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a. Session Layer 

b. Presentation Layer and 

c. Application Layer

The Transport layer links the network support layers and user support layers.

Physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.

a. Physical characteristics of interfaces and media 

b. Representation of bits 

c. Data rate 

d. Synchronization of bits 

e. Line configuration 

f. Physical topology 

g. Transmission mode

The Session layer is the network dialog Controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction between the communicating systems. 

a. Dialog control 

b. Synchronization

The Transport Layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire message. 

a. Service-point Addressing 

b. Segmentation and reassembly 

c. Connection Control 

d. Flow Control 

e. Error Control

The Network Layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of packet possibly across multiple networks (links).

a. Logical Addressing 

b. Routing

The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link and is responsible for node-node delivery.

a. Framing 

b. Physical Addressing 

c. Flow Control 

d. Error Control

e. Access Control

The Presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems.

a. Translation 

b. Encryption 

c. Compression

The Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for services such as e-mail, shared database management and other types of distributed information services.

a. Network virtual Terminal 

b. File transfer, access and Management (FTAM) 

c. Mail services 

d. Directory Services

Nodes and Links.

It is the most common and least expensive mechanism for Error Detection. In VRC, a parity bit is added to every data unit so that the total number of 1s becomes even for even parity. It can detect all single-bit errors. It can detect burst errors only if the total number of errors in each data unit is odd.

The concept of including extra information in the transmission solely for the purpose of comparison. This technique is called redundancy.

Data can be corrupted during transmission. For reliable communication errors must be deducted and Corrected. Error Detection uses the concept of redundancy, which means adding extra bits for detecting errors at the destination. 

The common Error Detection methods are

a. Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC) 

b. Longitudinal Redundancy Check (VRC) 

c. Cyclic Redundancy Check (VRC) 

d. Checksum

a. Single-Bit error In a single-bit error, only one bit in the data unit has changed 

b. Burst Error A Burst error means that two or more bits in the data have changed.

a. Guided Media

i. Twisted - Pair cable

1. Shielded TP

2. Unshielded TP

ii. Coaxial Cable

iii. Fiber-optic cable

b. Unguided Media

i. Terrestrial microwave

ii. Satellite Communication

The war against the earth began with this idea of separateness. Its contemporary seeds were sown  when the living earth was transformed into the dead matter to facilitate the industrial revolution. Diversity was replaced by monocultures.

Poetry is something so intimate and essential, it cannot be defined without oversimplifying it. Mere arrangement of words is not called poetry. Just as the fall of leaves in autumn cannot be explained, poetry is difficult to explain.

It is an excellent idea that a history of book should be written. ‘Decline of the West’ will be remembered for ever because some remarkable comments have been made/are made by Spengler on books.

Given:

Without stopped, a passenger train runs at an average of 120 km/h, whereas with stoppages, it runs at an average speed of 80 km/h. 

Concept used:

Time and distance

Calculation:

Time = \(\frac{{{\rm{Without\ stoppages\ - \ with\ stoppages}}}}{{{\rm{without\ stopages}}}}\)

⇒ \(\frac{{120 - 80}}{{120}}\)

⇒ \(\frac{1}{3} \times 60 = 20\min \)

It stops for 20 min per hour.

For stoppages 

⇒ \(\frac{{450}}{{80}} \times 20 = 112.5\min \)

Given:

P walked from place C to D covering the distance of 25 km and walked from place D to E covering the distance of 60 km in the total time of 6 hours at constant speed.

Concepts used:

Time = Distance/Speed

Calculation:

Let the speed be x km/hr.

Time = Distance/Speed

⇒ 6 = 25/x + 60/x

⇒ 6 = 85/x

⇒ x = 85/6 km/hr

⇒ x = 14.167 km/hr

∴ Speed at which P walked from place C to E is 14.167 km/hr.

Given:

The train covered 8.7 km at the speed of 6 km/hr, stopped for 6 minutes and then covered 12.5 km at the speed of 5 km/hr.

Concepts used:

Time = Distance/Speed

Average speed = Total distance/total time

Calculation:

Time taken by train to cover 8.7 km = 8.7/6 = 1.45 hours

Time taken by train to cover 12.5 km = 12.5/5 = 2.5 hours.

Stoppage time = 6 minutes = 6/60 hour = 0.1 hour

Total distance = 8.7 km + 12.5 km = 21.2 km

Total time = 1.45 + 0.1 + 2.5 = 4.05 hours

Average speed = Total distance/total time

Average speed = 21.2/4.05 = 5.23 km/hr

∴ Average speed of train is 5.23 km/hr.

The visible world has moved away from my eyes. But it has been replaced by other things. It is accepted/has been accepted by me positively. Books are bought even today with the same interest.

