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Indian sepoys began to be recruited in the British army from 1742.

(a) Subhash Chandra Bose

Baji Rao II the last Peshwa.

The Indian Reforms Association come in to being 1870.

Explain the ‘dialectics’ theory of Hegel. 

Points: • German Philosopher George, Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel insisted that historical reality should be presented in logical manner. 

• According to Hegel, grasp in meaning of any event happens in terms of two direct opposites. 

• Human mind cannot understand the true nature of that event, without understanding the opposites, for example, True-False, Good-Bad etc. 

• In order to understand the true nature of a thing, one needs to know both true or false, similarly good or bad. 

• In dialectics, a theory is proposed at the beginning which is called as Thesis. Then another theory is proposed which is contrary to the thesis. It is called as ‘Antithesis’. 

• After a through logical discussion of both a new thesis is proposed which includes the gist of both the thesis and antithesis.

Indian antiquities was a work of Christian Lassen.

Surendranath sen wrote the war which began for religion ended up as a war of independence

Freedom at midnight was co-authored with Dominique lapierre Larry Collins.

Points: • UNESCO declares list of world heritage sites in order to conserve cultural and natural heritage. 

• Kailas temple at Verul is world heritage site. 

• Caves and temple were built in Rashtrakuta period. 

• located at Aurangabad 

• Carved out of single stone. 

• intricate design and icons 

• ancient temple Ghrushneshwar is located near caves.

UNESCO declared list of world heritage site in order to conserve cultural and natural heritage 

J.B.Norton wrote the book Topics for Indian States Man.

The book entitled Indo-Aryans was authored by R. Mitra.

Charles Grant wrote the book, Observation on State and Society.

1. In excavation of Pompeii city in Italy. 

2. To build clay model fort in diwali. 

3. Young girls in India play popular traditional game of ‘Bhatukali’. It contains miniature replicas of kitchen utensils made of metals or wood.

Points: • To understand correct details of drapery, hair styles, arts in historical drama, cinema. 

• to create suitable environment, experts in backdrop, scenes, drawing, painting, arts and architecture are required. 

• planning of art direction and guide 

• Researcher, in field of languages and culture have job opportunities as dialogue writers.

K.P Jayaswal wrote book entitled Hindu polity.

1. Michel Foucault wrote the book entitled Árchaeology of Knowledge’. 

2. Freiedrich Max Muller translated the sanskrit text of ‘Hitopadesh’ into German. 

3. The earliest museum in the world was discovered in the excavations at the city of Ur. 

4. The Kushana period saw the rise of Mathura school.

Points: • magazines and journals are periodical publication • this category includes publications, which are weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, six monthly, annual etc. 

• periodical of my knowledge - Kishor • published by Balbharati 

• contains stories, poems, articles, puzzles 

• beautiful pictures as per the content 

• attractive cover page 

• easy language 

• useful for students 

• special editions during diwali festival every year

Points: Libraries : • storehouses of books 

• libraries perform various tasks like collecting books, arranging them systematically, conservation and preservation of these books, dissemination of information sources etc. 

• many of these tasks are completed with the help of computerised systems. 

• to make a book available to reader as per his/her requirement is the most important aspect of library management. Archives : 

• old, rare documents - then conservation 

• preserving documents with important content in their original condition, preparing, indexes and creating accurate system of its retrival are important tasks in management of archives. 

• archival sources are important and useful for research 

• India’s national archives is located at Delhi.

Points: • the games that are played in open grounds are outdoor games and indoor games are played within a closed environment 

• Outdoor games demand use of physical strength and indoor games demand use of intellectual/mental strength. 

• majority of outdoor games need big grounds on the contrary, indoor games can be played in small space. 

• outdoor games develop physical strength and indoor games develop intellectual abilities. 

• outdoor games Indian : langadi, kabaddi, khokho, atyapatya etc. foreign : hockey, cricket, football, golf etc. 

• for some outdoor games no material is required. 

• majority of outdoor games are played in teams. For example - Kabaddi, Cricket. 

• majority indoor games are played individually. For example, chess, carrom, cards etc. 

