Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Uncontrolled hypertension may damage the heart, brain and Kidneys.

US dollar is the currency which is mainly used for international trade.

Automobiles, information technology, mining, energy, bio-fuel, footwear, etc. are the sectors of India in which Brazilian companies have invested capital.

(a) Heart attack

(d) Rheumatic fever

Coronary heart disease occurs when the arteries are lined by Atheroma.

In 1956, James Elam and Peter Safar were the first to use mouth to mouth resuscitation. CPR is a life saving procedure that is done at the time of emergency conditions such as when a person’s breath or heart beat has stopped abruptly in case of drowning, electric shock or heart attack.

CPR includes rescue of breath, which is achieved by mouth to mouth breathing, to deliver oxygen to the victim’s lungs by external chest compressions which helps to circulate blood to the vital organiser.

CPR must be performed within 4 to 6 minutes after cessation of breath to prevent brain damage or death. Along with CPR, defibrillation is also done. Defibrillation me a brief electric shock is given to the heart to recover the function of the heart.

(a) Coronary arteries

Information technology, pharmaceuticals, energy, agro-business, mining, engineering, automobiles, etc. are the sectors of Brazil in which Indian companies have invested money.

Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease which occurs 2-4 weeks after throat infection usually a streptococcal infection. The antibodies developed to combat the infection cause damage to the heart. Effects include fibrous nodules on the mitral valve, fibrosis of the connective tissue and accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. 

Coronary heart disease occurs when the arteries are lined by atheroma. The build-up of atheroma contains cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle and platelets and is termed Atherosclerosis.

The cholesterol rich atheroma forms plaques in the inner lining of the arteries making them less elastic and reduces the blood flow. Plaque grows within the artery and tends to form blood clots, forming coronary thrombus. Thrombus in a coronary artery results in heart attack.

Cardiac muscles

Correct answer is (a) coherin

The rhythmic contraction and expansion of heart is called Heart beat.

(i) 1. Veins from tissues.

2. Superior vena cava

3. Aorta

4. Right ventricle

5. Left ventricle

6. Pulmonary Artery

7. Pulmonary vein

8. Lungs.

(ii) The heart is said to have double circulation because the blood passes through the heart twice.

(a) It first leaves t.rough the right ventricle, goes to the lungs and then returns to the left auricle of heart (pulmonary circulation).

(b) It leaves through the left ventricle, circulates through the body, and again returns to the right auricle of heart (systemic circulation).

(iii) Diastole is the phase of relaxation of the heart muscles during which the heart chambers fill with blood and the supply of blood to the cardiac muscle is improved.

The blood vessels veins have valves in them.

(i) (A) Artery, (B) Vein, (C) Capillary.

(ii) 1. Connective tissue

2. Lumen.

3. Tunica media.

4. Tunica intima/ Endothelium.

(iii) Two structural differences between arteries and veins are :

(a) Arteries are thick-walled and veins are thin walled.

(b) There are no valves in arteries while valves are present in veins.

(iv) (a) Oxygenated blood flows through A.

(b) Deoxygenated blood flows through B.

(v) The exchange of gases takes place in C capillaries.

(a) The egg is released from Graffian follide

A cellular sac containing maturing egg is Follicle. 

Menarche is the onset of menstruation in a young girl at about the age of 13 years.

The term used when females stop menstruation at the age of 45-50 years is Menopause. 

a. A - ovum

B - sperm

b. Sperms are produced in the testis.

The ovum is produced in the ovary.

c. The reproductive cells unite in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system.

d. Ovary - Oestrogen and progesterone

Testis - Testosterone

e. Accessory glands:

• Seminal vesicle - Seminal fluid

• Prostate gland - Alkaline secretion

• Bulbo-urethral gland – Lubricant

For boys 21 years; 

for girls 18 years

Tubectomy is Surgical operation of fallopian tube in females for family planning. 

Placenta and uterus

Umbilical cord

The condition of erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering anti-Rh antibodies to the pregnant woman immediately after the delivery of the first child.

The condition called erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administration of anti D antibodies called Rhocum.

Menopause is used for the arrest of reproductive capacity in females.

No. All organisms do not give birth to individuals like humans.

(i) 1. Placenta—It helps irtIe nutrition, excretion and respiration of the embryo.

2. Chorion—It forms the placenta.

(ii) Amniotic fluid present in amniotic cavity, acts as shock absorber and prevents desiccation of embryo.

(iii) Umbilical cord makes the connection between placenta and foetus. It supplies the nutrients and O₂ with maternal blood; to foetus and removes CO₂ and excretory wastes from foetus blood into maternal blood.

Thus it acts as a transport channel between foetus and mother blood.

