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The minerals in which no trace of metal is found are called non – metallic minerals, such as – mica, asbestos, pyrite, salt, diamond, building stones, lime stone and rock phosphate, etc.

To predict the future population of an area, demographic transition theory can be used. This theory explains 3 staged model of demographic transition:

Stage 

(i) High birth rate, high death rate, low growth rate : Example Bangladesh. Stage 

(ii) Initially high birth rate, low death rate, high growth rate-example India Stage 

(iii) Low birth rate, low death rate, stable or low growth rate –example Japan

1. Areas of high Density 

(i) Monsoon Asia, South and South east Asia 

(ii) Europe – river valley’s , coastal plains 

(iii) Eastern coastal region of North America 

2. Areas of Medium Density: 

(i) Asia 

(ii) Europe 

(iii) USA ,Australia 

(iv) Africa, South America 

3. Areas of low Density: 

(i) Hot Deserts 

(ii) Areas around North & South poles 

(iii) Cold Deserts 

(iv) equatorial Region

Density of population = population /Area Geographical factors 

(i) Availability of water 

(ii) Landforms 

(iii) Climate 

(iv) Soil

Africa Continent has the highest growth rate of population.

Geography is called the mother of all branches of knowledge.

1. Human activities are controlled and governed by Environment. 

2. Man is treated as a passive agent . 

3. Human adjustment in the environment with the help of available technology. 

4. Example of Benda life in Abujhamaad area of central India. 

Population geography.

Introduced by Griffith 

Taylor Reflects the middle path between the ideas of Environmental determinism and possibilism. 

Emphasizes in solving the problems without damaging the environment It believes in the concept of stop and Go Determinism.

Griffith Taylor.

BW climate means the climate similar to that of desert region. Here, the amount of rainfall is inadequate for the growth of vegetation.

Rainfall is more than the evaporation in the tropical wet climate.

1. The Britishers made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones, 

2. They constructed anicuts & canals. It could not have been done by farmers themselves.

Rainfall occurs throughout the year in the tropical wet climatic zone.

The policies of zamindars created a gap between them and their people. They earned more assets in the British reign. So they normally supported the British during the freedom movement.

Answer is (B) 3 – 7

Koppen classified the world mainly into the following five climatic zones:

1. Tropical Wet Climatic Zone: In this climatic zone, the temperature is found to be more than 18 degree Celsius in all the months. The condition of the lack of winter season can also be seen here.

2. Dry Climate: In this climatic zone, evaporation is more than the rainfall. Lack of water is found here.

3. Hot Temperate Humid: Summer and winter, both the seasons, are found here. The average temperature of the coldest month is found to be less than 18 degree Celsius.

4. Snowy Temperate Climate: The harsh winter season is found in this climatic zone. The average temperature in autumn period is less than 3 degree Celsius. The average temperature in summer season is more than 10 degree Celsius.

5. Polar Climate: Lack of summer season is found in this type of climatic zone. The average temperature of the warmest month is found to be less than 10 degree Celsius.

1) It means self-cultivated land.

2) Cornwallis introduced this in 1793.

3) They became defaulters.

4) Bellary, Ananthapur, Kurnool and Kadapa.

5) Sir Arthur Cotton.

6) 20, 30 years.

7) In 1861.

8) Vetti

9) Ghee, milk, vegetables, grass/straw, cowdung cakes etc.

10) They paid ‘Rusum’, an annual payment.

11) Ganjam Famine.

12) The Deccan riots of 1860s, Rampa fituries, Moppila agitations etc.

Answer is (D) 14

Moneylenders profited ultimately from production for export market. They lent more and more money to farmers on high-interest rates and profited.

(B) Deshmukh

Basis of climate classification of Koppen: The famous German Climatologist, Vl adimir Koppen, for the presentation of his climate classification, considered temperature rainfall and their seasonal nature as the basis.

Climatic Zones according to Koppen: 

He classified the world into the following five major climatic: 

• A – Tropical Wet Climate. 
• B – Dry Climate. 
• C – Mild, Humid Climate. 
• D – Snowy Temperate Climate. 
• E – Polar Climate.

Koppen also further classified all these climatic zones into their sub – zones (minor zones). 

The description of the major and minor zones according to him is as follows:

A. Tropical Wet Climate: Here, the average temperature in every month of the year is more than 18 degree Celsius. There is the lack of winter season in this climate. Rainfall occurs throughout the year. Here, the rainfall is always higher than the evaporation. 

