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Concept:

In a DC shunt generator, generated emf is given by

Eg = Vt + IaRa

In a DC shunt motor, back emf is given by

Eb = V_t – IaRa

Where Ia is armature current

Ra is armature resistance

N is speed 

E ∝  N

Given:

Speed of generator (N_g) =  800 rpm

Terminal voltage (V_t) = 220 V

Armature resistance (Ra) = 0 Ω 

Armature current (I_a) = 20 A

Eg = V + IaRa

= 220 + 20 (0) = 220 V

Eb = V - IaRa

= 220 - 20 (0) = 220 V

\(\frac{E_g}{E_b}=\frac{N_g}{N_m}\)

\(\frac{E_g}{E_m}=\frac{220}{220} = 1\)

E_m = E_g = 800 rpm

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only 

Combustor should not have high rate of combustion, else the flame may die out.

The correct answer is Jayapa's Nritta Ratnavali.

• The dance sculptures found in the Ramappa temple at Palampet were said to have been based on the principles found in the Jayapa's Nritta Ratnavali.
• Nataraja Ramakrishna revived Perini Sivatandavam (Perini Dance), by seeing the sculptures in this temple. The dance poses, written in Nritta Rathnavalid by Jayapa Senaani, also appear in these sculptures.

• Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreshwara temple, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Telangana, India. it was construction started in the year 1213 CE by Recharla Rudra, a General of Kakatiya ruler Ganapati Deva 1199–1262.
• Temple is carved as mythical animals or female dancers or musicians, and are "the masterpieces of Kakatiya art, notable for their delicate carving, sensuous postures, and elongated bodies and heads".
• The roof (garbhalayam) of the temple is built with bricks, which are so light that they are able to float on water. There are two small Shiva shrines on either side of the main temple. The enormous Nandi within, facing the shrine of Shiva.
• From the temple’s eastern entrance, one can see sculptures of dancing girls on both sides. Dance guru Nataraja Ramakrishna used the dance poses carved in this temple to revive Perini Sivatandavam, a Kakatiya-era warrior dance form performed by men.

Guru Gobind Singh was the son of Tegh Bahadur.

The correct answer is B, C, and D.

• 6th century B.C. forms an important landmark in ancient Indian history as it witnessed the emergence of sixteen great states (Mahajanapadas) in the political firmament of India.
• In order to know about the political condition of India, one has to depend largely on different religious literature.
• These are:
  • Later Vedic Literature such as the Puranas, Mahabharata, and Ramayana.
  • The Buddhist literature‘ namely Digha Nikaya”, ‘Anguttara Kiaya’, “Kumbhakara Jataka”.
  • The Jaina literatures like the “Bhagabati Sutra, Uttaradhyayana Sutra.”

• Angultara Nikaya and Digha Nikaya is a Buddhist scripture.
• This Buddhist scripture mentions sixteen great states (Sodasa Mahajanapadas).
• Bhagavati Sutra is a sutra of Jainism, gives a list of sixteen Mahajanapadas.
• Arthashastra - It is an ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy written by Kautilya.

The correct answer is Lord Canning.

• Lord Canning:
  • ​He served as Governor-General of India from 1856 to 1862.
  • During his tenure, the Government of India Act, 1858 was passed which created the office of Viceroy to be held by the same person who was Governor-General of India.
  • Thus, he also served as the first Viceroy of India.
  • The important events during his tenure include:
    • The Mutiny of 1857, which he was able to suppress successfully,
    • Passing of Indian Councils Act, 1861 which introduced a portfolio system in India.
    • Withdrawal of “Doctrine of Lapse” was one of the main reasons for the mutiny of 1858.
    • Introduction of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
    • Civil Procedure Code was enacted.
    • Enactment of Indian High Courts Act.
    • Indian Penal Code (1858)
    • Bengal Rent Act (1859)
    • Introduction of Income-tax on an experimental basis etc.

The correct answer is Samudragupta.