• World famous Olympic games include outdoor games in majority. Indoor games are not part of it.

Archives Management 

Points: • Need of archives, examples 

• types of documents 

• preservation of documents - need and importance 

• preparing indexes 

• retrieval of documents; reliability

Indoor and outdoor games 

Points: • Indoor games - examples, characteristics 

• Outdoor games - examples, characteristics 

• Information about games

Karl Marx’s ‘Class Theory’ 

Points: • Inequality in society 

• Division of society into classes 

• Class struggle 

• This theory put forth in ‘Das Kapital’.

The state emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus.

Economic Consequences:

(i) A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by migrants.

(ii) Remittances from the international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange.

(iii) Besides this, unregulated migration to the metropolitan cities of India has caused overcrowding.

Social Consequences:

(i) Migrants act as agents of social change.

(ii) Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures.

(iii) It has positive contribution such as evolution of composite culture and breaking through the narrow considerations and widens up the mental horizon of the people at large.

International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system. The history of international political system is traced back to the Peace of West Phalia (1648) and the treaty of Utrecht (1713). In 19^th century, the European Countries set the platform to understand the need for international political system. It gradually spread to other parts of the world. This development led to the establishment of International Organisations. In the meanwhile, the ‘ outbreak of first world war intensified the need for international political system. As a result, the League of Nations was conceived and it came 5 into existence in 1920.

League of Nations: To protect the world from self destruction of war and restoration of peace, the League of Nations came into existence. It was founded on the heritage of ideas and experience. of world leaders. The League was a real organisation with a legal entity, organs and agencies of its own. President Woodrow Wilson was the architect of this organisation. 

The league had three organs:

1. Assembly 

2. Council 

3. International Secretariat.

It was an organised Association of States for the purpose of international co-operation, settlement of disputes and prevention of future wars. Its covenant provided a number of agencies for the promotion of health, education and economic development as means to cement international cooperation and goodwill and thereby preventing wars.

But the League failed in its mission and closed in 1924.

Karl Marx's theory of alienation describes the estrangement (German: Entfremdung) of people from aspects of their human nature (Gattungswesen, 'species-essence') as a consequence of the division of labor and living in a society of stratified social classes.

Relative velocity is a difference in velocities of two objects where one is at rest with respect to another.

It can be expressed as V = Vab + Vbc when two bodies are in same direction.

When the birth rate is more than the death rate between the two points of time or when people from other countries migrate permanently to a region is called positive growth of population.
For geographical factors,

The three geographical factors which influence the distribution of the population in the world are as follows:
Availability of Water It is an essential component for life. The region with fresh water is the most preferred place to live in. That’s why places near river valleys are densely populated.

Landforms The region with fertile plain is most populated as compared to mountainous and hilly areas because these hinder the agricultural and industrial development.

Climate It plays a very important role in population concentration. This is because area having a moderate climate with moderate rainfall have more population whereas an area with heavy rainfall and harsh climate have low population.

Globalisation has changed different aspects of the Indian society in the last two decades, including the food habit of the Indian people. Indians, currently in their late 30s, used to ask their parents to buy ‘jhal-muri’ or ‘mumphali’ for them during their childhood. Times have changed and multinational fast food chains become quite familiar with the younger generation. Now-a-days, the young people prefer burgers, hot dogs, fried chickens, momos etc. They like to hang out in decorative and air-conditioned environment with variety of foods on their plates, with the growing number of food restaurant chains offering different recipes at comparatively ‘cheaper’ rates.The changing scenario has not only helped the food and beverage (F&B) industry strengthen its position in the Indian market, but also created job opportunities for a huge number of people. It has further allowed producers to get the right price for their food grains. It seems that a country like India, which is heavily dependent on the agriculture sector, is the ideal place for the F&B industry to boom.

Strength can be defined as the ability to overcome resistance or to act against resistance.

Types of strength:

Maximum Strength: It is the ability to overcome or to act against resistance. It is the maximum force that is applied by the muscles to perform any certain activity. For developing maximum strength intensity is high and repetitions are less.

