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Paddy is grown in clayey soil, which retains water for a longer period.

1. Pedology 

2. soil 

3. petrichor scent 

4. geosmin 

5. the spores of Actinomycetes 

6. weathering 

7. Pedogenesis 

8. 500 -1000 years 

9. Humus 

10. edaphic factors 

11. Edaphology 

12. R 

13. O 

14. C 

15. Clayey 

16. Loamy 

17. Sandy 

18. moisture content 

19. clayey 

20. black

It is the important natural resources necessary for life on the earth. Human beings, plants and micro organisms depend on soil for their basic needs.

Yes. I observed it during rainy season.

1. Our farmers grow big trees around the fields to stop winds. 

2. They don’t keep the lands vacant. 

3. Farmers generally use vacant lands to grow grass and other plants. 

4. These grass plant roots hold the soil particles and prevent soil erosion during heavy rains.

1. By afforestation. Controlling the deforestation activities.

2. Constructing check dams and bunds 

3. Preventing over grazing of land by animals. 

4. By planting trees as shelter belt to stop winds. 

5. By planned agricultural practices we can prevent soil erosion successfully.

Decrease in ground water table leads to dry up of wells.

The correct answer is C) Infiltration.

The correct answer is C) Aquifers.

No, it is not possible.

To resolve the prevailing water scarcity in the society, proper water management of water resources is very essential.

The correct answer is B) O, A, B, C, R.

Correct option: (B) biospecies

Correct option: (A) species

The term ‘species’ occupies a unique position in taxonomic hierarchy. It is not only a basic unit in taxonomy, but also in evolution.

All the wells and bore wells will dry up.

A huge investment nearly Rs. 30 lakh is required to set up this unit. Therefore, it cannot be established at farmer’s level.

The soil will loose its quality and fertility.

1. It decreases the soil fertility. 

2. Yield decreases in the next crop.

For getting drinking water.

Loss of the upper fertile layer of soil is known as soil erosion. 

Correct option: (A) species 

Tribe is a race or division of people. Genus is a group of closely related species, which resemble one another in certain characters. Family represents a group of closely related genera.

For processing, all the turmeric, rhizomes are washed properly to remove soil sticking to it etc. For this purpose P.A.U. has developed a machine which can wash and polish turmeric. This machine can wash and polish simultaneously nearly 2.5 – 3.0 quintal turmeric per hour. After this step (i.e. washing etc.) turmeric is boiled so that fingers become soft and their colour becomes uniform.

If boiling is done in open container it takes an hour but if boiled in pressure cooker it takes 20 minutes. After boiling, turmeric fingers are dried in sun so that moisture content is less than 10%. It takes nearly 15 days if strong sunlight is available. Now top layer of turmeric is removed by polishing. Then it is grounded in the grinder (hammer mill). This way 100 kg fresh turmeric gives 15-20 kg. powdered turmeric.

Punjab Agricultural University has developed a machine which is used for washing and polishing of turmeric. This machine can wash 2.5 -3.0 quintal turmeric in an hour and then can polish it also.

A small agro processing complex can have following machines.

• mini rice mill
• oil expeller
• small flour mill
• grinder
• pulse cleaner and grader
• cotton ginning machine
• small feed mill
• mini dal mill

These machines are used for processing pulses, cereals, oil seeds, spices, paddy, cotton etc.

Generally, there is damage of 10% grains after harvesting and in case of fruits and vegetables this damage and loss is upto 30 – 40%. If processing units are established at village level then such losses can be minimized. Farmers can get more income. Unemployed youth can get work and we can get fresh and high quality eatables. Due to availability of employment and earning, the migration towards cities is also reduced.

Agro processing complexes can have machines like mini rice mill, oil expeller, cotton gining machine etc. which are used to process paddy, oil seeds, cotton etc.

There are some agro processing plants which have very high initial cost. For example, the cost to establish dehydration and freezing plant for fruits and vegetables is nearly Rs. 30 lakh. Such a plant cannot be set up. at an individual level. Such a unit should be established at cooperative level by group of farmers. This way one plant can be used by various farmers and they can process their produce and can market them.

Sugarcane is crushed using cane crusher. Juice so obtained is heated and concentrated to get jaggery.

The correct answer is A) A-horizon.

Life on the earth would become impossible.

Correct option is (b) cotton

Correct option is (a) Oil expeller

Correct option: (D) All of above

Farmers can get more income by processing and selling of the agricultural produce at small scale. Farmer can also increase his income by adopting the occupations like – poultry farming, dairy farming etc.

A huge investment is (nearly 30 lakhs Rupees) is needed to set up dehydration and freezing plant for the processing of fruits and vegetables. Such units can be established at cooperative level and initial investment at individual level is reduced to large extent.

Turmeric processing plant, Mentha procesing unit, Juggery manufacturing.

Correct answer is ‘Changi Kheti’.

Used to grind wheat, maize seeds to get flour.

Cost for setting up these machines is from Rs. 5 to 20 lakh and one can get an income of Rs. 10 thousand to 50 thousand per month.

The correct answer is A) A-horizon.

1. c) minerals, organic matter, air and water

2. b) clayey soil

3. c) Heavy rainfall

To minimize the wastage of water we will use drip irrigation which throws the water at the base of plants. We will check the leakages in the water pipes and arrange small pits for rainwater harvesting. The collected rainwater will be used later.

They live on the Earth.

The need for an all India Organisation representing Indian opinion had been felt for a long time, but the immediate reasons which saw its birth, were the repressive policies of the British in the 1870s and the 1880s. In 1883 the controversial Ilbert Bill incident took place. According to it a British or a European in India could be tried by an Indian Judge. The Bill was withdrawn because of the opposition by the British.These events made the need for establishing an all-India organisation, representing Indian opinion an urgent necessity.

(c) Magharam Vaidya

Government as well as many other organisations provide financial help and training to establish agriculture based occupations.

Percolation : Water passing down through the soil particles is called percolation.

1. By using sprinklers and drip irrigation methods we can reduce the wastage of water in the garden. 

2. Construction of soaking pits in the garden enhances the percolation of raia water into the soil. It improves the ground water table. 

3. Rotting vegetation and animal remains make up the humus rich in fertility. 

4. They contain nutrients, natural manure, which give good support to the growth of ‘ plants. 

5. I also suggest Poorvika to grow big trees around the garden to stop winds. 

6. It is better to grow grass and other plants in the vacant portions of the garden. These grass plant roots hold the solid particles and prevent soil erosion during heavy rains.

(b) web master

1. employment

2. Agriculture 

3. Organized 

4. Unorganised Sectors 

5. employment growth