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Dense forests of evergreen nature are found in more humid areas but areas of moderate rainfall are characterized by deciduous sparse forests and grasslands.

Typhoons are tropical cyclones which occur in China sea.

The coastal parts of China type of climate are affected by the warm currents.

The Polar Tundra region is called the cold desert because the annual rainfall is less than 25 cm.

Taiga is known as the ‘Cold Pole of the Earth’ because Verkhoyansk (-68° C), the ‘Cold Pole’ of the world is located in this region in Eastern Siberia. It is a basin where the cold air stagnates for many weeks. It has the distinction of being the coldest place in the world.

Camel is the typical animal of the desert region as it is especially well-adapted to the arid environment.

China type climatic region is located between 20° and 40° latitude in both the hemispheres along the eastern parts of the continents.

Some parts of tropical grasslands are known as ‘Parkland’ because there are clusters of trees, especially along river valleys and on the margins of the Equatorial region.

In the continent of Africa, the tropical grasslands are the most extensive, covering a belt around the Equatorial region in both the hemispheres.

The grasslands are known by different names in different areas : 

(a) In North America as Prairies 

(b) In South Africa as Veld 

(c) In Hungary as Pastaz 

(d) In Eurasia as Steppes 

(e) In Australia as Downs.

Due to the ideal temperature of 25° C to 30° C and quite a hot summer season and ample rainfall average about 100 cm, present suitable condition for plantation crops like cotton and coffee.

The atomic size are generally expressed in terms of the following radii covalent radius, metallic radius and Van der waal’s radius. Van der waal’s radius > Metallic radius > covalent radius.

The energy released when an electron is added to the outer most orbit of an isolated neutral gaseous atom. It increases along the period and decreases down the group.

(i) Electronegativity goes on decreasing down the group. 

(ii) It goes on increasing along the period from left to right.

Grasslands are treeless because the porous soil and low rainfall mostly in summer. High evaporation and swift winds check the growth of trees in these regions.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the Mediterranean region. Long growing season, long hours of bright sunshine, the high temperature of summer, mid moist winters and fertile soils, in many areas, are favorable conditions for the growth of certain crops.

Truck farming : 

1. The American farmers call ‘market gardening’as truck farming because they send fruits and vegetables daily to the markets by means of truck 

2. Climatic condition is not an important factor in truck farming. 

Orchard farming : 

1. Mediterranean lands are the well-known orchard lands of the world. Orchard farming is concerned with the growing of fruits on large scale. 

2. Climatic condition is the main factor in orchard farming so lots of care is needed at every stage.

Sericulture : 

1. Sericulture refers to the rearing of silk worms. 

2. It is for. the production of raw silk. Leading producers are Northern Italy, Southern France and Parts of Spain. 

Viticulture : 

1. Viticulture refers to growing of grapes on a large scale. 

2. It is for the production of wine. Leading producers are Italy, France, Spain and Portugal.

Warm temperate region : 

1. It extends from 30° N to 45° N latitudes in each hemisphere. 

2. It includes the Mediterranean type, tropical desert type and monsoon type climatic region. 

Cool temperate region : 

1. It extends from 45° N latitudes in each hemisphere. 

2. It includes west-European type, temperate grasslands, St. Lawrence type and Taiga type climatic region.

Humid regions : 

1. Humid regions receive more precipitation than the evaporation all the year round. 

2. No water scarcity. 

Arid regions : 

1. Arid regions precipitation is lower than the precipitation whole year. 

2. Water scarcity throughout the year.

(a) (n -l)d¹ns², with n = 4, 3d¹4s² is Scandium belongs to 4th period and group 3. 

(b) It is because we can measure van der Waal’s radii in noble gases which are bigger than covalent radii. It is because electron has to enter the next higher energy level leading to very unstable electronic configuration.

Humid regions : 

1. Humid regions receive more precipitation than the evaporation all the year round. 

2. These regions face no water deficiency in the dry season. 

Sub-humid regions : 

1. In a sub-humid regions the precipitation exceeds evaporation only during the short rainy season. 

2. These regions face water deficiency in the dry season.

Shifting cultivation: It is a migratory system of agriculture. In this system, at first the small trees of an area are cut by a long thick bladed knife then, the slash is burnt, and crops are planted among the stumps by dropping the seeds into holes, made with a pointed stick.

Because the general outer most electronic configurations of the elements of a group remain same and they contain equal number of electrons in their respective outer most shells.

Oases : Oases are the areas in the deserts where some water is available. They are centers of greenery in the otherwise dreary expanse of the desert.

Mangrove forest: These forests are found in the coastal areas and brackish swamps. The number of plant species found in any area in these forests are very large.

Steppes : 

1. The grasslands in Eurasia are known as Steppes. 

2. The Steppes of Eurasia occur on either side of the Ural mountains covering the parts of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia in Asia. 

Prairies: 

1. The grasslands in North America are known as Prairies. 

2. Prairies of North America lying between the Rockies and the Great Lakes of North America.

Noble gases on the extreme right are zero valent.

The number of hydrogen or halogen atom ordouble the number of oxygen atom, which combin with one atom of the element is taken as its valency. According to the electronic concept of valency, "the number of electrons which an atom loses or gains or shares with other atom to attain the noble gas configuration is termed as its valency." 

Periodicity:

In period- The valency first increases then decreases from left to right in a period.