Explosive Strength: It is a combination of strength and speed abilities. It is the ability to overcome resistance with high speed. For developing explosive strength, the intensity is sub-maximum and repetitions are performed as fast as possible.

Strength Endurance: It is the ability to overcome resistance or to act against resistance under conditions of fatigue.

Equality means all persons are equal and they should be given equal opportunities, considerations, recognition, and wages. Man fought forages for the equality of people. The concept of Equality originated and grew as a protest against the gross inequalities found in the societies. Only if all persons in the society are given equal opportunities, full individual development will be possible.

In the 16^th article of the Indian Constitution, the principle of Equality of Opportunities is mentioned. It means equal opportunities should be given to citizens in government services, educational institutions, etc. without any discrimination. All citizens are also given the right to vote on the basis of universal adult franchise. They have the right to contest in the elections and hold public offices. In all these, there are equal opportunities

a) Right to Vote 

b) Opportunity for jobs 

c) Reservation

Equality is the idea that all persons are equal.

Marxists refuse to accept the concept of natural equality.

• Most of the social, economic and political inequalities existing in human relations today are historically created. They are therefore not natural. 
• Since they are humanly created, they can be solved by human efforts. 
• The origin of this inequality comes from the division between mental and physical efforts and from the division between primary producers and the owners of production. 
• This division of labor led to the formation of two important classes. One class exploited the other. 
• Therefore for the Marxists, the problem of the abolition of inequality is primarily the problem of the abolition of class dominance, exploitation and class distinction. 
• Only in a society where there is no class distinction, can there be equality.
• The social control theory of such a society will be not “Each person according to his ability, but each person according to his needs.”

a) In a society, the efficient and just means of distributing resources and rewards is competition. 

b) Nation should ensure that all are given minimum standard of life and equal opportunities. 

c) There will be no inequality when competition is open and free. 

d) Political, economic and social opportunities are not mutually connected.

It was in the French Revolution that the slogan “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” was raised.

Lack of circumstances in which a poor man can’t use his voting right properly. 

Misuse of voting rights. 

Poverty 

Inability of the poor to hold high ranks and have authority. 

Illiteracy 

Unemployment 

The rich taking control of the political parties. 

Lack of honest media, both print and electronic 

Casteism

The cache memory is one of the fastest memory. Though it is costlier than the main memory but more useful than the registers. The cache memory basically acts as a buffer between the main memory and the CPU. Moreover, it synchronizes with the speed of the CPU. Besides, it stores the data and instructions which the CPU uses more frequently so that it does not have to access the main memory again and again. Therefore the average time to access the main memory decreases.

It is placed between the main memory and the CPU. Moreover, for any data, the CPU first checks the cache and then the main memory.

There are two types, as follows:

Primary Cache

It’s located on the processor chip always. Besides, its access time is comparable to the processor.

Secondary Cache

This memory is present between the primary cache and the main memory. Besides, we can also call it level 2 (L2) cache.

(b) Brahmagupta

F(A, B, C) = A' (BC' + B'C)

F' = (A' (BC' + B'C))'

= A + (BC' + B'C)' 

 = A + (BC')' (B'C)' 

 = A + (B' + C) (B + C')

The Ramayana narrates events believed to have taken place in the Treta Yuga or age. 

The correct answer is 2045.

• Some important features of Population Policy 2000
  • To get the maximum benefit from reproductive health services, The Policy reiterated the government’s resolve to push for voluntary and informed choice and agreeability of citizens. 
  • It embarks on a policy outline for the government for the next ten years to grow the reproductive and child health needs of the people of India.

• The population policy 2000 aims at curbing the IMR to less than 30 per 1000 live births.
• School education to be made free and mandatory up to the age of 14.
• This will also include a plan to check the drop-out rate of girls and boys.
• The Rate of Maternal Mortality will also be brought down to less than 100 per 1,00,000 live births.
• The population policy will also act against child marriage and promote 20 years as the right marriageable age for girls.

Correct answer is Sabarmati

The Correct Answer is ​Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

• MGNREGA was enacted in 2005 as the largest work guarantee program in the world.
• The primary objective was to guarantee 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.

