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The advantages of using cloth bags over polythene bags include 

(a) Polythene bags are practically non-bio-degradable. The improper disposal of such bags would result in soil pollution. Cloth bags are bio-degradable and will not pollute the environment. 

(b) Usage of cloth bags would promote the cottage industries which produce cloth bags. 

(c) Cloth bags are more durable when compared to polythene bags. 

(d) The production processes of polythene bags involve in the emission of harmful chemicals.

Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis and Blatta germanica.

1. The darkish reddish to blackish brown coloured capsule may be ootheca. 

2. The secretion of collaterial glands forms a capsule around them is called as ootheca or egg case. 

3. It is about 8 mm long and ranges from dark reddish to blackish brown. 

4. Ootheca contains 14 to 16 fertilized eggs in two rows.

5. They are dropped or glued to a suitable surface, like a crack or crevice with good humidity near a food source. 

6. A female cockroach on an average, produces 9 to 10 oothecae during its lifespan.

Ortho nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol because nitro group is an electron withdrawing and it will increase +ve charge on the oxygen atom to make it more acidic whereas – OCH₃ group is an electron releasing group and it will decrease +ve charge on the oxygen atom, thus making it less acidic and hence the O – H bond will not break easily

1. Secretion and absorption : Cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules, ducts. Columnar epithelium found in the digestive tract.

2. Filtration : Squamous epithelium found in the glomerulus of kidney.

3. Ciliated epithelium : Found in the bronchi, uterine tubes propels the materials due to ciliary actions.

(d) Bronchioles and fallopian tubes

The electron charge density is increased on Benzene ring due to transfer of one lone pair of electron from the oxygen to benzene ring. So, the benzene ring is activated by –OH group.

The negative charge is developed at Ortho and Para position. Therefore any electrophile can attack only on these positions to give a mixture of ortho and para substituted products.

(a) The ureters act as urinogenital duct male frogs. In females, the ureter is separate from the oviduct and only carries urine. 

(b) Excretion is performed by Malpighian tubules in cockroaches.

(c) The body wall of the earthworm facilitates exchange of gases.

(a) They carry urine from kidneys to cloaca. In males, it also conducts the sperms.

(b) They are the excretory organs of a cockroach. They collect the nitrogenous wastes from the haemolymph and send them into the intestine.

(c) The muscle layers help in locomotion. It has sensory/receptor cells. Mucus is secreted by certain cells of the body wall.

Aepatic caecae

The answer is (b) ileum

The answer is Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

The cells of Mucosa of ileum absorb fatty acids and glycerol in the presence of bile salts. The cells synthesize triglycerides and pack them in small round packets which are called as chylomicrons (Diameter lµ to 3, 5µ). They are released into the lacteals by exocytosis

It is a deficiency disease which occurs in children up to 5 years due to a deficiency of proteins. Such children consume less than 1 gm protein per kg. body weight per day.

Symptoms: 

• Loss of body weight and distaste to food. 
• Skin becomes scaly and black. 
• Oedema in the body due to water retention and building of belly. 
• Hair becomes scanty, thin and grey.

It is a deficiency disease which occurs in children up to one year due to deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. 

Symptoms: 

• A sharp decrease in body weight (less than 60% of the standard bodyweight). 
• The body is reduced to a skeleton, wrinkled skin, Sunken eyes etc. 
• Thin limbs Ribs visible etc.

The semisolid mass formed in the buccal cavity after salivary digestion is called bolus.

The answer is (d) 3 pairs

The patches of lymph glands found in the mucosa layer of the small intestine are called Peyer’s patches.

They are multicellular glands which are found in the submucosa region of the duodenum. They secrete mucously

The bile contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) as the break down products of hemoglobin of dead RBCs, bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but has no enzymes. Bile helps in emulsification of fats. Bile salts reduce the surface tension of fat droplets and break them into small globules. Bile also activates lipases to digest lipids.

Peptic or zymogen.

In case of taking food rich in lime juice, the action of ptyalin on starch is Reduced.

(i) Trypsin: Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme which converts peptones into dipeptides. in small intestine. Pancreatic juice contains inactive trypsinogen. Trypsinogen is activated by enzyme enterokinase into trypsin, which further activates the other enzyme of intestinal juice. 

(ii) Maltase: It converts maltose to glucose. It is present in succus entericus. Secretion from brush border cells of mucosa and goblet cells contain enzyme succus entericus, containing variety of enzymes to complete the process of digestion. 

(iii) Prepsin: Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that which converts proteins to peptones. Gastric cells are the source of Pepsin. Mucosa of stomach have gastric glands having three types of cells : Mucus neck cells that secrete mucus, peptic or chief cells that secretes proenzyme pepsinogen and parietal or oxyntic cells that secretes HCI. HCI activates the prepsinogen to pepsin to digest protein.

(i) Pepsinogen: Pepsinogen becomes activated as soon as the food reaches the stomach i.e., as soon as the secretion of HCI takes place. It acts most effectively within the pH range of 1.6-3.2. 

(ii) PrCarboxypeptidase: Trypsin activates carboxy-peptidase. 

(iii) Rennin: It is secreted as prorennin but HCl present in the gastric juice converts inactive prorennin into active rennin. 

(iv) Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen: These are inactive enzymes until they come in contact with enteropeptidase(intestinal enzyme) which converts them into active trypsin and chymotrypsin.

A cardiac sphincter or gastro esophageal sphincter regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach.

(a) Hepatopancreatic duct

(c) Intestine.

Correct Answer is : (d) Colon

Parietal or oxyntic.

(c) Oxyntic cells

Correct Answer is: (b) Trypsin

(c) Enterokinase

Ptyalin is inactivated by a component of gastric juice called HCl.

HCl is an activates pepsinogen.

(c) Intestine  .

The opening of the stomach into the duodenum is guarded by the pyloric sphincter. It periodically allows partially digested food to enter the duodenum and also prevents regurgitation of food.

Carboxypeptidase is secreted by Pancreas.