• The Gupta empire was founded by Sri Gupta. 
• The Gupta Empire rose in Magadha around the 4th century AD and covered the greater part of Northern India.
• The Gupta Period is popularly known as the ‘Golden Age of India’.
• There is very little information about the first two rulers of the Gupta dynasty.
• The important rulers of the Gupta dynasty were:
  • Chandragupta I - (320 - 330 A.D.)
  • Samudragupta - (330 - 380 A.D.)
  • Chandragupta II - (480 - 415 A.D.)
  • Kumaragupta - (415 - 455 A.D.)

Samudragupta (335AD-380 AD):

• Samudragupta was the greatest king of the Gupta dynasty.
• The most detailed and authentic record of his reign is preserved in the Prayaga Prasasti/Allahabad pillar inscription which was composed by his court poet Harisena.
• His military campaigns justify the description of him as the Napoleon of India by V.A. Smith.
• He assumed titles such as Kaviraja Param Bhagavat Ashvamedha, parakrama Vikram Sarva-rajochchhetta.

​Thus, Samudragupta is called the 'Napoleon of India'.

• Chandragupta Maurya was called  Sandrocottus/Androcottus by Greek scholars.
• Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty. Ashoka was also known as Devanam Priyadasi.

The correct answer is Dholavira.

• The site was in news quite recently and it is expected that you know this. Dholavira is located on Kadir island in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
• The city had an impressive and unique water harvesting and management system.
• It can be noted that this area receives less than 160 cm of rain every year and is very prone to droughts. 
• A sophisticated water management system demonstrates the ingenuity of the Dholavira people in their struggle to survive and thrive in a harsh environment.
• Underground structures have revealed an intricate system of interconnected water reservoirs, check dams, bunds for diverting the water of Manhar river to a reservoir.
• At the rest of the sites mentioned in the options, such elaborate water harvesting structures have not been found. 

First, we will consider the statement of Assertion (A), 

• The Gupta Empire was one of the most prosperous during its time. 
•  Hinduism was widely practised during the Gupta Empire. The ideas and features of Hinduism have aided the religion in surviving over time. . 
• Those who practised Hinduism to a serious extent eventually broke into two sects came into existence--Vaishnavism and Shaivism.
• Vaishnavism was mostly prevalent in Northern India while the Shaivism in southern India. At this time the tantric (liberation of consciousness) beliefs had left their mark on Hindu religion.
• An important feature of Vaishnavism in the Gupta period is the conception of Lakshmi or Sri as Vishnu’s wife. A second wife of Vishnu was sup­posed to be the Earth, called Vaishnavi in some epigraphs.
• Therefore, this was also the beginning of the worship of wives/consorts of Indian Gods such as Lakshmi, Parvati, Durga, Kali and other goddesses
•  Hinduism also underwent some important changes during these times. The sacrifice was replaced by worship (pooja) and mediation of the Brahmins was somewhat replaced by Devotion and Bhakti. 
• Hence, the statement is given in Assertion (A) is true.

In the next step, we will consider Reason (R).

• Chinese pilgrims visiting India between 400 and 700 CE discerned a decline in the Buddhist community and the beginning of the absorption of Indian Buddhism by Hinduism. Among these pilgrims was Faxian, who left China in 399, crossed the Gobi, visited various holy places in India, and returned to China with numerous Buddhist scriptures and statues.
• During this period Buddhist monastic centres proliferated, and there developed diverse schools of interpretation, distinctively Mahayana tendencies began to take shape.
• One of the oldest surviving stone structures in India and a specimen of Buddhist architecture, the Great Stupa at Sanchi.
• One of the best conserved Stupas, the Great Stupa at Sanchi with its four ornamental toranas or gateways lures visitors from all over the world to this day who spend hours at the site marvelling at this Buddhist architectural masterpiece and the richness of its sculptures.
• The great Maurya ruler, Ashoka, who reigned over the entire subcontinent between 268 and 232 BCE, can be credited for laying the foundation of a typical Vihara (Buddhist monastery) architecture as evident in Sanchi.
• Nalanda, ancient university and Buddhist monastic centre southwest of Bihar Sharif in central Bihar state, northeastern India. Nalanda’s traditional history dates to the time of the Buddha (6th–5th centuries BCE).
• Here statement of the Reason (R) is also true.