Right to Work and MGNAREGA

• The MGNAREGA Act provides a legal right to employment for adult members of rural households. 
• At least one-third of beneficiaries have to be women. 
• Wages must be paid according to the wages specified for agricultural labourers in the state under the  Minimum Wages Act, 1948 unless the central government notifies a wage rate (this should not be less than Rs 60 per day). 
• At present, wage rates are determined by the central government but vary across states, ranging from Rs 135 per day to Rs 214 per day.

Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Mission

• Ayushman Bharat is National Health Protection Scheme that covers over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries).
• It provides coverage up to 5 lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
• Ayushman Bharat - National Health Protection Mission has subsumed centrally sponsored schemes - Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and the Senior Citizen Health Insurance Scheme (SCHIS).

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwal Yojna

• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana is a scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas for providing LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.
• The Scheme provides financial support of Rs 1600 for each LPG connection to the BPL households, interest-free loan to purchase stove and refill by Oil Marketing Companies.

Saubhagya Scheme

• Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – ‘Saubhagya’ was launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on 25th September 2017.
• Under Saubhagya free electricity connections to all households (both APL and poor families) in rural areas and poor families in urban areas are provided.

The correct answer is Jalaun.

• One District, One Product Programme aims to encourage indigenous and specialized products and crafts in India.
• It was first started by the Uttar Pradesh government.
• This scheme will provide job opportunities to 25 lakh unemployed candidates across the state.
• Improvement in product quality and skill development is one of the main objective of the One District, One Product Programme.
• Uttar Pradesh government had launched this scheme on 24 January 2018.
• "Handmade Paper" is selected as a product from the Jalaun district of Uttar Pradesh under the "One District One Product" scheme.

​

• "Moonj Products" is selected as a product from the Amethi district of Uttar Pradesh under the "One District One Product" scheme.
• "Decorative Products" is selected as a product from the Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh under the "One District One Product" scheme.
• "Banana Fiber Products" is selected as a product from the Kushinagar district of Uttar Pradesh under the "One District One Product" scheme.
• List of Products in UP under One District One Product Scheme:

