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A word that me cell eater Phagocyte.

Heart rate/pulse rate

The heart normally beats times 70-72 per minute in a human adult.

Lymphocytes.

During cardiac cycle or one heart beat, the volume of blood pumped by the heart is called stroke volume. This is normally 70 ml. The amount of blood pumped by heart per minute is called cardiac output. It is the product of stroke volume and the number of heart beats.

Eosinophils have distinctly dilobed nucleus and the lobes are joined by thin strands. 

Ventricular diastole

(a) relative lack of smooth muscles

Cardiac output

(d) PQ interval

(a) Greater than the hydrostatic pressure

The enlarged QR wave indicates myocardial infarction.

If a patients' ECG revealed an abnormally long delay between P wave and the QRS deflection, it suggest that there is a delay of conduction from the atria to the ventricles, hence the stimulation from SA nodes are conducting stimuli very slowly to the ventricles.

Bananas, pineapples, oranges and other citrus fruits.

(d) Coagulation of blood

Erythrocytes.

Haemoglobin  .

Red blood cells

Erythropoietin is the hormone that helps in differentiation of stem cells of bone marrow into erythrocytes.

The prime defect in heart failure is a decrease in cardiac muscle Contractility.

The granulocytes have in the cytoplasm Granules.

Correct Answer is: (c) 150

The ventricular systole is the Third phase of the cardiac cycle.

Rh factor is a protein (D antigen) present on the surface of the red blood cells in majority (80%) of hum. This protein is similar to the protein present in Rhesus monkey, hence the term Rh. Individuals who carry the antigen D on the surface of the red blood cells are Rh⁺ (Rh positive) and the individuals who do not carry antigen D, are Rh^- (Rh negative). Rh factor compatibility is also checked before blood transfusion.

When a pregnant women is Rh⁺ and the foetus is Rh incompatibility (mismatch) is observed. During the first pregnancy, the Rh⁺ antigens of the foetus does not get exposed to the mother’s blood as both their blood are separated by placenta. However, small amount of the foetal antigen becomes exposed to the mother’s blood during the birth of the first child.

The mother’s blood starts to synthesize D antibodies. But during subsequent pregnancies the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh^-) enters the foetal circulation and destroys the foetal RBCs. This becomes fatal to the foetus because the child suffers from anaemia and jaundice. This condition is called erythroblastosis foetalis. This condition can be avoided by administration of anti D antibodies (Rhocum) to the mother immediately after the first child birth.

Correct Answer is:

(d) rice

The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to the normal state i.e., repolarization takes place. It marks the end of systole.

Globulin is the plasma protein that facilitates the transport of ions, hormones, lipids and assists in immune function.

The ratio of red blood cells to blood plasma is expressed is Haematocrit.

The plasma without fibrinogen is called Serum.

Depending on the presence or absence of surface antigens on the RBCs, blood group in individual belongs to four different types namely, A, B, AB and O. The plasma of A, B and O individuals have natural antibodies (agglutinins) in them.

Surface antigens are called agglutinogens. The antibodies (agglutinin) acting on agglutinogen A is called anti A and the agglutinin acting on agglutinogen B is called anti B.

Agglutinogens are absent in O blood group. Agglutinogens A and B are present in AB blood group and do not contain anti A and anti B in them. A, B and O are major allelic genes in ABO systems.

All agglutinogens contain sucrose, D-galactose, Nacetyl glucosamine and 11 terminal amino acids.

The attachments of the terminal amino acids are dependent on the gene products of A and B. The reaction is catalysed by glycosyl transferanse.

The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output (CO). It is a product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). Heart rate or pulse is the number of beats per minute. Pulse pressure = systolic pressure – diastolic pressure. Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat. SV depends on ventricular contraction.

CO = HR x SV. SV represents the difference between EDV (amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole) and ESV (volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction). SV = EDV – ESV. According to Frank – Starling law of the heart, the critical factor controlling SV is the degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract.

The most important factor stretching cardiac muscle is the amount of blood returning to the heart and distending its ventricles, venous return. During vigorous exercise, SV may double as a result of venous return.

Heart’s pumping action normally maintains a balance between cardiac output and venous return. Because the heart is a double pump, each side can fail independently of the other. If the left side of the heart fails, it results in pulmonary congestion and if the right side fails, it results in peripheral congestion. Frank – Starling effect protects the heart from abnormal increase in blood volume.

Coffee, cocoa, rubber, soyabean and sugarcane.

(i) Major industries of Brazil are iron and steel, automobile assembling, petroleum processing, chemical production and cement making.

 (ii) Technologically based industries have been the most dynamic in recent years. 

(iii) Food-processing industries, cotton textiles, silk and woollen industries have developed well. 

(iv) Most large industries are concentrated in the south and south-east of Brazil.

(b) Fibrinogen

 Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the surface of blood vessels by the blood. This pressure circulates the blood through arteries, veins and capillaries.

There are two types of pressure, the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries as the chambers of the heart contracts. Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart chambers relax.

Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer (BP apparatus). It is expressed as systolic pressure / diastolic pressure. Normal blood pressure in man is about 120/80mm Hg. Mean arterial pressure is a function of cardiac output and resistance in the arterioles. The primary reflex pathway for homeostatic control of mean arterial pressure is the baroreceptor reflex

The baroreceptor reflex functions every morning when you get out of bed. When you are lying flat the gravitational force is evenly distributed. When you stand up, gravity causes blood to pool in the lower extremities.

The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as orthostatic hypotension. Orthostatic reflex normally triggers baroreceptor reflex. This results in increased cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance which together increase the mean arterial pressure.

Germany, the USA, Canada, Italy and Argentina, Saudi Arabia

• Around 60% of land in India is under cultivation.
•  Agriculture has been a long standing activity here with a large chunk of population engaged in it. 
• The enormous expanse of level plains, rich soils, high percentage of cultivable land, wide climatic variety, long growing season, etc. provide a strong base for agriculture in India
• .So, unlike Brazil, India’s agriculture contributes more towards the GDP.

India has an ‘unfavourable balance of trade’ or ’trade deficit’.

Correct option is:

(c) Germany

Petroleum, machines, pearls and precious stones, gold and silver, paper, medicines, etc.

Similarities:

• In Brazil and India fishing activity is developed near the coastal areas.
• In both the countries, marine fishing is well developed.

Differences:

• In India, fresh water fishing is practised, whereas in Brazil due to unfavourable conditions, fresh water fishing is not developed.
• The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current, off the coast of South-East Brazil makes it a good fishing ground. In India such currents do not come together but due to other favourable conditions fishing has been developed.
• Major fishes of Brazil are swordfish, shrimp, lobsters and sardines.
• Major fishes of India are mackerel, bombay duck, prawns, horse mackerels, clupeids, silver bellies and sardines.

If the right side of the heart fails, it results in Peripheral congestion.

Correct Answer is: (d) Bilirubin

The study of blood vascular system including arteries, veins and heart is Angiology.

The USA, The UK, Germany, Japan, China, Russia, etc.

1. Coffee is mainly produced in the South and South-east part of Brazil.

2. Rice, soyabean and corn are the food crops mainly produced in Brazil.

3.  

• Brazil has a wide range of climatic variation. 
• Rice requires hot and humid climate with heavy rainfall. So it is grown in the coastal region.
• Corn grows well in the central parts of Brazil, because the climate there is hot and dry 

4. The rubber plantations are concentrated in the north western part in the Amazon River Basin area.

Correct option: (c) tertiary

Angiotensin II