Conclusion- We can say that both statements of Assertion and Reason are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(a) Guru Gobind Singh ji instructed the sikhs of Punjab in his Hukamnama to consider Banda Bahadur as their leader in their struggle against the Mughals.

(b) The Subedar of Sirhand Wazir Khan had troubled Guru Gobind Singh ji throughout his stay in Punjab. Besides, the two young Sahibzadas were bricked alive in a wall on his orders. So Banda Bahadur wanted to avenge the heinous crimes committed by Wazir Khan. As he marched towards Sirhind, many people rallied under his flag. A nephew of Sucha Nand, who was an employee of Sirhand administration, also joined the Sikh army along with his thousand soldiers. However, later he deserted the Sikh army. On the otherside, Wazir Khan had twenty thousand soldiers at his disposal. On May 22, 1710 A.D. a fierce battle between two armies took place at Chapparchiri, a place 16 kilometers away from Sirhind, Wazir Khan was slain in this battle. The enemy army became the victim of the swords of Sikhs in large numbers. The dead body of Wazir Khan was hanged from a tree. Suchha Nand, who had master minded the attrocities on Sikhs, his nose was pierced and was paraded, in the town.

The correct answer is Amarkantak.

• Amarkantak was known as Maikal in ancient history.

• It is known as Teerthraj or The King of Pilgrims.
• It is surrounded by three mountain ranges Satpura, Vindhya, and Maikal.
• It is at a height of 3500 ft from mean sea level.
• Three rivers Narmada, Johila, and Son originates from here.
  • It is one of the best examples of radial drainage pattern found in the country.

• Bhojpur is famous for Bhojeshwar Temple.
  • It was built by Parmara King Bhoj in the 11th century.
• Bhedaghat is famous for the Dhunadhar waterfall of the Narmada river.
  • It is located near the Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh.
  • Rocks of marble can be found here.
• Khajuraho is famous for its 85 Hindu and Jain temples.
  • It was named as “City of Gods” given by Muslim historian Abu Rihan Alberuni.
  • Khajuraho group of temples were included in the UNESCO world heritage site list in the year 1986.

The correct answer is 3 only.

• Panini
  • He was born in Shalatula on the Indus River in present-day Pakistan.
  • He was a Sanskrit grammarian and gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology.
  • He is considered the founder of the language and literature of Sanskrit.
  • His major work involves treatise called Astadhyayi (or Astaka). It consists of eight chapters, each subdivided into quarter chapters.
  • Under Astadhyayi, he distinguished between the language of sacred texts and the usual language of communication.
  • He gave formal production rules and definitions to describe Sanskrit grammar.
  • He gave about 1700 basic elements like nouns, verbs, vowels, consonants he put them into classes.
• Pushyamitra Shunga is a post-Mauryan king whereas the birth year of Panini is not known. Experts give dates of Panini in the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th century which are all Pre-Mauryan. Hence, Pair 1 is not correct.
• Amarsimha
  • He was a Sanskrit grammarian and poet from ancient India.
  • He is said to have been "one of the nine gems that adorned the throne of Vikramaditya".
  • Most of his work was destroyed with the exception of the 'Amara-Kosha'.
  • The Amarakosha is a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, in three books, and hence sometimes called Trikanda or the "Tripartite".
• Harshavardhana is a post-Gupta king and Amarasimha belongs to the Gupta era. Hence, Pair 2 is not correct.
• Kalidasa
  • He is often considered ancient India's greatest playwright and dramatist.
  • Malavika and Agnimitra, Urvashi, and Shakuntala are his the most known dramas.
  • His poetry was based on the Vedas, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas.
• According to traditional lore, Kalidasa belonged to the court of Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya (Chandra Gupta II). However, the dates of his life events are disputed. Hence Pair 3 is correct.

• As they were building huge forts and maintaining big armies, they needed more resources.
• Instead of depending on occasional gifts brought by people, as in the case of the raja of the janapadas, they started collecting regular taxes.
• Taxes on crops were the most important. This was because most people were farmers.
• There were taxes on craftspersons as well.
• Herders were also expected to pay taxes in the form of animals and animal produce. There were also taxes on goods that were bought and sold, through trade.
• And hunters and gatherers also had to provide forest produce to the raja.

