (cutaneous respiration)

1. Frog excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea. So they are called ureotelic animal, 

2. A pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder.

1. Cockroach: 

Excretion is performed by malpighian tubules. They absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them into uric acid which is excreted out through the hind gut. Therefore, cockroach is called Uricotelic. In addition, the fat body nephrocytes and uricose gland also help in excretion.

2. Frog: 

Excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys. Ureter, Urinary bladder and cloaca. Excretory wastes are carried by blood into the kidney where it is separated and excreted. The frog excrete urea and thus a ureotelic animal.

1. Tracts which opens to cloaca 

• Alimentary canal 
• Urinary canal 
• Reproductive tract 

2. Frog

1. No. There are two types of glands in our body. Exocrine gland and Endocrine gland.

•  Exocrine gland – ducted gland 

eg: Salivary gland 

• Endocrine gland – ductless gland 

eg: Thyroid gland 

2. Three types of junctions:

• Tight junction 
• Adhering junction 
• Gap junction

1. Prostomium is the front most part of the earth-worm. This is not called a true segment as it doesn’t contain typical organs of an annelida. Peristomium is from where the true segment of the earthworm body starts. 

2. Septal nephridia, present on both the sides of intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last that open into intestine.

Pharyngeal nephridia, present as three paired tufts in the 4^th , 5^th and 6^th segments Both are same structurally and functionally.

1. A – squamous epithelium 

B – Columnar epithelium 

2. Its locations and functions are:

• Both squamous and columnar epithelium are simple epithelium. Squamous epithelium is made up of a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. The columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall and slender cells.
• Squamous epithelium is found in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs and are involved in the functions like forming a diffusion boundary. Columnar epithelium is found in the lining of stomach and intestine and help in secretion and absorption.

1. Cockroach 

2. 4 pairs of spermathecae are located 6^th– 9^th segments. 

3. 2^nd – 6^th abdominal segments 

4. 10 segments

5. At the junction of midgut and hindgut. 

6. Paurometabolous

a. Labrum 

b. Mandible

c. Hypopharynx 

d. Maxilla 

e. Labium

(ii) pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is higher than that of oxygen in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pO2 is about 159 mm Hg. In alveolar air, it is about 104 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is lesser than that of carbon dioxide in alveolar air. In atmospheric air, pCO2 is about 0.3 mmHg. In alveolar air, it is about 40 mm Hg.

Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells are the cellular components of the blood.

1. Nephridia is the excretory organ of the earthworm or pheretima. 

2. There are three types of nephridia in the earthworm: 

• septal nephridia, present on both the sides of intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last that open into intestine, 
• integumentary nephridia, attached to lining of the body wall of segment 3 to the last that open on the body surface and pharyngeal nephridia, present as three paired tufts in the 4^th , 5^th and the segments.

1. Cockroach 

2. 4 pair of spermathecae are found in earthworm 

3. 2 large ovaries are found lying laterally in the 2^nd to the abdominal segment. 

4. The abdomen of cockroach consists of 10 segments. 

5. Malpighian tubules are the main excretory organs of the cockroach.

Answer is Typhlosole 

(ii) pO₂ higher will create the pressure gradient to facilitate the movement of O₂ from atmosphere to alveoli and pCO_{​​​​​​​2} lesser will create the movement of CO_{​​​​​​​2} from alveoli to atmosphere.

(b) brush bordered

Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of O₂ . Partial pressure of CO₂ , hydrogen ion concentration and temperature are the other factors which can interfere with this binding. Increased partial pressure of CO₂ can increase haemoglobin’s anity towards oxygen and vice-versa is also true.