In group- The valency remains constant from top to bottom in a group. 

In a group, the valency of an element remains constant while in a period it increases from left to right.

Correct option is c) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ , the both electrons are removed from 2p so not much difference in the 2 potentials as the electrons are removed from the same subshell, same for 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹,1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹ but for 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² the second and third election are removed from different subshells that is 3s and 2p thus the high difference will be there

a. harmony 

b. kindness 

c. peace 

d. creature 

e. courage 

f. almighty

(i) The nuclear charge of Ne (Z = 10) is greater than that of fluorine (Z = 9), hence greater force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons is produced in the case of neon.

(ii) The valence shell of Ne is completely filled (1s² 2s² 2p⁶) while that of F (1s² 2s² 2p⁵) is not. Due to symmetry reason, the completely filled shell is more stable.Therefore, more energy is required to remove an electron from Ne as compared to F.

(a) Carbon has the highest first ionization enthalpy.

(b) Aluminum has the largest atomic radius.

Mg²⁺ and O^2- both have 10 electrons and Mg²⁺ having 12 protons in its nucleus (O^2- has 8 protons) exerts higher effective nuclear charge and thus shells are more effectively pulled in Mg²⁺ resulting to smaller size than O^2-.

The combining capacity of an element is known as valency.

Deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season to preserve the moisture which could be lost by transpiration through the leaves. After the slight winter rainfall, the trees again sprout with new leaves.

The Ganga is …………………………………..green fields. 

हिन्दी अनुवाद- गंगों हमारी राष्ट्रीय नदी है। यह संसार की धरोहर में से एक है। गंगा भारत की जीवनरेखा है और हमारे देश की सबसे प्रमुख नदियों में से एक है। इसे पवित्र माना जाता है और देवी गंगा के रूप में पूजा जाता है। गंगा अपनी यात्रा गोमुख से प्रारम्भ करती है। गोमुख हिमालय पर बनी एक गुफा है। बर्फ पिघलती है। और पानी एक छोटी धारा के रूप में बहता है। जैसे-जैसे गंगा पर्वतों से नीचे बहती जाती है और ज्यादा धाराएँ उसमें जुड़ती जाती हैं। इस प्रकार, गंगा और बड़ी होती जाती है। वह पर्वतों से तेजी से नीचे बहती जाती है। जैसे वह मैदानों में पहुँचती है, वह चौड़ी होती जाती है। वह मैदानों में हरिद्वार में पहुँचती है। मैदानों में वह कई गाँवों और शहरों से बहकर निकलती है। गंगा नदी के दोनों तरफ हरे मैदान हैं। 

Many big rivers ……………………………………’Ganga Sagar’. 

हिन्दी अनुवाद- कई बड़ी नदियाँ गंगा से मैदानों में जुड़ती हैं। यमुना और सरस्वती नदियाँ गंगा से इला. हबाद में मिलती हैं। तीन नदियों के मिलने के इस स्थान को त्रिवेणी संगम कहते हैं। यह स्थान बहुत पवित्र है। इसे तीर्थ राज ‘प्रयाग’ कहते हैं। प्रयाग का कुंभ मेला दुनिया में लोगों के सबसे बड़े धार्मिक सम्मेलन के नाम से विश्व विख्यात है। बहुत से हिंदु मानते हैं कि गंगा में एक पवित्र डुबकी लगाने से मनुष्य की आत्मा के सारे पिछले पाप धुल जाते हैं। अनेक बड़े शहरों से गुजरते हुए गंगा समुद्र की तरफर बहने लगती है। जैसे-जैसे वह समुद्र के निकट पहुंचती है उसकी गति धीमी होती जाती है और अन्त में वह समुद्र में मिल जाती है। गंगा की लम्बी यात्रा जो ऊँचे । पर्वतों से शुरू होती है, बंगाल की खाड़ी में आकर खत्म होती है। वह स्थान जहाँ गंगा समुद्र में आकर मिलती है ‘गंगासागर’ कहलाता है।

The Ganga ends her long journey at the Bay of Bengal.

Na⁺ and Ne both has 10 electrons but Na⁺ having protons in its nucleus (Ne has 10 protons) exerts higher effective nuclear charge and thus removal of electron from Na⁺ requires more energy.

Na⁺ and Ne both has 10 electrons but Na⁺ having protons in its nucleus (Ne has 10 protons) exert higher effective nuclear charge and thus removal of electron from Na⁺ requires more energy.

(ii) the Ganga Sagar 

(iii) three rivers 

(a) The Ganga is the lifeline of India.

(b) It provides freshwater to many states of India.

(c) It is sacred and is worshipped as Golden Ganga.

(d) It is our National river.

(e) It is one of the world heritages.

(f) Lakhs devotees of  take holy dip in it.

(a) Believe in yourself. 

(b) Dal Lake is the lifeline of Kashmir. 

(c) Bible is the holy book of Christians. 

(d) Children should respect different cultures. 

(e) I always enjoy a journey by train.

a. I have a book. 

b. The table has four legs. 

c. The tiger has black stripes. 

d. Butterflies have coloured wings.

a. ggana – Ganga 

b. uhokmg – Gomukh 

c. srdiahwa – Haridwar 

d. etirvin – Triveni 

e. masgna – Sangam

Ganga begins her journey from Gomukh, a cave which is made up of ice in the Himalayas.

Correct option is (ii) the Ganga Sagar