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An indent actually points to an order received from abroad for export of goods, i.e. sale of goods. The indent contains the details in the box.

(b) Forwarding Agent

(b) Bill of Lading

An Indent is document prepared by importer and sent to the exporter to buy the goods.

Where the customs duties are charged on the basis of value of goods at import’s port (ad – valorem basis), the customs officers are empowered to open the consignment to calculate duties. In order to avoid this problem exporter obtains consular invoice and sends it over to the importer.

Contents of an Indent: 

1. Quantity of goods sent

2. Design of goods 

3. Price 

4. Nature of packing shipment 

5. Mode of shipment 

6. Period of delivery 

7. Mode of payment

Letter of Credit (LC) is an undertaking by its issuer (importer’s bank) that bills of exchange drawn by the foreign dealer on the importer will be honoured upon its presentation by exporter’s bank up to a specified amount.

1. Open Indent 

2. Closed Indent 

3. Confirmatory Indent

1. Department of Commerce 

2. Export Promotion Council (EPC)

Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti f contributed in the following way to form Samyukta Maharashtra. 

1. Samyukta Maharashtra movement spread throughout the state and reached in rural areas. 

2. Common people also joined the movement spontaneously. 

3. When it was clear that Mumbai will not be included in Maharashtra, Samiti held demonstrations to protest and arouse public agitation. 

4. The grand success of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti in Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and Mumbai Municipal Corporation in 1957 made it clear that the voters were in favour of Samyukta Maharashtra. 

5. The agitations led by Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti during the visit of Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru made the approach of Central Government favourable in the formation of Maharashtra state.

1. On 12 May 1946, a resolution was passed regarding Samyukta Maharashtra in the Sahitya Sammelan at Belgaon. 

2. On this background, Maharashtra Ekikaran Parishad was convened under the leadership of Shankarrao Dev at Mumbai on 28 July. 

3. A resolution was passed that all Marathi speaking regions should be united in one state. 

4. It should include the regions of Mumbai, Central provinces Marathwada and Gomantak.

1. The role of newspapers was equally important in Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. They worked to awaken the people. 

2. Navyug, Prabhat, Navakal, Sakai, Prabodhan, Kesari are newspapers which played important role. 

3. The ‘Maratha’ newspaper by Acharya Atre had a significant role in Samyukta Maharashtra movement. 

4. Balasaheb Thackeray took pen name ‘Mavla’ and drew caricatures in ‘Navyug’. 

5. Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe, Shahir Amar Sheikh and Shahir D. N. Gavankar aroused public awakening on a large scale through their writings.

Correct option is (b) Acharya Atre

1. The demand for a state of Marathi speaking people of all regions was put forth in the Nagpur Pact in 1953. 

2. There was no positive response from the Central Government for formation of Samyukta Maharashtra with Mumbai. 

3. The agitation was made severe through strikes, demonstrations, rallies, etc. which were organised from time to time. 

4. As the issue of the demand of Marathi speaking people started becoming complicated, discontent spread throughout the state. 

5. A meeting was held under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe on 6 February, 1956 at Tilak Smarak Mandir in Pune and the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was formed.

Correct option is (a) Yashwantrao Chavan

Correct option is (d) Maharashtra

(b) Export Promotion Council

Correct option is (c) Senapati Bapat

(i) Lokmanya Tilak

(ii) Commission for Reconstruction of States

(iii) Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti

(iv) Mumbai Reorganisation Act.

Correct option is (d) Senapati Bapat

The Commission for Reconstruction of States suggested creation of bilingual Mumbai State.

The memorial of 106 martyrs was erected in Mumbai near Flora Fountain. It is called Flutatma Smarak

At the meeting of the labourers on 7 November, 1955 S. M. Joshi proposed a resolution that Samyukta Maharashtra should be created with Mumbai and Vidarbha.