The correct answer is playwrights.

• Bhavabhuti was a famous Sanskrit playwright who wrote famous plays like Mahaviracharita, Malatimadhava etc.
  • He is believed to be the court poet of King Yashovarman of Kannauj.
• Hastimalla wrote 8 plays including VikrantKaurava and Subhadra Harana.
  • He was a noted Kannada poet and playwright in the Hoysala Empire.​
• Kshemeshvara is also playwright in the ancient period. 

The correct answer is ports handling foreign trade.

• The wealth of the Roman Empire reached India through the ports of Kalyan, Chaul, Broach, and Cambay in Western India.
  • Chaul was one of the ports in the Gupta dynasty.
• In the Andhra region, the ports were Kadura and Ghantasala, Kaveripattanam (Puhar) and Tondail were the ports of the Pandya region.
• Hence the correct answer is ports handling foreign trade.

• Merchants thronging sea-port towns like Mamallapuram engaged in loading and unloading vessels in the harbor.
• Important ancient ports Arikamedu, Bharuch, Calicut, Lothal, Muziris, Poompuhar, Tuticorin Port.
• The ports of Kottayam and Muziris were on the Malabar coast. 
• There was a great maritime trade between India and Southeast Asia and China.
• Tamralipti was an important port in Bengal. It carried on trade with China, Lanka, Java, and Sumatra.

• In India, evidence of shipbuilding, port, and warehouse installations are datable to Harappan culture.
• The important Harappan and late Harappan ports were Lothal, Lakhabawal, Kindarkhera, Kuntasi, Megham, Prabhasa, Todio, Amra.
• The excavations of these sites have yielded antiquities of Bahrain island, Persian Gulf, Egypt, and Mesopotamia cities.
• The same maritime traditions continued even during the lifetime of Buddha, the Mauryas, the Gupta, and in the later periods.
• During the historical period, India had trade and cultural contacts with Egypt, Rome, Greeks, Arabs, China, and most all Southeast Asian countries. through these ports.

The correct answer is Fifteen years

• Section 21 of the Trade Union Act 1926 states that anyone who attains the age of 15 and above can become a member and for office bearers, it's 18 and above.

    Features of Trade Union Act 1926

• It gives legal and corporate status to the trade union.
• It’s applicable to not only the union of workers but also to the association of employers.
• It also mentions various objects on which the general fund of the trade union can be spent.
• Provide for creation of a separate fund for political purposes.
• It confers the certain right to Trade Union and makes clear their liability.
• It intends to promote cordial relations between employers and their employees and facilitate the peaceful settlement of the dispute by adjudication or arbitration.
• It doesn't make registration of trade union compulsory but provides certain benefit, for example, registered trade unions are recognized as a legal entity, office bearers of trade union get protection, an agreement between trade union given validity.
• Section 21 anyone who attains the age of 15 and above can become a member and for office bearers, it's 18 and above.
• Mode of registration is that any 7 or more members of a trade union may by subscribing their name to the rules of Trade Union and its compliance.
• However, No trade union of workmen shall be registered unless at least 10% or 100 of workmen, whichever is less, engaged or employed in establishment in which it’s connected.

The correct answer is Brihatkatha.

•  Bṛhatkatha is an ancient Indian epic (Sanskrit, the Great Narrative) said to have been written by Guṇaḍhya in a poorly-understood language known as Paisaci language.
• The work no longer exists but several later adaptations the Kathāsaritsagara, Bṛhatkathamanjari, and Bṛhatkathaslokasaṃgraha in the Sanskrit language, as well as the Vasudevahiṃḍi and Peruṅkatai.
• The date of its composition is uncertain. According to testimonials by later Sanskrit poets such as Subandhu, Daṇḍin, and Baṇa, the Bṛhatkatha existed in the 6th century CE.