मनुष्य है वही जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे!
सुजानपुर गाँव में भारी सूखा पड़ा था | गाँव के सभी पोखर तालाब और कुण्ड सूख गए | लोग त्राहि-त्राहि करने लगे | आसपास के गाँवों में पानी के पोखर तो थे परंतु वहां से पानी भर कर लाना टेढ़ी खीर थी, क्योंकि ऐसा जल स्त्रोत आठ मील से कम दूरी पर न था | पर्वतीय क्षेत्र होने के कारण वहां कुआँ खोदना अत्यंत कठिन था |
गाँव के लोग दिन रात आकाश की ओर मुँह उठाए रहते | संभवतः वर्षा आ जाए | आज आए या कल आए | वे अपने सभी बर्तनों को आँगन में बिछाए रखते ताकि वर्षा होने पर भरे जा सके | भेड़-बकरियाँ प्यास के कारण मरने लगी | लोग आस्थावादी थे | उनका तरह-तरह का जादू टोनों और मत-मतांतरो में अटूट विश्वास था | किसी ने सुझाव दिया कि देवलपुर के श्मशान में एक अघोरी रहता है | वह हर मुसीबत का हल बताता है परंतु बताता केवल अमावस की रात को ही है | अतः तय हुआ कि दो प्रतिनिधि देवलपुर भेजे जाए | गाँव में से दो युवकों को तैयार किया जो थोड़े जागरूक थे | दोनों युवकों ने आकर बताया कि “बाबाजी का कहना है कि गाँव के पूर्व में रानी माँ के मंदिर के पास कुआँ खोदा जाए तो पानी की कमी नहीं रहेगी |” परंतु वहाँ की ज़मीन खोदना बड़ी मुश्किल बात थी |परंतु बाबाजी ने कहा कि “कोशिश करोंगे तो सदा-सदा का झंझट कट जाएगा | सर्वसम्मति से तय हुआ कि प्रत्येक घर के जवान लोग खुदाई के काम में जुटेंगे | खुदाई चल रही थी | कुदाली चलाना दूभर था | हर एक के मन में आस्था थी | विश्वास था और सबसे बढ़कर जीवित रहने की ललक थी | सब बुरी तरह थक चुके थे | किसी में आगे बढ़ने की हिम्मत नहीं थी | सभी निराश होकर वापस अघोरी बाबा के पास वापस गए | अघोरी बाबा ने कहा कि जल देवता इस गाँव से रुष्ट हैं | उन्हें केवल बलि देकर मनाया जा सकता है | और सिर्फ नर बलि | सभी सोच में पड़ गए | आखिर बलि देगा कौन? सभी एक दूसरे को देखने लगे | कुछ क्षण ऐसे बीते मानो वहाँ कोई मुर्दों की सभा हो | कोई शांत, कोई मौन, कोई चिंतित तो कोई भयभीत था | तभी पंडित रामनाथ उठे | उन्होंने कहा, “भाइयों मरना तो सभी को है | फिर हमारी मृत्यु तो और निकट है | यूँ ही प्यास से मरने से बेहतर होगा कि औरों को जीवन देने के लिए मरा जाए | महर्षि दधीचि ने सहर्ष अपना जीवन देवराज इंद्र को सौंप दिया था ताकि उनकी अस्थियों से व्रज नामक अस्त्र बनाया जा सके और राक्षसों का संहार हो सके | मैं दधीचि जैसे महान तो नहीं परंतु स्वयं को गाँव के लिए बलिदान करना चाहता हूँ | जाओ बलि की तैयारी करो, में मानता हूँ कि मनुष्य वही है जो मनुष्य के लिए मरे |
बलि देना एक घोर अपराध है | बलि मनुष्य की तो दूर पशुओं की भी नहीं दी जानी चाहिए | परंतु उस काल में अंधविश्वास बहुत था | लोग नहीं माने | अतः पंडित रामनाथ की बलि कुएँ की जगत पर चढ़ा दी | दंतकथा है कि उसके बाद की गई खुदाई से कुएँ में जल आ गया था |

रश्मिरथी  रामधारीसिंह  दिनकर जी का खंड काव्य हैं.
इसमें  महाभारत  का अनुपम दानी  कर्ण  का चित्रण  मिलता  है I

               रश्मिरथी  का अर्थ होता है ,सूर्य की किरणों  का  रथ I   सूर्य के बेटे ,कुंती पुत्र  महारथी  कर्ण  का यशोगान  करना ही  काव्य का उद्देश्य है I महाभारत  में यशस्वी  दानी पात्र कर्ण हैंI

कर्ण  की कथा की पृष्टभूमि  में वह  अपनी माँ  से  ठुकरा हुआ  पात्र  हैI  कर्ण की माँ  कुमारी थीIतब  कर्ण  का जन्म हुआI लोक मर्यादा की रक्षा के लिए कुंती ने  अपने नवजात शिशु को एक  मंजूषा में बंद करके नदी में  बहा दियाI  वह मंजूषा  अधिरथ नाम के सूत को मिलीI 
अधिरथ  संतान भाग्य से वंचित थाI  मंजूषा में कर्ण-कुंडल  से युक्त तेजोमय  शिशु को देखकर अत्यंत प्रसन्न हो गया Iअधिरथ और उनकी पत्नी राधा दोनों अति प्यार से बच्चे को लालन-पालन करने लगेI.
बच्चे का नाम  कर्ण  पड़ाIराधा के पालित होने से कर्ण का दूसरा नाम पड़ा राधेयI