The following provisions were made in the Nagpur Pact:

1. Samyukta Maharashtra should be formed including Western Maharashtra 8 and Vidarbha along with Marathwada.

2. Assurance was given regarding equitable financial provisions for development. 

3. Ample finance will be provided for technical and vocational education. 

4. Government services will be provided in accordance with the population in the region. 

5. Once in a year an Assembly session will be held at Nagpur.

1. The demand for an independent Marathi speaking state started before independence. 

2. N. C. Kelkar presented the idea that the entire Marathi speaking population should be under one dominion. 

3. In 1915, Lokmanya Tilak demanded the reconstruction of a state based on language. 

4. An important resolution regarding Samyukta Maharashtra was passed in the Sahitya Sammelan at Belgaon. It began the movement to form Independent state of Marathi speaking people.

1. Indian Government appointed a ‘Commission for Reconstruction of States’ on 29 December, 1953. 

2. It was formed under the Chairmanship of Justice Fazal Ali. 

3. In the proposal presented by the commission on 10 October, 1955, a creation of bilingual Mumbai State was advocated.

Correct option is (a) 1948

The following events took place in the final stages of establishment of Maharashtra state:

1. Due to agitation of Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, central government gave consent to the formation of two linguistic states. 

2. The Congress President, Indira Gandhi also supported the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. 

3. In April 1960, the Parliament passed the Mumbai Reorganisation Act. 

4. According to this act, Maharashtra State was formed on 1st May, 1960. 

5. Pandit Nehru on the occasion of Labour Day made a formal announcement of the formation of Maharashtra State at a special ceremony at Raj Bhavan. 

6. Yashwantrao Chavan accepted the responsibility of first Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

1. The struggle of Marathi speaking people for formation of Maharashtra with Mumbai had started. 

2. On 7 November, 1955 a meeting of labourers was held. 

3. Labour Organisation or Communists, Praja Socialists, Socialists, Peasants and Workers Party, Janasangh, etc. participated in the meeting. 

4. Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange was the President of this meeting. 

5. S. M. Joshi proposed a resolution to create a Samyukta Maharashtra with Mumbai and Vidarbha.

1. The President of Constituent Assembly, Dr. Rajendra Prasad established the Dar Commission on 17 June, 1947. 

2. The Commission started the work under the leadership of Justice S. K. Dar to form states on linguistic basis. 

3. On 10 December, 1948, the report of Dar Commission was published but the issue remained unsolved.

1. For the formation of Samyukta Maharashtra, a grand march was taken to the Vidhan Sabha led by Senapati Bapat. 

2. The government declared a ban. 

3. The police started lathi charge and used tear gas on the protestors who broke the ban. 

4. On the same evening, Comrade Shripad Dange guided a mob of fifty thousand on Kamgar Maidan. 

5. To give impetus to the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, it was further decided to hold one day strike on 21 November, 1955.

Wrong Pair: Cement Industry – Sunrise sector.

Correct option is (а) 1970

Wrong Pair: Khadi and Village Industry Commission - Fourth five year plan

Wrong Pair: Industrial Development Corporation -1958.

Correct option is (C) A fruit vendor

Correct option is (B) 3

The industry that takes raw materials supplied by the primary industry and processes them into consumer goods is called secondary industry.; Example: Fertilizer industry, food processing ‘ industry, etc.]

Tertiary industry.

Correct option is (B) Tertiary

Correct option is (D) Colour and chemicals

The Rowlatt Act was passed to crush the freedom movement. People called it Black Act.

Business firms encounter some basic problems while starting a business. Various decisions have to be taken regarding the business while, starting it. Some of the basic factors to be considered while starting a business are as follows:

(i) Selection of Line of Business : The first thing to be decided by any entrepreneur of a new business is the nature and type of business to be undertaken. One should enter an industry which is in growth phase and thus has a higher possibility of profits. Technical knowledge and interest the entrepreneur has for producing a particular product is also important in this regard. ‘

(ii) Size of the Firm : Size of the firm refers to the scale of its operation. Business can be started at a large scale if the entrepreneur is confident that the demand for the proposed product is likely to be high over time and he has the necessary skills and capital for business. Business should be started at a small or medium scale if the market conditions are uncertain and risks are high.