• Rajashekhara wrote the Kavyamimamsa between 880 and 920 CE.  He was the court poet of the Gurjara Pratiharas dynasty.
• The Amarakosha was written by the ancient Indian scholar Amarasimha in the Sanskrit language. It is the popular name for Namalinganushasanam.

The correct answer is Guru Arjan Dev.

• Guru Arjan Dev was the fifth guru from 1581 to 1606.
• He became the first great martyr in Sikh history when Emperor Jahangir ordered his execution. Thus, he was hailed as Shaheedan-de-Sartaj (The crown of martyrs).
• He compiled the Adi Granth, the scriptures of the Sikhs.
• He completed construction of Sri Darbar Sahib also known as Golden Temple in Amritsar.
• He founded the town of Tarn Taran Sahib near Goindwal Sahib.

The correct answer is Ujjain.

• ​Ujjain is a city in Madhya Pradesh state.
• Ujjain was known as 'Avantika' in ancient times.
• Ujjain is the fifth largest city in Madhya Pradesh by population.
• Ujjayini was the capital of the Avanti kingdom.
• Ujjain was the seat of the emperor Ashoka during the 2^nd century BCE.
• The famous temple of Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga is located in Ujjain.
• Ujjain is one of the sites of the famous Hindu festival Kumbh Mela.
• The famous ancient writer Kalidasa was born in Ujjain.
• India's one of the Jantar Mantar is located in Ujjain.

• Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan were formed from the Malwa region.
• Vaishali was an ancient city in present-day Bihar.

The correct answer is the Mauryan Period.

• The period of Ancient India, in which the first reference of ring wells is found is the Mauryan Period.

• Ring wells were first constructed under the Mauryas in the Gangetic plains spread beyond the heart of the empire.
• Ring wells supplied water to people for domestic use. Hence, it was no longer imperative to found settlements on the banks of rivers. 
• Mauryan Art:
  • The Mauryans introduced stone masonry on large scale during Ashoka’s reign.
  • Fragments of stone pillars and wooden floor and ceiling indicating the existence of an 80–pillared hall have been discovered at Kumhrar at the outskirts of Patna.
  • Four-lion capital at Sarnath and Sanchi, Lion capital of Sarnath adopted as the National Emblem of India on 26th January 1950.
  • Single-lion capital at Rampurva and Lauriya Nandangarh.
  • Single-bull capital at Rampurva.
  • A carved elephant at Dhauli and an engraved elephant at Kalsi.
  • It was the Mauryan artisans, who started the practice of hewing out caves from rocks for monks to live in. The earliest examples are Barbar caves in Gaya (Ashokan). The other examples are Nagarjuni caves in Gaya (Dasharatha).

• Mahajanapada Period was from 600 BC-325 BC.
  • There were a total of 16 Mahajanapadas with minor variations of names.
• Gupta Period was from 319 AD-540 AD.
• Vardhana Dynasty ruled from 550 AD-647 AD.

The correct answer is Chief of palace guards.

• Mahapratihara- Chief of palace guards.

• Pramukha- Eighteen chief handicrafts of the time were organised in guilds called Shrines, the president of Shrines was known as Pramukha.
• Samharta-His function was to collect Revenue both in cash and kind. 
• Mahabaldikarta-Commander-in-Chief.

• Agharikas-During the reign of Harsha, Agharikas looked after the land given in charity.
• Amatyas-They was some sort of administrative personnel or civil servants who filled the highest administrative and judicial appointments.
• Rajukas-Ashoka appointed a class of officers known as the Rajukas, who was vested with the authority of rewarding as well we punishing people.
• Adhyaksas-The officers who looked after the various departments.
• Yukatas-They appear to have been the subordinate official whose duties were largely secretarial works and accounting.

The correct answer is Valabhi.

• Valabhi University was an important centre of learning during the Ancient period.
  • It was a famous Buddhist learning centre and championed the cause of Hinayana Buddhism between 600 CE and 1200 CE. 

• Chunar is a town located in Mirzapur District of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
• Arikamedu was an ancient Roman trade centre and coastal settlement in Pondicherry.
• Bharuch, also called Broach, historically Bharukaccha or Bhrgukaccha, city, southeastern Gujarat state, west-central India.
  • It lies along the Narmada River.

