Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

सही विकल्प है (ख) उस्ताद बिस्मिल्लाह खाँ।

Ortho nitrophenol, [ intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o-nitrophenol and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in p-nitrophenol.]

Increasing order of acidity :

o-cresol < phenol < o-nitrophenol

[ In substituted phenols, the presence of electron withdrawing groups, enhance the acidic strength of phenol whereas, electron releasing groups decrease the acidic strength of phenol.]

Due to resonance, phenoxide ion is more stable than phenol whereas there is no resonance is alkoxide ion /explained With the help of resonating structures.

Nitro being the electron withdraning group stabilises the phenoxide ion.

Detaited Answer

Nitro-group is an electron-withdrawing group. The presence of this group in the ortho position decreases the electron density in the O-H bond resulting in  easier loss of proton. The o-nitrophenoxide ion formed after the loss of protons is stabilsed by resonance. Hence, orthonitrophenol is a stronger in  acid. Whereas, methoxy is an electron-releasing the b-u bond. Thus, proton is released easily. Thus ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic that orthowhereas methoxyphenol.

Correct Answer is: (c) Hcp and ccp 

In Hexagonal closed packing -

• No of atoms => 12 

• No of tetra. Voids => 12 

• No of octahedral voids => 6

In Cubic closed packing -

• No of atoms => 4 

• No of tetra. voids => 8 

• No of octahedral voids => 4

Copper sulphate acts as catalyst.

Ammonium Sulphate.

Answer is Al₃O₃ (alumina)

Chemical change: - is a change in which one or more new substances are formed.

In a chemical change—

i) New substances are formed.

ii) Energy changes are involved.

iii) There is a change in mass during the reaction.

iv) Permanent change takes place.

Examples –

i) Cooking of food

ii) Rusting of iron

iii) Heating of Lead nitrate

iv) Souring of milk

v) Ripening of fruit

The polarisation of one σ bond caused by polarization of adjacent a bond due to difference in electro-negativity.

Anhydrous calcium chloride.

In this effect, the sigma bond pair of electrons are displaced towards electron withdrawing substituent (X).

The order of electron withdrawing ability (intensity of -I effect) of a few substituent is given below.

In this effect the substituent (Y) releases electron pair away from itself. In other words a bond pair of electrons are displaced away from the substituent. 

Eg: All alkyl groups.

Carbon and Hydrogen

The permanent polarity in an saturated organic molecule due to small displacement of sigma bond pair of electrons towards more electronegative atom.

Equivalent mass of acid = \(\frac{\textit{Molecular Mass}}{\textit{Basicity of acid(No. of replacable hydrogen)}}\)

Sigma bond pair of electrons.

Molecular formula = n(Empirical formula) where n = \(\frac{\textit{Molecular weight}}{\textit{Empirical formula weight}}\)

(i) It is weakly alkaline is nature and neutralizes acid (HCl ) formed is the stomach.

NaHCO₃ + HCl --->NaCl + H₂O +CO

(ii) It evolves CO₂ in the form of bubbles when cake is made by baking. As a result, the cake becomes porous as well as fluffy.

NaHCO₃ ----heat---------> Na 2CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂

The chemical formula of baking soda is Na 2CO₃

Electromeric effect.

The acid present in an ant sting is methanoic acid (formic acid). The chemical formula is HCOOH. To get relief, one should apply any available basic salt, e.g., baking soda (NaHCO₃) on it.

• The acid present in ant sting is methanoic acid (formic acid). 
• The chemical formula is HCOOH. 
• To get relief one should apply any available basic salt e.g., baking soda (NaHCO₃ ) on it.

Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO₃

Aqua-regia (3 parts HCI: 1 parts HNO₃)

The correct answer is option (a) an odd multiple of 3

Explanation:

Given that, the sum of the digits xyz is given as x+y+z is 6, where z is an odd integer.

The divisibility test of 3, the number xyz is divisible by z. Since the last digit is an odd digit, then xyz is an odd multiple of 3.

Like terms I= (4x², 3x²) 

II = \(\frac{1}{3}\)x

III = -8x³ , 6x³ , -74׳ 

IV = (xy, 8xy) 

V = (4y) 

VI = (7 xyz)

Molar mass of Na₂SO₄ = [(2 × 23.0) + (32.00) + 4 (16.00)] = 142 g

Mass percent of an element = (Mass of that element in compound/Molar mass of that compound) x 100

∴ Mass percent of sodium (Na): (46/142) x 100 = 32.39% 

Mass percent of sulphur(S): (32/142) x 100 = 22.54% 

Mass percent of oxygen:(O): (64/142) x 100 = 45.07%

i. 201 a³b²

= 3 × 67 × a³ × b²

= 3 × 67 × a × a × a × b × b

ii. 91 xyt²

= 7 × 13 × x × y × t² 

= 7 × 13 × x × y × t × t

iii. 24 a²b² 

= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a² × b²

= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b × b

iv. tr²s³ 

= t × r² × s³ 

= t × r × r × s × s × s

i. 502 × 498 = (500 + 2) (500 – 2) 

Here, a = 500, b = 2 

∴ (500 + 2) (500 – 2) = 500² – 2² 

…. [(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²] 

= 250000 – 4

= 249996 

∴ 502 × 498 = 249996

ii. 97 × 103 = (100 – 3) (100 + 3) 

Here, a = 100, b = 3 

∴ (100 – 3) (100 + 3) = 100² – 3² 

…. [(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²] 

= 10000 – 9 

= 9991 

∴ 97 × 103 = 9991

iii. 54 × 46 = (50 + 4) (50 – 4) 

