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Geometric Method is also known as Point Method. - True

Explanation: The above statement is correct. The geometric method is also known as point method. This is because geometric method involves determination of supply at different points on the supply curve. This method does not involve any calculation part. Just by looking at the shape of the supply curve, one can infer the degree of the elasticity of supply

Supply is indirectly related to price. – False

Explanation: 

This statement is false, as supply of a good is directly related to price. This is because, higher prices means higher profit prospective for the seller. Accordingly, they prefer to increase sales as the price rise and vice-versa. Thus, supply is directly related to price of the commodity.

Output refers to the total quantity of a good being produced in an economy at a given point of time. In other words, it is defined as the sum total of goods produced by all the firms with all the units of inputs - both variable and fixed factors. Algebraically, it is defined as the summation of all the goods and services produced in an economy.

Total Cost is the total expenditure incurred by a firm. - True

Explanation: 

Yes. Total cost refers to the total expenditure incurred by a firm to carry out the production of goods and services. It is the aggregate of expenditure incurred on fixed factors as well as variable factors. That is,

TC = TFC + TVC

When the supply of a good is highly responsive to the changes in its price, the supply of that good is said to be relatively elastic. In other words, with a slight change in the price, if supply varies in a greater proportion, the supply is said to be relatively elastic. In this case, the percentage change in the supply is greater than the percentage change in the price. Hence, the value of price elasticity of supply is greater than one i.e. E_s > 1.

The supply of agricultural commodities is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. For example, whatever be the price, the supply of wheat cannot be increased in the short run in the event of any natural calamity or crop failure. Thus, we can say that the supply of an agricultural commodity is relatively inelastic.

Stock is defined as the amount of goods that are available with the seller for sale in the market at a given point of time. It includes previous stock and current stock. Stock forms the source of supply for the firm. In other words, goods for supply is taken from stock

The following are the determinants supply of a commodity:

i. Price of commodity - Other things remaining constant, at higher prices, the producers prefer to increase their sales by increasing their supply and vice-versa.

ii. Price of related goods - A rise in the prices of substitute goods will lead to a decrease in the supply of other goods and vice-versa. On the other hand, a rise in the price of complementary goods will lead to an increase in the supply of other goods.

iii. Cost of production - If the price of inputs increases, the cost of production also increases, other things remaining the same. An increase in the cost of production decreases the profits of the supplier and, consequently, lesser quantity is supplied at the given price.

iv. State of technology - Other things remaining the same, if the level of available technology appreciates, the per unit cost of production goes down, which implies higher supply of output and vice-versa.

v. Government policy - Other things remaining constant, if the government policies are more stringent and strict such as high rate of tax, the cost of production will rise. The high cost of production will discourage the producer and thereby, supply will decrease

vi. Goal of firm - If a particular firm aims at maximising its profit, more units of output will be supplied at higher price, which will result in a higher profit. On the other hand, if the firm aims at maximisation of sales, more of the output will be sold at the same price to maximise sales.

vii. Natural factors - Other things remaining the same, in the event of any natural calamity, such as an earthquake, flood etc., the supply of output will fall.

Let sin\(^{-1}(-\frac{√3}2)\) = y

Then sin y = \((-\frac{√3}2)\) = - sin \((\frac{\pi}3)=\) sin \((-\frac{\pi}3)\)

We know that the principal value of sin\(^{-1}\) is \([-\frac{\pi}2,\frac{\pi}2]\)

sin\((-\frac{\pi}3)=-\frac{\sqrt3}2\)

Therefore the principal value of  sin\(^{-1}(-\frac{√3}2)\) is = \(-\frac{\pi}3\)

1. (d) 

2. (c)

3. (a) 

4. (e) 

5. (b)

(a) Muslims controlled the Spice trade from India.

(b) The Naval superiority enabled the Portuguese to have control over the Maritime trade over the entire region.

(c) The trading activities of the Europeans carried on through the respective East India Companies in India.

(d) The Dutch were in Pulicat (and later Nagapatnam) the English in Madras the French in Pondicherry and the Danes in Tarangampadi (Tranquebar)

(iii) and (iv) are correct

The most distinctive aspect of Indian society is Caste.

1. Portuguese 

2. Talikota 

3. Militaristic State

4. Vijayanagar 

5. The Chola period

(d) (i) is wrong, (ii) is correct.

(a) (i) A is correct; R explains about A

(c) Varanasi

Bimbisara conquered Anga.

The meaning of word ‘Janapada’ is the place where people put their pad or feet. The Janapada consisted of many villages and towns.

Bimbisara extended his territories through conquests and marriages. He married the daughter of the king of Kosala and received the province of Kashi as dowry. The ruler of Kosala thus became his friend. He also married the Lichchavi princess of Vaishali and thereby extended his friendship ties in this region. His third wife was the daughter of a chieftain of Punjab. Infact, Bimbisara was the first Indian king who brought a large part of Northern India under a unified political control.

