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(c) somewhere

(a) national

Some kind of a dream of unity has occupied the mind of India since the dawn of civilization. 

The author mentions the examples of Pathans of North-West Frontiers and the Tamils of South to show India’s tremendous unity.

(c) an Indian

(a) synthesis

Reference : These lines have been taken from the lesson ‘A Dialogue on Civilization’ written by C.E.M.Joad. 

[ N.B.: The above reference will be used for all explanations of this lesson. ) 

Context : In this lesson the author explains the meaning of civilization through a dialogue between himself and a little girl Lucy. 

Explanation : In these lines the author says that getting as many things as we want does not make one civilized. When we are tired of such things, we stop and begin again. Same thing applies to Romans who used to eat a great quantity of food till they were over eaten. Then they took some medicine for motions. When they had emptied their stomach, they again started eating. So, this is not civilization and no one will call it civilization.

All of us,I suppose, have varying pictures of our native land and no two persons will think exactly alike.

In ancient India the great university of Taxila was famous for education. About two thousand years ago this university was at the height of its fame. Students from all over India as well as different parts of Asia came to study here.

When the author thinks of India, he recalls to memory the broad fields, villages, towns and cities and rivers, the Himalayas and the valleys of Kashmir.

Physical appearance, physical traits and mental habits of the people of India make the diversity of India obvious. Yet the people call them Indians.

The expression means that although the people of India have different cultures, languages, religions and beliefs, yet they are emotionally one.

The changes in religion failed to undermine the basic unity of India because in India, widest tolerance of belief and custom was practised. The people acknowledged and accepted every variety and encouraged it.

Ruins of old monuments, great University of Taxila, epics and Buddhist literature tell us that the North-West Frontier Area was strong holds of Indian culture.

We see the impress of India on the people belonging to different parts of the country in their manners, customs and traditions. They look peculiarly Indian when we compare them with the people of same faith living in other countries.

Common national heritage and common moral and mental qualities kept India united before the coming of the modern idea of nationalism.

In modern development the people of various communities of India are not giving much importance to their religious or racial bonds but they give more importance to their national feelings, i.e. they are Indians.

Unity in diversity is the speciality of Indian culture.

The Sandy area called ‘Sam’ in Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan situated in the western part of India completely lacks in vegetation.

The shifting agriculture is called as Jhuming agriculture in Assam, India. It is largely practiced in the north – eastern part of India.

The tropical climatic crops produced in India are rice, tea, coffee, jute, sugarcane etc.

Agriculture has been the backbone of Indian economy since the very beginning. It has largely facilitated the livelihood of Indian people. 

But the form of agriculture is uneven on regional basis and the responsible factors for this are:

1. Topographical structure: In the entire India, the topographical structure has controlled the form of agriculture, i.e. in the mountains, terrace farming, in the plains, subsistence agriculture, and in the deserts, pastoral farming is practiced.

2. Availability of water: Water is the most important factor for all types of agriculture. Different types of agriculture such as plantation, commercial, shifting, horticulture, etc. fully depend on the availability of water.

3. Fertility of soil: The fertility of soil is the most important factor for the diversity of agriculture. Due to availability of alluvial and muddy soil, the form of intensive cultivation has developed in the plains of Ganga and Yamuna.

4. The awareness of Farmers: The awareness of farmers also decides the form of agriculture, i.e. some illiterate farmers who have only the basic knowledge of agriculture, practice shifting agriculture even today and use the ancient tools and equipments for farming. But the literate farmers, who have abundant knowledge, practice plantation, commercial or horticulture or terrace farming.

(c) Jhooming agriculture

(a) Shifting agriculture

Mahmood had been well-known throughout the city in the prime of his life.

Context: In this essay Pt. Nehru explains how despite of cultural diversities there is unity in India. It can be seen in the physical appearance, physical traits and mental habits of the people of India. The writer gives some living examples to prove his statement. 

Explanation : In this passage the writer tells the readers that in those times the frontier area was one of the centres of old Indian culture. The ruins of monuments and monasteries which are lying there even today are the proof of old Indian culture. In those days the university of Taxila was so famous that it attracted students from all over India as well as different parts of Asia. According to Nehru the changes of religion could not change entirely the mental backgrounds which the people of those areas had developed.

Reference : These lines have been taken from the lesson ‘The Variety and Unity of. India’ written by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. 

[ N.B.: The above reference will be used for all explanations of this lesson. ] 

Context: This essay has been taken from Nehru’s famous book “The Discovery of India’. In this essay he explains how despite of cultural diversities, there is unity in India. Irrespective of caste, creed and religion, all people living in India call themselves Indian. 

Explanation: In this passage the writer says that in India there is a lot of diversity from one corner of India to another. It is so clear that every body can see it outwardly. It can be seen in the physical appearance, physical traits and mental habits of the people of India. The author also mentions the examples of Pathans of North West Frontier and the Tamils of South to show India’s tremendous unity.