(iv) Placenta—Secrets HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) hormone.

(a) 1 Fallopian Tube 

2 Infundibulum 

3 Ureter 

4 Vagina 

5 Ovary 

6 Uterus 

7 Urinary Bladder 

8 Urethra

(b) Oestrogen secreted by the corpus luteum secrets oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates the thickening of the endometrial wall of the uterus. The uterine wall becomes thickened and is supplied with a lot of blood to receive the fertilized egg. 

(c) If fertilization fails to take place, the endometrial lining of the uterus starts shedding on the 28th day of the menstrual cycle. Finally it is discharged out along with the unfertilised ovum as the menstrual flow.

(i) 1. Umbilical cord

2. Placenta

3. Amniotic fluid

4. Cervix

5. Uterus wall

(ii) Gestation period.

(iii) 280 days.

(iv) Provides nutrition and exchange of respiratory gases by diffusion.

(v) Progesterone.

(vi) Prevents foetus from jerks and shocks. Also prevents foetus from sticking to the uterine wall.

(i) 1. Vagina

2. Right Ovary

3. Ovarian funnel

4. Oviduct

5. Uterus

6. Cervix .

(ii) Normally the ovary releases one egg every 28 days by the rupture of the Graffian follicle.

(iii) The sperms are released by the penis in the vagina near the cervix.

(iv) The sperms swim up the vagina to enter through the cervix into the uterus and up into the oviduct where it meets the ovum.

(v) The function of the uterus is for protection and nourishment of the embryo during the period of gestation.

(vi) The period of gestation is 266-280 days after which the foetus is expelled.

The age or period when the reproductive organs become fully operational is Puberty.

The accessory reproductive organs include all those structures which help in the transfer and meeting of two kinds of sex cells leading to fertilization and growth and development of egg up to the birth of the baby. 

For example: uterus in females, penis in males.

a.

1 - Seminal vesicles

2 - Prostate gland

3 - Bulbo-urethral gland

4 - Epididymis

5 - Testis

6 - Scrotum

7 - Urinary bladder

8 - Vas deferens

9 - Erectile tissuea.

1 - Seminal vesicles

2 - Prostate gland

3 - Bulbo-urethral gland

4 - Epididymis

5 - Testis

6 - Scrotum

7 - Urinary bladder

8 - Vas deferens

9 - Erectile tissue

10 - Penis

11 - Urethra

b. Functions of

i. Seminal vesicles

They produce the fluid which serves as the transporting medium for sperms.

ii. Prostate gland

It produces an alkaline secretion which mixes with the semen and helps neutralise the vaginal acids.

iii. Bulbo-urethral gland

It produces a secretion which serves as a lubricant for the semen to pass through the urethra.

iv. Testis

It produces the male gamete sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone.

v. Vas deferens

They carry the sperms from the epididymis to the urethra.

vi. Urethra

It serves as an outlet for delivering the sperms into the vagina.

1 - Prostate gland

2 - Bulbo-urethral gland

3 - Urethra

4 - Vas deferens

5 - Testis

(i) 1. Oviduct

2. Funnel of oviduct

3. Ureter

4. Vagina

5. Ovary

6. Uterus

7. Bladder

8. Urethra

(ii) The endometrium lining and glands of uterine wall grow to prepare the uterus for the reception of a zygote.

(iii) If f ertilization takes place, the embryo is implanted in the uterus. The uterus wall develops a placenta which attaches the embryo to the uterus and the uterine wall expands to accommodate the growing embryo.

(iv) If fertilization fails to take place, menstruation takes place during which endometrium of the uterus is cast off. The capillaries and cells of this layer rupture and disappear.

(i) 1. Prostate gland.

2. Cowper’s gland.

3. Urethra.

4. Sperm duct.

5. Testis.

(ii) 1. Prostate gland: it secretes an alkaline matter which neutralizes the acidity of urethra.

4. Sperm duct: It carries sperms from epididymis to the urethra.

(iii) Cells of Leydig.

(iv) Testis are located in the scrotal sacs so that they can maintain a low temperature than the body cavity.

This low temperature is necessary for the maturation of sperms.

(v) Semen is the mixture of sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper's gland.

Interstitial cells

Secondary sexual characters in males: 

(i) Beard and moustache 

(ii) Stronger muscular built 

(iii) Deeper voice 

Secondary sexual characters in females: 

(i) Breasts in females 

(ii) Large hips 

(iii) High pitched voice

(d) About seven days

Inguinal canal

(c) The fusion of nuclei of male and female gametes

This enzyme dissolved the membranous covering of the ovum to facilitate the entry of sperm into the ovum.