The correct answer is King Vikramaditya.

• Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya), was the son of Samudragupta and Datta Devi, who ruled from 380-412 A.D.
• Fa-Hien, a Buddhist from China visited India during his reign. He recorded the prosperity of the Gupta Empire.
• His other names (as mentioned in coins) include Vikrama, Devagupta, Devaraja, Simhavikrama, Vikramaditya Sakari, etc.
• Chandragupta II was known for his deep interest in art and culture and nine gems or Navratna adorned his court.
• The nine Ratnas were: Amarsimha, Dhanvantri, Harisena, Kalidas, Kahapanaka, Sanku, Varahamihira, Vararuchi, Vetalbhatta.

It refers to the inevitable death. It also refers to the battle grounds where blood flows and the ground are made purple with the colour of blood. Thus it means bloodshed.

Correct option is D) descended

Weight of marks in 12^th is 40% and student gets 82% is 12^th.

∴ Weightage of his 12^th marks in college admission is 82/100 x 40 = 328/10 = 32.8

Weight of marks in entrance exam is 60% and student get 78% in the entrance exam.

∴ Weightage of his entrance exam marks in college admission is 78/100 x 60 = 468/10 = 46.8

Weightage marks of student in college admission is 32.8+46.8 = 79.6% > 77%

Since, student's weightage marks is 79.6% which is greater than 77%.

∴ Student can get admission into the college.

Correct option is C) I’ve been trying to call you

Correct option is A) her hair

1. We have received no information.

2. He is my fiancee.

3. He dyes every week.

4. He seeks my counsel.

5. This is no mean feat. 

6. Knowing the road ahead is better than knowing who rode ahead. 

7. The dress was torn at the sems.

8. He fell afoul/foul of his master.

9. She is the heroine of the film

10. He peddles his wares.

Miss Meadow was heart-broken. The letter written by Basil had pierced her heart and she was bleeding. Her hatred and anger became a knife and she carried it with her. Her icy cold response to Science Mistress demonstrates it. She is least bothered about the tender feelings of young children who look at her face all time for a friendly nod or smile of approval.

Her favourite pupil Mary Beazley is baffled at her treatment of the chrysanthemum she had brought with so much love. The choice of the song “A lament” perfectly jells well with her worst mood. She is in fact in her heart lamenting over the loss of love, trust and future hopes. She is unnecessarily severe with young children forcing them to redo the singing which drives them to despair, pain and tears they manage to stifle.

After she receives the telegram from Basil apologizing for his insane letter, her mood changes to joy. She takes the chrysanthemum and keeps it close to her lips to conceal her blush. She goads the children to sing a song of joy congratulating someone for success. She persuades them to show warmth in their voices.

Her warm and lively voice dominates the tremulous voices of the young ones. The young ones now realize that Miss Meadow who was in a wax earlier is now in her elements.

Correct option is A) alive

Correct option is C) invested

Biological control is a method of controlling disease caused by insect, pests using their enemy bacteria, fungus, molds, insects etc.

Correct option is D) flickered

Click Here to Check CBSE 12th Results 2018

Correct option is D) broke off

Correct option is E) However, to be successful, it needs to increase its production.

Correct option is C) anniversary

Lac culture is the scientific management of lac insects to obtain a high amount of quality lac Uses of lac-In Furniture polish, perfumes, in making Bengal, imitation fruits and flowers, preparing sealing material etc.

The National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development

The rules and different stages of Bengali wedding are:- 

1. Bor Jatri

Bor Jatri is basically the baarat, where the groom, his family and friends dress up for the wedding and start their journey to the bride’s house or the wedding venue.

2. Bor Boron

This Bengali wedding ritual comes after the bor jatri or the baarat reaches the bride’s place. Normally, the bride’s mother along with other family members welcome the groom and his side of the family by doing aarti with the holy lamp and serving the sweets and drinks.

