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Postelia is commonly called sea palm.

(c) dark violet 

Streptomyces is a mycelial forming Actinobacteria which lives in soil, they impart "eodour" to soil after rain which is due to the presence of geosmines (volatile or compound).

Metabolism and consciousness are two defining characteristics of living beings.

Members of this kingdom are called fungi. They are nonchlorophyllous, saprophytes. Some are parasites.

Fungal body is called Mycelium. It consists of branched or unbranched filaments called hyphae.

Cell wall is made of fungal cellulose or chitin.

They are unicellular of multicellular Eukaryotes.

They store glycogen and oil as their reserve food.

Locomotion is generally absent.

Mycelia is haploid in primitive forms and dikaryotic in advanced groups.

Reproduction includes both asexual and sexual. Asexual stage involves spore formation.

• Members of this kingdom are called plants and they are multicellular Eukaryotes.
• Cell wall is present made of cellulose.
• Mode of Nutrition is Autotrophic. They are photoautotrophs. 
• Light capturing pigments called chlorophyll are present in Chloropiasts.
• Some plants are avascular and some others are vascular.  
• Plant body shows tissue and organ level of construction. 
• They are nonmotile but some organs like leaf, root and stems show growth movements
• They store starch as their reserve food material.

• A cyanobacteria called Trichodesmium erythraeum imparts red colour to sea. 

• Fungi are nonchlorphyllous, nonphotosynthetic saprobes
• fungal bodies called mycelium and it is made up of branched Or unbranched septate or a sep¬tate filaments called hyphae

• Little leaf of brinjal, 
• witches broom of legumes, 
• phyllody of cloves and 
• sandal spi

• Cyanobacteria are popularly called as 'Blue green algae' or 'Cyanophyceae'. 
• They are photosynthetic, prokaryotic organisms. 
• Cyanobacteria are primitive forms and are in different habitats.

• They are unicellular, or colonial Eukaryotes.
• Diverse nutritive methods like photosynthesis, absorption, ingestion, etc.
• Cytoplasm has cell organelles such as Golgi complex, mitochondria, etc.
• Ribosomes are 80s type.
• They have locomotory organells such as flagella, celia, pseudopodia.
• Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell divisions.
• They reproduce asexually and sexually
• Formation of cyst is common for escaping from drought and other unfavorable conditions.

• They are unicellular or colonial eukaryotic organisms without tissue differentiation.
• Cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, etc. are present.

• Leprose -Absence of distinct fungal layer 
• Crustose - Crust-like 
• Foliose- Leaf-like 
• Fruticose- Branched pendulous shrub-like

Features of Protista are

• Protists are unicellular eukaryotes so that they contain true nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi body etc.
• They show different types of nutrition. Some are photoautotrophs others are heterotrophic. Heterotrophs are saprophytes or parasites. Some protists show animal-like holozoic nutrition.
• Some protists possess locomotory organelles like pseudopodia, flagella, cilia etc.
• Protists show both asexual and sexual reproduction.

Classification of Protista are :

Divisions

Pyrophyta — Dinoflagellates

Chrysophyta — Diatoms

Euglenophyta — Euglena

Protozoa. — Amoeba

• Protists are unicellular eukaryotes so that they contain true nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi body, etc.
• They show different types of nutrition. Some are photoautotrophs others are heterotrophic. Heterotrophs are saprophytes or parasites. Some protists show animal-like holozoic nutrition.
• Some protists possess locomotory organelles like pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, etc.
• Protists show both asexual and sexual reproduction.

The presence of mucilage around the thallus is characteristic feature of cyanobacteria group. Therefore, this group is also called Myxophyceae. 

Viruses that attack blue green algae or cyanobacteria and cause diseases are called Cyanophages.

Viruses that attack blue green algae are called as Cyanophages.

(a) lack of motile structures 

Division :

Pyrophyta

Chrysophyta

Euglenophyta

Protozoa. 

Round/Wrinkled, Yellow/Green

Blue-green algae like Nostoc, Anabaena fix atmospheric nitrogen. Heterocyst contains nitrogens enzyme that helps in nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae are inoculated in the rice field to increase the soil fertility.

It is a Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen. Besides this they increase the organic matter of the soil because of their photosynthetic activity.

Nucleopolyhedroviruses are the effective biocontrol agent. They are species specific and have narrow spectrum, insecticidal application having no any negative impact on non target beneficial organisms. They play significant role in pest management.

In paddy fields, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) add organic matter to the soil and increases its fertility.

Cross A, because they are tightly linked / due to close physical association / they are closely located.

Detailed Answer : 

Strength of linkage between genes is higher in cross A than that of cross B because the two genes YW are located closely on the same chromosome. Whereas in case of cross B the genes w and m are located far apart on the same chromosome. Therefore, in the latter cross the chances of recombination are higher due for crossing over because lesser the distance between genes greater the strength of linkage. 