Here, a = 50, b = 4 

∴ (50 + 4) (50 – 4) = 50² – 4² 

…. [(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²] 

= 2500 – 16 = 2484 

∴ 54 × 46 = 2484

iv. 98 × 102 = (100 – 2) (100 + 2) 

Here, a = 100, b = 2 

∴ (100 – 2) (100 + 2) 

= 100² – 2²

…. [(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²] 

= 10000 – 4 

= 9996 

∴ 98 × 102 = 9996

pH = – log [H⁺]

HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO^-₃ 

pH = -log [1 × 10^-4]

= -(-4)log₁₀10 = 4

pH = 4

As Ramesh had a meeting in his office, he didn’t meet his friend Suresh during his visit to Hyderabad the previous week. So, he wrote a letter apologizing for his not meeting Suresh.

Suresh and Ramesh enjoyed their childhood days in Manikonda village.

Every day they played gilli-danda, hide and seek and kabaddi in their garden. 

They played in the moonlight. They enjoyed listening to the tales told by their grandpa. Thus they spent their time joyfully.

Ramesh enjoyed his childhood days along with his friend Suresh in Manikonda village. There were so many unforgettable, joyous occasions in their childhood. They leisurely spent their time enjoying the beauty of the nature. But now he is not happy in city. He is annoyed at his busy city life. He is the man of disgust. Ramesh’s family members hardly find time to sit together. They have forgotten their family. They work like machines. They have missed the joy of the family, their company and many things in the busy life.

No. I don’t think Ramesh is happy in the city. He thinks that his city life is very disgusting. Both Ramesh and his wife work at software companies. They don’t find any time to sit together. They are always busy. They work with computers, think like computers and live like computers. They have forgotten their family. Ramesh recalls all the joyous occasions he had during his childhood. He thinks that he has missed his relatives, the joy of the family, their company and many things in his busy life. He thinks that their flat is their world, just like a well for a frog.

Ramesh’s family moved to the city as both Ramesh and his wife got jobs in the city (Hyderabad). They got jobs in software companies.

y = log(x²√(x² + 1))

Differentiating w.r.t. 'x'

dy/dx = ((d log(x²√(x² + 1)))/d(x²√(x² + 2))) x ((d(x²√(x² + 1)))/dx)

= (1/x²√(x² + 1)) x ((dx²/dx) x √(x² + 1) + (x²d√(x² + 1)/dx))

= (1/x²√(x² + 1)) x (2x√(x² + 1) + x² x (1/2√(x² + 1)) x 2x)

=  (1/x²√(x² + 1)) x (2x√(x² + 1) + (x²/√(x² + 1))) 

According to, y + x = sin^-1(x + y)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, 

(dy/dx) + (dx/dx) = (d sin(x + y)/d(x + y)) x (d(x + y)/dx)

(dy/dx) + 1 = (cos(x + y)) x (1 + (dy/dx))

(dy/dx) + 1 = (cos(x + y)) x ((dy/dx)cos(x + y))

{1 - cos(x + y)}(dy/dx) = cos(x + y ) - 1

dy/dx = (1 - cos(x + y))/(1 - cos(x + y)) 

dy/dx = 1

The hunting was prohibited except the Royal family.

Plants consume toxic CO₂ and release O₂. Moreover, they are the producers in the ecosystem.

Air. Water & Soil (abiotic) and Animals & Plants.

There is a discipline in philosophy that reveals that moral relationship of human beings and the environment and it’s non human contents.

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 :
It was implemented on Oct 25, 1980 in whole India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It includes –

• Prohibition of ecological imbalance by deforestation.
• Prior permission of central government is essential to deserve any reserved forest.
• Central government permission is essential to use forest land for non-forest purposes.
• For using forest land in non-forest purpose, a new forest will be developed in equal area.

National Forest Act, 1988 (Amended 1980 act) 
It’s aims are –

1. To Maintain ecological balance.
2. To ensure environmental stability.

Improvement of environment and protection of wild life.

For the conservation of wildlife, central and state governments have approved following laws :-

Wild life (conservation) Act, 1972 –
It is meant for the conservation of animals, birds and plants. It was implemented on September 9, 1972. In Rajasthan, it was implemented in 1973.
Aims :

• To Manage and control hunting of wild organism and birds.
• Planning and Establishment of Wild life sanctuaries and National parks.
• To constitute wild life advisory committee to advice state governments.
• To control the trade related to wild life acquisition, lordship and transfer and their skin.
• To control trade concern to articles made up of leather.
• Provision of penalty who work against the act.
• To prevent and prohibit the hunting of wild life.
• Conservation of special plants.
• To provide right to the workers and officers of zoo to control the zoo and captivity reproduction.

The violation of the act may impose a penalty of 6 month to 7 year imprisonment or Rs. 500 to 5000 economic penalty or both.

Many Wildlife sanctuaries and National parks were established in India under this act. As a result, the extinction of endangered species and ecological imbalance have been prevented.

Environment conservation act, 1986 concerns with the control of soil, water and air pollution.

Natural resources should be used in appropriate manner keeping environmental balance in mind.

It was implemented on September 9, 1972. In Rajasthan, it was implemented in 1973.
Aims :

• To Manage and control hunting of wild organism and birds.
• Planning and Establishment of wild life sanctuaries and National parks.
• To constitute wild life advisory committee to advice state governments.
• To control the trade related to wild life acquisition, lordship and transfer and their skin.

Air pollution. Elimination and Control act, 1981.