3. Potto Bastra

In this Bengali marriage ritual, the groom is seated at the chadnatolla, or the wedding mandap, where he is offered new clothes by the person who is to do the sampradaan. This is usually done by an elderly male member of the bride’s family, most commonly the bride’s father or uncle.

4. Saat Paak

Saat Paak is that Bengali wedding ritual where the bride sits on a low wooden stool called pidi. This stool is then lifted by her brothers and the bride is taken around the groom in seven circles. This ritual signifies that they are wound up to each other.

5. Subho Drishti

After saat paak  Bengali marriage ritual, the bride and the groom look at each other in front of guests. The bride removes the betel leaves from the front of her face and looks at the groom. This exchange of loving glance marks the beginning of the couple to be together in witness of their family and friends.

6. Mala Badal

Sitting high on the pidi after the shubho drishiti, the bride and the groom exchange garlands of flowers three times. This Bengali wedding ritual marks as the first step of accepting each other as man and wife.

7. Sampradan

Sampradan is basically the equivalent of Kanyadaan in a Hindu wedding ceremony. In the Bengali wedding ritual of Sampradan an elderly male member (almost always, her father)  of the bride’s family gives her hand to the groom, when both their hands are tied by a sacred thread while reciting Vedic chants. 

8. Yagna

In this Bengali marriage ritual, the bride and groom sit in front of the yagna or the sacred fire and chant mantras after the priest. 

9. Saptapadi

In this Bengali wedding ritual, the couple takes seven rounds around the fire or the yagna, thereby solemnizing their marriage. 

10. Anjali

In this Bengali wedding ritual, an offering of puffed rice is made into the yagna by the bride and the groom. The bride’s brother gives puffed rice in the bride’s hands while the groom holds her hand to pour the offering into the yagna together.

11. Sindoor Daan

In this last and final Bengali wedding ritual, the groom applies sindoor or vermilion to the bride’s hair-parting. Thereafter, the bride is considered as a married woman, since applying sindoor is one of the many solah shringas. 

1. उसने पुस्तक पढ़ ली।

2. मेरे भाई ने विद्यालय में प्रवेश ले लिया है।

3. यहाँ केवल दो पुस्तकें हैं।

4. यहाँ केवल दो पुस्तकें हैं।

5. जब भी आप आएँ, मुझसे मिलिए।

1. लिखे

2. क्योंकि

3. गुनगुने

4. भारी

5. अपने

सही विकल्प है (क) धर्मशाला

सही विकल्प है (क) वनवास।

21) का
22) र
23) का
24) की
25) के
26) का
27) से
28) से
29) के लिए
30) का

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘मेरी बद्रीनाथ यात्रा’ नामक – पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक विष्णु प्रभाकर है।
संदर्भ : लेखक जब अपनी बद्रीनाथ, केदारनाथ यात्रा पर गये, तब उनकी यात्रा में लोगों के बीच बहुत हँसी-मजाक हुआ करता था।
स्पष्टीकरण : बद्रीनाथ यात्रा के दौरान लेखक को कई रोचक अनुभव हुए जिसमे कभी-कभी अनायास ही उनमें से कोई हँसी का पात्र बन जाता। एक दिन वे अपने दल के साथ एक छोटी सी चट्टी पर खाना खा रहे थे कि सहसा उनके दल के एक वयोवृद्ध सज्जन चिल्ला उठे, ‘अरे बिच्छू, बिच्छू’, जिसे सुनकर सभी चौंककर उस ओर देखने लगे। देखने पर बिच्छू सा कुछ दिखाई दिया परन्तु उसमें कोई हरकत न थी। मोमबत्ती की रोशनी में ध्यान से देखने पर ज्ञात हुआ कि जिसे सब बिच्छू समझ रहे थे वह चाबियों का गुच्छा था जो सज्जन की जेब से लटक-कर जाँघ पर आ गया था।

(a) Picric acid < salicylic acid < benzoic acid

(b) Methyl tert – butyl ketone < acetone< Acetaldehyde

(c) ethanol < ethanoic acid < benzoic acid (boiling point of carboxylic acids is higher than alcohols due to extensive hydrogen bonding , boiling point increases with increase in molar mass)