Context: Here the author says that in every nation there are many groups of differentian culture has been secular. It is not related with any caste or religion. Indian culture is something peculiar and different from the culture of other countries. 

Explanation: In these lines the author says that the feelings of nationalism are deeply rooted in the hearts of all Indians. There are so many Indians who are living in foreign countries. They may have their own internal differences based on caste, creed or Tour. Yet inspite of these differences they form a national group there, i.e. a group of Indians and they have the feelings of indianism in them. Thus, this feeling of nationalism binds them together.

Context : This lesson is taken from the well-known work of Nehru “The Discovery of India’. In this lesson Pt. Nehru says that India is a country of great diversity in physical appearance, fo clothing, social customs, rms, religion and language. Yet the Indian. culture has a great impress upon different people and it unites them. 

Explanation : People of different religions and languages living in India remained Indians throughout the centuries. Foreign races came here but they also could not disrupt the national feelings of the Indians. Every person living in India was first Indian and then something else. Many years ago India was also a vast country like China. She had her own culture and assimilated much of the other cultures also. It has always been changing outwardly. Therefore, the Indian culture is called dynamic.

Context: The author says that India is a nation and in every nation there may be groups. So in India also there are many groups of different religions. But all the people of non-Indian origin who settled in India became particularly Indian. The Christians, Jews, Parsis, Moslems, etc., who have settled in India are first Indian and then anyone else. 

Explanation : In these lines the author says that Indian culture has been secular. It is not related to any caste or religion. Many people changed their religion yet they called themselves Indians. They had always the feelings of nationalism. If they went to any other country of their own religion, there also they were looked as Indians. Thus, we see that Indian culture is something peculiar and different from the culture of other countries.

Context: Pt. Nehru says that the idea of unity has been very old in the minds of Indian people. This idea was not imposed upon them but it was based on a broad outlook. That is why all the Indians irrespective of their caste and religion have been united. 

Explanation : In these lines Pt. Nehru says the difference in various groups are but natural. Each group is closely related with itself. But in a nation there are so many groups and each group has its own interests. But when these different groups come closer and have a common national feeling, these differences begin to fade away. They come closer with one another and become united. This process is called synthesis and it makes the unity and nation strong.

Context : Pt. Nehru says that India is a country of great diversity in physical appearance, food, clothing, social customs, religion and language. But it has a unique culture. It has a characteristic of synthesis. So many times foreign cultures influenced our culture but they were soon absorbed in it. 

Explanation : In these lines the author explains how Indian culture became richer by the impact of other cultures. He says that the idea of unity has been very old in the minds of Indian people. This idea was not forcibly imposed upon Indians. It was also not based on certain set rules of religion. But it was based on a broad outlook. Indian culture learnt a lot from others and it also taught a lot to the others. Thus it was very flexible and went on going richer and richer.

Blowing of winds in India is a process of the change in seasons. As soon as the conditions of atmospheric temperature and pressure change, the direction of winds also changes. In both conditions, whether it is summer or winter, the wind flow shows a significant change in it. Due to temperature and atmospheric pressure, Indian winds blow from the surface to the sea during the months of winter, while in the summer season, the conditions are totally reversed.

In this season, winds blow towards surface from the sea. The factor responsible for this change in the direction of winds is atmospheric pressure, because the winds always blow from high atmospheric pressure areas towards low atmospheric pressure areas.

The economic condition of a country is a major factor for its development or backwardness. The performance of the economic activities is the basis of economic development. 

The economic diversity in India can be classified as given below:

1. Agricultural diversity: Many agricultural forms are found in India. Among these, shifting agriculture, plantation agriculture, commercial agriculture, subsistence farming and mixed farming are mainly practiced in India. Crops of different types, such as wheat, cotton, rice, maize, tea, coffee, jute, etc. are also grown here. There are different methods of agriculture practiced in India.

2. Irrigation – sources based Diversity: The different means and methods of irrigation are practiced in India. The means of irrigation in India include – wells, tube wells, ponds, canals, etc. The process of irrigation depends on the availability of water and rainfall.

3. Energy resources based Diversity: Different types of energy resources are found in different parts of India. Energy resources in the country include – coal, hydro – electricity, petroleum, natural gas, atomic energy, solar energy, that show diversity.

4. Mineral based Diversity: The diversity in the distribution of resources and their use can be seen everywhere in India. In the production of some minerals like mica and gypsum, India enjoys monopoly, and on the other hand, it lags behind in the production of several other minerals. Metallic, non-metallic and power (energy) minerals are found in India, that show diversity.

5. Industrial Diversity: In our country, many types of industries are found and these are classified into small scale and cottage industry, large scale industry, agro – based industry, livestock based industry, which show the diversity in the industries.

6. Means of Transport based Diversity: The diversity in the transportation modes in India can be seen in different means of transport, like bicycle, rickshaw, tonga, bullock – carts, bus, car, railway, aircraft, camel carts, etc.