It has the following three sub-divisions on the basis of rainfall, temperature and dryness:

1. Af – Tropical Wet Climate: Here, the rainfall occurs throughout the year, lack of aridity and no annual range of temperature are found.

2. Am – Tropical Monsoon Climate: It is also called Monsoon Rainfall. More forests are found here due to heavy rainfall. A short dry season is found here.

3. Aw – Tropical Wet and Dry Climate: It is also called Tropical Savanna Climate. High temperature is found here round the year. Here, the rainfall occurs in summer season, while the winter season remains dry.

B. Dry Climate: In this, evaporation is more than the rainfall. So, there is lack of water here. It can be classified into two parts on basis of temperature and rainfall.

1. BS – Steppe Zone: Here, the amount of rainfall is appropriate for the growth of dry grass.

2. BW – Desert Zone: Here, the amount of rainfall is inadequate for the growth of vegetation. Steppe and Desert Climate is classified into two sub – divisions on the basis of temperature :

• Bhs – Tropical Stepee Climate 
• Bsk – Cold Steppe Climate 
• Bwh – Tropical Desert Climate 
• Bwk – Cold Tropical Desert Climate

C. Warm Temperate, Humid Climate: Here, the average temperature of the coldest month is less than 18 degree Celsius and more than 3 degree Celsius. The summer and winter seasons both, are found here. Winter season is not harsh here.

The following three sub – divisions have been made based on the seasonal details of rainfall:

• Cf – Rainfall throughout the year 
• Cw – Extreme rainfall in summer season 
• Cs – More rainfall in winter season

Its other sub – divisions are: 

• a – Hot summer period, 
• b – Cold summer period, 
• c – Short-term summer period.

D. Snowy Temperate Climate: In this climate, the average temperature of the coldest month is less than – 3 degree Celsius. The average temperature of the warmest month is more than 10 degree Celsius. Coniferous forests are found here. 

It has two main sub – divisions:

• Df – Rainfall whole the year. 
• Dw – Rainfall in summer season while winter season is dry.

E. Polar Climate:

This climate zone also divided into two parts:

1. ET – Tundra Climate: In this, the summer temperature ranges from 0 degree Celsius to 10 degree Celsius. 

2. EF – Glaciated Climate: In this, the summer temperature is less than 0 degree Celsius. These regions remains frozen throughout the year.

In this way, Koppen presented the climate classification of the world by including rainfall and temperature related minor characteristics based on limited sources. Though, there are many flaws in this.

The factors which affect the climate mainly include the status of latitudes, distance from sea coast, mountain barriers, sea currents, direction of winds, height from sea level and turbulence. Inequality is found in the distribution of temperature according to the latitudinal extent, due to which, tropical, temperate and polar climate zones are formed.

Due to predominance of moisture in the regions near the sea, moist climate is found; and dry climate is found in the inland regions. Sea currents, due to their nature, produce humidity. As the height increases from the sea level, the nature of climate varies due to the decrease in temperature. The terrestrial or oceanic nature of winds is also a determinant factor of the climate.

In Nizams rule the large landlords were called Doras

A) the demand for cotton fell

(C) Both A & B

The following are the characteristics of the Polar Climate: 

1. Lack of summer season is found in this type of climate. 

2. In the regions with this type of climate, the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 10 degree Celsius. 

3. The regions with this type of climate, remain frozen for most of the year. 

4. In polar regions, fungus, lichen, algae, etc. are found in the form of tundra vegetation. 

5. Polar climate is classified in the form of tundra and taiga regions. 

6. Coniferous vegetation is found in the sub-polar regions. 

7. Usually, lack of population is found in the polar regions due to adverse climatic conditions.

At present revenue is paid in the form of money.

(C) Both 1 & 2

The Civil war in America ended in 1865 

The Civil war in America was started in 1861

Dry Climate is classified mainly into two parts: 

1. Steppe Zone (BS). 

2. Desert Zone (BW).

These two are further classified into Tropical Steppe Climate and Cold Steppe Climate; Tropical Desert Climate and Cold Tropical Desert Climate.

Tropical Monsoon Rainfall (Am) is also called Monsoon Climate. More forests are found here due to extreme rainfall. A short dry season is also found here.

In this climate, rainfall occurs throughout the year. The average temperature in every month of the year remains more than 18 degree Celsius. There is a lack of winter season in this climate. Here, the rainfall is more than the evaporation.