With the help of following advantages Magadha emerged as the most powerful kingdom

1. The presence of natural resources helped Magadha’s rise to power in the 6th century BC. 

2. Rich deposits of iron ore contributed to the making of effective iron weapons and agricultural tools. 

3. Due to strategic locations of both the capitals, Rajgriha (Rajgir) and Pataliputra, it was difficult for any rival to capture these cities. 

4. The Magadhan rulers had well-organised, efficient and powerful almies, which consisted of elephants, horses and chariots. 

5. The Magadhan territory being fertile, produced surplus food. 

6. The Magadhan rulers gained immensely from trade and commerce. 

7. The rivers like Ganga, Son, etc. provided waterways.

Kasbi, Rajgriha, Vaishali, etc.

Ajatashatru killed his father Bimbisara.

Rich deposits of iron ore in Magadha contributed to the making of effective iron weapons and agricultural tools.

Bimbisara married princesses of his neighboring kingdoms to extend his territory.

Anga, Kosala, Vaishali, etc.

Match the following.

1. The pastoral Aryan tribes of the Early Vedic Period roamed about in search of new pastures. In the Later Vedic Period they began to cultivate the land. 

2. Large kingdoms were known as Janapadas and the more powerful among these were known as mahajanapadas. 

3. The four powerful kingdom in the Later Vedic Period were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala and Magadha. 

4. The first important king of Magadha was Bimbisara. 

5. Alexander invaded India during the reign of the Magadha 

6. Dhana Nanda was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya. 

7. Ambhi the ruler of Taxila, offered to help Alexander to defeat Porus. 

8. Alexander’s invasion led to the establishments of four different trade routes by land and sea. 

9. India’s cultural contact with the Greeks led to the development of a style of art known as the Gandhara School of Art. 

10. The power of the small states in north-western India was shattered by Alexander’s invasion.

The effects of Alexander’s invasion were following.

1. His invasion led to the establishment of four different trade routes by land and sea.

2. Alexander’s historians have left dated records of his campaigns.

3. The cultural contact with the Greeks led to the growth of the Indo-Greek School of Art known as Grandhara school of Art.

The conquest of Anga brought the river port of Champa under his control of Magadha. The rich deposits of iron or found in this region contributed to the development of a strong and stable economy for Magadha.

(b) Vijayanagar

(a) Sericulture

Maritime trade with South East Asia and China expanded greatly during the Chola period.

(a) Muhammad Ghori

Correct Answer is  (b) Tipitaka

(c) Digambaras – Progressive

There are sixteen manhajanpadas are mentioned in the religious texts of the 6th century BCE.

(a)  Shahpura

(c) Malik Kafur

• The Indian merchants benefitted from the business opportunities offered by the European companies. 
• But this scenario began to change from the beginning of the eighteenth century. 
• The Indian merchants were under contract to the Europeans to supply textiles and other goods. 
• But by then the local resources were not enough to produce the quantities required and political disturbances also disrupted all economic activity. 
• This resulted in most merchants being bankrupted diminishing the economic vitality of the merchant community.

The Mughals were well-known for their aesthetic values, and were great patrons of the arts. They left behind numerous monuments, in addition to constructing entire cities like Shahjahanabad (Delhi) and Fatehpur Sikri, gardens, mosques and forts. Decorative arts – especially jewellery set with precious and semi-precious gems for items of personal use – flourished under the patronage of the royal household and urban elites. The art of painting also flourished in the Mughal period. Primarily known as Mughal miniatures, they were generally intended as book illustrations or were single works to be kept in albums.

(i) Caste groups often petitioned the local ruler for permission to use various symbols of higher status, like the right to wear footw ear, the right to carry umbrellas, the right to use certain decorations at funerals and so on.

(ii) Each caste also created a mythical genealogy to establish its origins; this was used to justify the claim for the right to a higher status in the hierarchy.

(iii) These genealogies are found in many of the manuscripts collected by Colin Mackenzie.

• The Chola period was an era of remarkable cultural activity. These were the centuries when major literary works were written. 
• The best known classical poet, Kamban, wrote Ramayana in Tamil which was formally presented (Arangetram) in the temple at Srirangam. Sekkilar’s Periyapuranam, similarly was presented at the temple in Chidambaram. 
• Among the other great works of the period is Kalingattup-parani and Muvarula. 
• It was also a period when great religio-philosophical treatises like the Sankarabhashyam and Sri-bhashyam were produced.

Alauddin Khalji’s slave and commander, Malik Kafur, was sent on military expeditions further south in the first decade of the 1300s A.D. (C.E.).

(d) Nihal Chand

Correct option is: (a) Kundagram

1. The information, along with pictures, about the incidents and events which took place during the 20th century was published in December, 2000 by almost all the newspapers, This became known as the “Millennium Gallery”.

2. During ancient times, the volumes or articles were written on the bark of palm tree. This kind of writing is known as ‘Tadpatra’.

3. During ancient times, the volumes or articles were written on the bark of palm tree. This kind of writing is known as ‘Tadpatra’.

4. The place where the inscriptions (copper plates and stone carvings) prepared by the kings of ancient India are preserved is known as ‘Archives’.

5. The writings carved on stone or metal is known as ‘inscription’.

6. The writings carved on copper plate is known as ‘Tamrapatra’.