Blue green algae are not popular as biofertilisers because they causes algal bloom in polluted water bodies.

(i) No doubt such practice helps in the management of pest and diseases but at the same time have some adverse side effects too. Therefore such practices should be used judiciously after proper scrutinisation so that harm to the environment is minimum and agricultural output is maximum. 

(ii) Biocontrol methods of pest and disease management should be preferred. It is a natural method of pest and pathogen control. It involves the use of microorganisms or other natural predators or their product for controlling the plant diseases. e.g. the fungus Trichoderma exerts biocontrol over several plant pathogens. Their biocontrol agents are specific and unlike chemical pesticides do not harm the useful non target organisms and keep the pest and ecological balance manageable.

(iii) Ethical values with regard to the safety of environment have been neglected in this case.

(a) Leguminous plant and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, e.g., chickpea and Rhizobium of Leguminosae or Fabaceae plants and nitrogen fixing-bacteria. 

(b) Steps in the formation of root nodules : 

(i) Root hair of the leguminous plant curls upon contact with nitrogen fixing bacterium, which secretes chemicals.

(ii) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria proliferate within curled root hair. 

(iii) The plant responds by forming an infection thread of the plasma membrane, which grows inward from the infected cell of the host, separating it from the rest of the plant. 

(iv) Cell division is stimulated in the infected tissue and more bacteria invade the newly formed cells, and a nodule is formed. Auxin from leguminous plant cells and cytokinin from bacteria help in this cell division. 

Physiological processes : Photosynthesis and respiration provide FAD and ATP for fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

Blue-green algae are cyanobacteria. They fix atmospheric free nitrogen therefore increase soil fertility and also add to the organic matter of the soil.

The role of Baculoviruses :

(i) Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. These viruses are excellent species-specific, biocontrol agents and have narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. They have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects. 

Importance in organic farming : 

(i) Baculoviruses are known to control pests like, potato beetles, aphids and corn borers. 

(ii) Entomopox Virus is another Baculovirus which adversely affect the rate of development of grasshopper and the amount of food it eats. 

Symbiosis / Mycorrhizae / Mutualism.

Glomus is a fungus which is found in symbiotic relationship with roots of seed plants. It absorbs phosphorus from the soil and passes it on to the plant, and in turn gets sugars from the plant. Due to increased availability of phosphorus there is an increase in farm output.

The bilobed anther can produce 1600 male gametophytes.

Answer: (d) Sb

All vertebrates have muscular chambered heart. Fishes have two chambered heart. The heart in fishes consists of sinus venosus, an atrium, one ventricle and bulbus arteriosus or conus arteriosus.

Single circulation is seen in fishes. Amphibian have two auricles and one ventricle and no inter ventricular septum whereas reptiles except crocodiles have two auricles and one ventricle and an incomplete inter ventricular septum.

Thus mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood takes place in the ventricles. This type of circulation is called incomplete double circulation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood and the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood. Pulmonary and systemic circuits are seen in Amphibianand Reptiles.

The Crocodiles, Birds and Mammals have two auricles or atrial chambers and two ventricles, the auricles and ventricles are separated by inter auricular septum and inter ventricular septum. Hence there is complete separation of oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood. Pulmonary and systemic circuits are evident. This type of circulation is called complete double circulation.

Recessive allele.

The process of electric discharge between clouds and the earth or between different clouds causes lightning. During the development of a thunderstorm, the water droplets move downwards while the air currents move upward. Due to these strong movements, the separation of charges takes place. The positive charges collect near the upper edges of the clouds and the negative charges collect near the lower edges. There is accumulation of positive charges near the ground as well. When the magnitude of the accumulated charges becomes very large, the air which is normally a poor conductor of electricity, is no longer able to resist their flow. Negative and positive charges meet, producing streaks of bright light and sound. We are able to see these streaks as lightening. The process is called an electric discharge.

(i) Stay away from poles or other metallic objects. 

(ii) Stay away from tall trees. 

(iii) Stay away from open vehicles like motorbikes, tractors, construction machinery etc. (If a child gives any other reasonable precautions, it should be accepted)

Tall plant = TT / Tt

Violet flowers = WW / Ww

Genotype of given plant could be any of the assumed four : TTWW, TTWw, TtWW, TtWw.

The phenotypic ratio obtained by Mendel in dihybrid cross is 9:3:31

Phenotypic ratio of F₂ in monohybrid cross is 3 : 1 whereas in a dihybrid cross the phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1.

Law of Independence Assortment.

(c) Bird female

The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is called Electroplating.

a) It does not corrode but prevents scratches

A coating of Zinc  is deposited on iron to protect it from corrosion and formation of rust.

Genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1