According to Koppen, polar climate is found in the high mountainous regions or high latitudinal parts of the world. Koppen represented this by the English letter E. In this type of climate, the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 10 degree Celsius. Lack of summer season is found in this climate. 

It is further classified into two parts:

1. ET – Tundra Climate 

2. EF – Glaciated Climate.

1. ET – Tundra Climate: In this, the temperature in summer season ranges from 0 degree Celsius to 10 degree Celsius.

2. EF – Glaciated Climate: In this, the temperature in summer season is less than 0 degree Celsius. Such regions remain frozen throughout the year.

In recent past, there was an increase in the prices of rice and red gram. Later they were reduced by the government. Peasants grew some crops thinking of high profits. If the demand fell, they would get losses that year.

Answer is (C) 1820

(D) All the above

Mahy wars were broken out between Palegars and the British from 1798 to 1805. First war was fought between Veerapandya and the British in 1799. Second main war was fought between a group of Palegars and the British. After a long andexpensive campaign-theBritish finally defeated the revolting Palegars of whom many were beheaded and hanged while others were deported to the Andaman Islands. Of the Palegars who submitted to the British some of them granted Zamindari status, which had only tax collection rights and disarmed them completely.

Answer is (B) 1800

Following are the major social diversities present in India: 

1. Hundreds of communities live here. 

2. Hundreds of dialects and many languages are spoken here, 

3. People having belief in various religions and sects live here,

4. Every part of the country has its own respective folk lore, folk songs and dances, 

5. All the respective states have their own festivals.

Following basic amenities are available in our village/ward: 

1. Facility of modes of communication 

2. facility of gardens 

3. local facilities, such as- food grains obtained from farming, fruits and vegetables, milk, etc. 

4. arrangement for primary education 

5. facility of primary healthcare centre 

6. facility of police station (for security) 

7. road system for transportation 

8. limited facility of newspapers 

9. limited facility of entertainment 

10.limited facility of transport 

11.limited facility of potable water, etc

1. Himalayas, Ganga-Yamuna 

2. agriculture, animal husbandry

The high Himalayas and the Ganga – Yamuna plains are situated in the north of India. The ancient plateau part and the Indian Ocean are situated in the south and desert region is present in the west. Some parts of the country are laden with snow all the year round, while in some other parts, the temperature is found to be excessively high and rainfall is scarce. Different seasons such as summer, winter and rainfall are experienced in the country.

The process of expression of human thoughts and beliefs, in which exchange of expressions and thoughts takes place, is known as language.

People believing in various religions and sects live in India. Women and men from all the religions, languages and regions had jointly fought against the British in the freedom struggle of India. The songs which were composed at the time of the freedom struggle and the symbols which were formed have maintained the belief towards unity in diversity.

Following are the various aspects of diversity in India: 

1. Geographical diversity 

2. Racial ancestry – human species such as Aryans, Dravidians, etc. 

3. Languages – Hundreds of languages and dialects are spoken in India, 

4. Diversity in castes, art and culture 

5. Physical structure – People living on the hills are short in height along with strong feet, people living in the plains are tall and strong and people living in coastal areas have strong chests and arms 

6. Diversity in eating habits and hobbies 

7. Diversity in clothing and fashion 8. Diversity in working procedures, etc.

The Indian Constitution has tied the entire India in unity. Constitution is equal for all in the entire India. It is such a document which forms laws and rules and provides citizenship on the basis of equality of all the citizens of the nation. Except for Jammu and Kashmir, our national symbols, national anthem and national song have also tied the country with the thread of unity.

Variation found in food, dresses, complexion language and colour, etc. is known as diversity.

Urbanization is gradually increasing in India. Due to the desire of living a good life, people are migrating from the villages to the cities continuously. 

Due to this, the following problems are increasing very fast in the cities:

1. All the people are unable to obtain employment and the required basic facilities. 

2. Most of the people are forced to live in clay-built small houses, where there is lack of facilities such as electricity, water, education, healthcare, etc. Unauthorized colonies come up at any where. Slum houses also come up near bus stands, railway stations, hospitals and at market places. 

3. Number of dirty slums is increasing in the cities and people are forced to live in them, 

4. Most of the people are forced to sustain on less income, 

5. Many people are forced to sleep on footpaths, 

6. Even in the midst of crowd, an individual feels isolated and lonely in the city, 

7. There has been increase in various types of pollution.