Last night, I had a very strange dream. I dreamed of a great library and it was being burnt down. Its countless volumes were attacked by flames. I was disturbed by this dream.

Sodium ions react with other ionic species via electrostatic interactions. Diethyl ether does not contain any ionic functional groups, nor does it have acidic protons.

Thus, diethyl ether is inert and is unreactive and therefore does not react with sodium.

In LRC, a block of bits is divided into rows and a redundant row of bits is added to the whole block. It can detect burst errors. If two bits in one data unit are damaged and bits in exactly the same positions in another data unit are also damaged, the LRC checker will not detect an error. In LRC a redundant data unit follows n data units.

Due to presence of a lone pair of electrons ammonia behaves as a ligand. The neutral molecule NH₃, it easily donates the lone pair to the metal.

The nitrogen atom is sp³ hybridised, so it has more p-character, which is dumble form. So, nitrogen tends to donate the electron pair.

Borges’ first literary reading was ‘Grimm’s Fairy Tales’. It was found in his father’s library. It was an English version of the book that  from had been translated German. According to Borges he is transmuted by his father’s library more than by high school or the university. 

CRC, is the most powerful of the redundancy checking techniques, is based on binary division.

Alcohol being a very weak acid doesnot dissociate into ions and so it doesnot conducts electricity.

Checksum is used by the higher layer protocols (TCP/IP) for error detection

(i). A. The collection enjoyed wide distribution in Germany.

(ii). C.- Promotion of ethnic belonging.

(iii). A.- Culturalism

(iv). B. Erosion of native values and ethos

(v). C. Through the feeling of collective belonging among nationals

(vi). A.-Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Nitrogen is less reactive due to high bond order (triple bond and consequently high bond enthalpy. Nitrogen has the ability to form pπ -pπ multiple bonds with itself (and with other elements having small size and high electronegativity). Thus, nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule with a triple bond between the two atoms. Thats why nitrogen molecule are less reactive.

a. Divide the data into sections 

b. Add the sections together using 1's complement arithmetic 

c. Take the complement of the final sum, this is the checksum.

(i). D.-Soil degradation and extensive Green Revolution

(ii). A- I &II.

(iii). D. Availability of more profits from commercial crops

(iv). A. These inputs have shown increased outputs and productivity.

(v). B. Haryana and Punjab

(vi). D.-To fetch more income and high earnings

These are the differences between Alcohol and Phenol

Correct answer is (c) 16%

MgCO₃ → MgO + CO₂ ↑ 

MgCO₃ : (1 × 24) + (1 × 12) + (3 × 16) = 84g 

CO₂ : (1 × 12) + (2 × 16) = 44g 

100% pure 84 g MgCO₃ on heating gives 44 g CO₂ 

Given that 1 g of MgCO₃ on heating gives 0.44 g CO₂

Therefore, 84 g MgCO₃ sample on heating gives 36.96 g CO₂

Percentage of purity of the sample = \(\frac{100}{44gCO_2}\) x 36.96 g 

CO₂ = 84%

Percentage of impurity = 16%

As the temperature increases, the rate of a reaction increases. For example, the time taken to melt a metal will be much higher at a lower temperature but it will decrease as soon as we increase the temperature. It has been found that the rate constant is nearly doubled for a chemical reaction with a rise in temperature by 10°.

Boiling point elevation refers to the increase in the boiling point of a solvent upon the addition of a solute. When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the resulting solution has a higher boiling point than that of the pure solvent. For example, the boiling point of a solution of sodium chloride (salt) and water is greater than that of pure water.

Boiling point elevation is a colligative property of matter, i.e. it is dependent on the solute-to-solvent ratio but not on the solute’s identity. This implies that the elevation in the boiling point of a solution depends on the amount of solute added to it. 

Alcohols form H-bonds with water due to the presence of -OH group. However, hydrocarbons cannot form H-bonds with water. As a result, alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses.

When n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH, dehydrohalogenation takes place to give but-1-ene.

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂-Cl+KOH—>CH₂=CH-CH₂CH₃ +KCl+H₂O

Correct answer is (c) 5

An amino acid is an organic compound used to create proteins in the body. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and proteins are the building blocks of life. When your body digests proteins, it breaks them down into amino acids, which are then used to make more proteins. It may sound confusing, but let's look at the difference among the three types of amino acids. We have nonessential amino acids that can be made by the body, even if we don't consume food that help us make them. Conditional amino acids are usually only essential during times of stress and illness. Essential amino acids are not made by the body, so we HAVE to get them through our food. There are nine essential amino acids required for adults, and they are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Children have an extra essential amino acid called arginine, but once a person reaches adulthood, this amino acid is no longer essential.

(d) Chlorine atom