(iii) Form of Ownership: There are various forms of ownership in a business organization like sole proprietorship, partnership or a joint stock company. The choice of the suitable form of ownership will depend on such factors as the capital requirements, liability of owners, division of profit, transferability of interest and so on.

(iv) Location of Business Enterprise: Plant location is an important factor to be considered at the start-of the business. Availability of raw materials and labor; power supply and services like banking, transportation, communication, warehousing, etc, are important factors while making a choice of location.

(v) Financing Decisions: Financing is concerned with providing the necessary capital for starting as well as for continuing the proposed business. Capital is required for investment in fixed assets and current assets. Proper financial planning must be done to determine the requirement, source and allocation of funds.

(vi) Physical Facilities: Availability of physical facilities including machines and equipment, building and supportive sendees is a very important factor to be considered at the start of the business. The decision relating to this factor will depend on the nature and size of business, availability of funds and the process of production.

(vii) Plant Layout: Plant layout refers to a layout plan showing the arrangement of physical facilities such as machines and equipments for production. It should be drawn by the entrepreneur after deciding about the scale of operation and physical facilities to be acquired.

(viii) Competent and Committed Employees: in present time, the most crucial resource for a business is the human resource. Every business depends on the competence and commitment of its work force to perform various activities so that physical and financial resources are converted into desired outputs in an efficient and effective manner.

(ix) Tax Planning: Every business has to pay certain taxes as levied by the government. Tax planning and management for reducing tax liability as far as possible is acceptable both legally and ethically. The entrepreneur must consider in advance the tax liability under various tax laws and its impact on business decisions.

(x) Launching the Enterprise: After the. decisions relating to the above mentioned factors have been taken, the entrepreneur can go ahead with actual launching of the enterprise which .would mean mobilizing various resources, fulfilling necessary legal formalities, starting the production process and initiating the sales promotion campaign.

Following factors are considered while starting a new business: 

1. Selecting the line of business: The first thing to be decided by the entrepreneur is the line and type of business to be undertaken. 

2. Scale or size of business: After deciding the line of business the businessman must decide whether he/she wants to set up large scale or small scale business. 

3. Choice of form of business organization: The next decision must be taken is to finalise the form of business i.e., to set up sale, proprietorship, partnership or joint stock company. 

4. Location of business enterprise: The entrepreneur has to decide the place where the business will be located. Before taking this decision he/she must find out availability of raw materials, power, labour, banking, transportation etc. 

5. Financial requirement: The businessman must analyse the amount of capital he/ she might require to buy for fixed assets and for working assets). Proper financial planning must be done to determine the amount of funds needed. 

6. Physical facilities: It includes machinery, equipment building etc. This decision depends upon the size, scale and type of business activities he/she wants to carry on. 

7. Plant layout: Showing the physical arrangement of machines and equipment needed to manufacture a product. 

8. Competent and committed workforce: The entrepreneur must find out the requirement of skilled and unskilled workers and managerial staff to perform various activities. 

9. Tax planning: The entrepreneur must try to analyse the types of taxes, because there are a number of tax laws in the country which affect the functioning of business. 

10. Setting up the enterprise: After analysing the above mentioned points carefully the entrepreneur can start the business which would mean mobilising various resources and completing legal formalities.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati opposed the evils of Untouchability, Sati Pratha, Child marriage, etc.

The significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) The Civil Disobedience Movement launched against the arrival of the Simon Commission. This continues between 1930-34.
(ii) Complete Independence was the main aim of Civil Disobedience Movement which formulated this demand in the Lahore session.
(iii) It was full-fledged mass movement.
(iv) Mahatma Gandhi started the famous Salt March.
(v) On 6th April, he ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

(vi) This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

(d) 10th Dec. 1903

Usually the females become widows in their tender age and they have to pass through great hardships.

(a)  Economic