7. Means of communication based diversity: Ancient as well as the modem means of communication are found in India. While in some backward tribal parts of India, a very common means of communication is beating the drum and some other tribes also send their messages through the beating of drum or by producing different types of sounds through the mouth. On the other hand, in the developed parts of India, modern and latest means of communication like mobile, radio, television, fax and internet are used.

Form of economic unity: The economic progress of India is mainly on account of the spirit of unity or oneness among every Indian. Today, India has emerged as a major economic power and has secured its position among the top 10 largest economies in the world, both in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) and national GDP.

To satisfy the basic needs, every Indian is engaged in different types of economic activities. Most of the people are engaged in primary economic activities, but other trades and businesses are also developing rapidly. It is due to the feeling of oneness or unity, which is deeply imbibed in the heart of every Indian.

Due to structural diversities, the distribution of minerals in India is also uneven. Some regions of India have large deposits of minerals, but there are some other parts, where no minerals are found. In India, the structure and formation of minerals is also found to be different. Metallic, non – metallic, energy and power minerals are found in India in liquid, solid and gaseous forms. In some minerals, India enjoys monopoly, but there are some other minerals which are not found here.

In the present conditions, variety of minerals has increased at large due to non – traditional resources. Ideal condition of solar energy is found at some places, while thermal energy is found at other places, at some places, ideal conditions for tidal energy are found, while at other places, ideal conditions for wind energy are there. All these diversities have granted India the status of a Museum of Minerals.

Geographical isolation will not be a major factor in the speciation of an organism that reproduces asexually, because it does not require any other organism to carry out reproduction.

All the foreign powers wanted to gain advantage from the diversities found in our country as they were selfish. Seeing the rapid development and increasing strength of our country, they were jealous, therefore they wanted to make our country divided and economically backward. Adopting the Divide and Rule policy, they wanted to disintegrate the unity of India so that they could destroy our country.

Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product

Answer is: (c) A family

The factor payments are Rent, Wages, Interest and Profit.

Economic welfare is the satisfaction derived by an individual from the use of economic goods and services.

The payments made by the Government like old age pension, widow pension, scholarships etc. are called transfer payments.

Externalities are those which are unintentional consequences of an economic action of a firm that accrue to another firm.

India is a great country in which various social and cultural diversities like people’s lifestyle, their dressings, languages, music and songs, customs and trends, fooding, social behavior, religious faiths, praying methods are seen everywhere. The manifestation and pronunciation of the people in the different parts of India are also different. All these diversities in India create a coloured and matchless national form, which provides it a unique position in the world.

India is a country of diversities, where, along with other diversities, diversity of communication is also found. In the backward tribal areas, people send their messages by beating the drums. They also produce specific sounds to communicate their messages. But in the developed areas, there are many modes of communication, which are used to express the ideas, thoughts and messages. Telephones, mobile phones, telegraph, fax, radio, television, and internet are speedy forms of communication in the developed parts of India. The diversity among these modes of communication is also seen in different parts of the country.

The main characteristics of Indian drainage system have been given below: 

1. The nature of Indian drainage system follows its physio – graphic regions. 

2. The north Indian drainage system takes its form due to melting of the snow. 

3. The north – Indian drainage system shows the pattern of perennial flow. 

4. The south Indian drainage system usually shows its seasonal nature. 

5. The mountain ranges found in the central part of India divide the Indian drainage system into several parts. 

6. In the northern drainage system, the quantity of water is much as well as the drainage the area is also large, but in the southern drainage system, amount of water is relatively less and the drainage area is also less.

There is a large population in India, where people belonging to different religions reside. India is not only a place of different religions, but it is also the birth place of many faiths and religions. That is why, no religion could get a special place for itself. Even today, India is a secular country, where equal value and importance is given to all religions. Mainly, Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains and Buddhists live in the country.

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Tamil Nadu etc. The followers of Islam religion mainly live in Lakshadweep, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Kerala, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand, in scattered form, and Christians are mainly found in Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Kerala, and Buddhists are mainly found in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Maharashtra. The Sikhs are found in scattered form in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and North Rajasthan. In this way, religious diversity is found in India.

The formation of vegetation in a particular area depends on topography, temperature, quantity of rainfall and structure of soil. All these natural conditions in India show variations on regional basis. That is why, significant diversities are found in the vegetation found in different parts of India. 

Normally, following types of vegetation is found in the country:

1. Evergreen Forest: In the Western Ghats and north – eastern states of India. 

2. Mountain Vegetation: In the northern mountain range. 

3. Arid and Dry Vegetation: In the western desert part of Rajasthan and dry plateaus of Karnataka.

4. Semi – arid Vegetation: In the semi – arid desert region of Rajasthan, South Haryana, South-western Punjab and Northern Gujarat. 

5. Tidal Vegetation: In the deltas of rivers and estuaries. 

6. Autumn Vegetation: Most of the states of central India.

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The answer is (A) 1993