    कथा अति प्राचीन काल की हैI हस्तिनापुर  का  प्रतापी राजा ययाति थाI  उनके  बाद उनका छोटा पुत्र  पुरु  राजा  बनाI पुरु वंश  में  भरत  हुए I  आगे इसी वंश में कुरु  पैदा हुए I उनके नाम से  उनके वंशज  कौरव  कह्लाये  गए I द्वापर युग के  अंत  में महात्मा शांतनु  का जन्म हुआI शांतनु  और गंगा  की शादी  हुई I शांतनु  का  पुत्र था  देवव्रतI शांतनु  ने निषाद कन्या सत्यव्रत  से शादी की I सत्यव्रत के  पिता के शर्त  के अनुसार  देवव्रत  ने आजीवन ब्रह्मचारी रहने की प्रतिज्ञा  की I इसलिए देवव्रत का नाम भीष्म पड़ा I शांतनु और सत्यव्रत  के दो पुत्र हुएI उनके नाम थे  चित्रांगद और विचित्र वीर्यI चित्रांगद  को  गन्धर्व  ने युद्ध में मार डाला I
  युद्ध क्षेत्र में  वीर गति मिली I भीष्म  ने जबरदस्त अम्बिका और  अम्बालिका  को ले आयेI उन दोनों की शादी विचित्र वीर्य से हुई I पर क्षय रोग से पीडित विचित्र वीर्य  मर गया Iसत्यवती  वंश वृद्धि  की चिंता में  थी Iभीष्म  की सलाह  से वेदव्यास  को सत्यवती ने बुलाया और अनुरोध किया  कि  अम्बिका और अम्बालिका को  पुत्र  दें I  वेदव्यास अम्बिका से मिलने गए तो उनके भयानक रूप देखकर डर गयी  और आँखें बंद  कर  लीI  इसी कारण से अम्बिका  का  पुत्र अँधा हुआ I उनका नाम  पड़ा ध्रुतराष्ट्र I 

उसके बाद छोटी बहु अम्बालिका  गयी ,डर  के कारण उसका मुख पीला पड़ गयाI उसके  पुत्र  का  नाम  पीलापन पड़ने से पांडू   पड़ा I गंधार  देश  के राजा सुबल गांधारी से ध्रुतराष्ट्र  की शादी हुई I पांडू राजा की दो शादियाँ हुईंI पहली  पत्नी शूरसेन की पुत्री  पृथा  या  कुंती  थी  और  दूसरी  थी 
मद्रदेश  की राज  कन्या  माद्री के  साथ I 
   कुंती को विवाह के पहले ही कर्ण का जन्म हुआ I कुंती  ने लोक लज्जा से बचने  शिशु को एक मंजूषा में बंद करके नदी में  बहा दिया  I  वही  रश्मिरथी  का  नायक  कर्ण है I
    पांडू ऋषी  के शाप के  कारण  स्त्री से शारीरिक सम्बन्ध नहीं रख सकते I पांडू  ने कुंती से संतानोत्पत्ति  के लिए  आग्रह किया I कुंती को  शादी  के पहले ही एक मन्त्र मालूम था,जिसके बल अविवाहिता  को कर्ण का  जन्म हुआ I  अब उसी मन्त्र से धर्मराज  को बुलाया और युधिष्ठिर का जन्म हुआI  पवन देव  से  भीम और इंद्र  से अर्जुन  का  जन्म हुआ I माद्री के गर्भ  से अश्विनी कुमारों  की दया से   दो पुत्र हुए -नकुल और सहदेव  I  पांडू के निधन होते  ही कुंती ने पाँचों पुत्रों का पालन पोषण कियाI  
  ध्रुतराष्ट्र के  सौ पुत्र हुए. बचपन से ही पांडू पुत्र और्  ध्रुतराष्ट्र के पुत्रों में द्वेष भाव और दुश्मनी थी  I

ध्रुतराष्ट्र  का  बड़ा  पुत्र  दुर्योधन था  I  युधिष्ठिर  ने आधा राज्य माँगा  तो  

दुर्योधन ने   नहीं कह दिया I  कृष्ण दूत बनकर गया तो  दुर्योधन  ने कहा --हे कृष्ण !सुई के नूक बराबर  की भूमि  भी पांडवों के लिए नहीं दूँगा  I  अब  पांडव युद्ध  करने विवश हो गए I

रश्मिरथी  का उद्देश्य कर्ण की कीर्ति पर चार चाँद लगाना हैI इसमें  दिनकर जी को पूरी सफलता मिली  है I