Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Examples for revenues are;

(a) Sales 

(b) Commission received 

(c) Interest received 

(d) Dividend received.

Accounting information required by Longterm lenders are credit worthiness of the company & its ability to repay loans with Interest.

Management needs timely information on cast of sales, profitability etc for planning, controlling & decision making.

• Internal users:- Management, who needs timely information for planning, controlling & decision making. 
• External users:- Investors, Government, customers, competitors etc. obtain necessary information & rely on financial statement.

There are various external users of accounting who need accounting information for decision making, investment planning and to assess the financial position of the business. 

The various external users are given below.

a. Banks and other financial institutions: Banks provide finance in form of loans and advances to various businesses. Thus, they need information regarding liquidity, creditworthiness, solvency and profitability to advance loans.

b. Creditors: These are those individuals and organisations to whom a business owes money on account of credit purchases of goods and receiving services; hence, the creditors require information about credit worthiness of the business.

c. Investors and potential investors: They invest or plan to invest in the business. Hence, in order to assess the viability and prospectus of their investment, creditors need information about profitability and solvency of the business.

d. Tax authorities: They need information about sales, revenues, profit and taxable income in order to determine the levy various types of tax on the business.

e. Government: It needs information to determine national income, GDP, industrial growth, etc. The accounting information assist the government in the formulation of various policies measures and to address various economic problems like employment, poverty etc.

f. Researcher: Various research institutes like NGOs and other independent research institutions like CRISIL, stock exchanges, etc. undertake various research projects and the accounting information facilitates their research work. 

g. Consumer: Every business tries to build up reputation in the eyes of consumers, which can be created by the supply of better quality products and post-sale services at reasonable and affordable prices. Business that has transparent financial records, assists the customers to know the correct cost of production and accordingly assess the degree of reasonability of the price charged by the business for its products and thus helps in repo building of the business.

h. Public: Public is keenly interested to know the proportion of the profit that the business spends on various public welfare schemes; for example, charitable hospitals, funding schools, etc. This information is also revealed by the profit and loss account and balance sheet of the business.

According to accrual concept, the effects of the transactions are recognised on mercantile basis, i.e., when they occur and not when cash is paid or received. Revenue is recognised when it is earned and expenses are recognised when they are incurred. All expenses and revenues related to the accounting period are to be considered irrespective of the fact that whether revenues are received in cash or not and whether expenses are paid in cash or not.

External accounting users are: Investors, suppliers/creditors government, customers etc.

1. a) plenty 

b) vigorous

2. a) delicious 

b) hefty

3. a) aromatic 

b) vigorous

4. a) sufficient 

b) a few

1. a) uncooked b) dull

2. a) take b) weak

3. a) dislike b) weak

4. a) damaged b) insufficient

1. polythene

2. unloading

3. potatoes

4. prefer

5. fibre

Option : (b) 7

1. (iii) A man named Max was in Ausable's room. He was another secret agent. He had an automatic pistol in his hand.

2. (iv) Fowler saw a man with a pointed pistol waiting in the room. This was the first authentic thrill of the day for him.

3. (i) Excitement

4. (ii) Max had come inside Ausable4s room through pass key.

5. (i) Yes, Ausable knew it was the waiter who knocked at the door because he ordered drinks.

Henry was the waiter who entered Ausable’s room with his drinks.

1. (ii) The atmosphere had suddenly turned interesting after initial boredom.

2. (iii) They saw a man with automatic pistol in his hand.

3. (iv) Suspense and thrill are the themes in the story.

4. (ii) Ausable was the most intelligent character throughout the story.

5. (i) Max couldn't get hold of the secret paper and fell down from the window of the hotel room.

M. Hamel said that we must guard our language among us and never forget it because when a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.

M. Hamel was extremely patriotic towards I France and had a deep love for the French language. The Prussians had taken over Alsace and Loraine. He might be leaving the country as he did not want to live under the Prussians’ rule where even teaching the French language was prohibited.

Methods of refining of metals :

• Electrorefining 
• Liquefaction 
• Distillation 
• Oxidation m 

With the coming of Prussians not only language but also the whole life of the people of France will be changed because they will be bound by German laws. They will not get their fundamental rights. They will have to obey their orders and live like slaves. They will squeeze money out of them and leave them financially bankrupt.

Refining of metals : The purification of impure or crude metals by removing metallic and nonmetallic impurities is known as refining of metals. H

• d-block elements or transition metals and their compounds or complexes influence the rate of a chemical reaction and hence act as catalysts. 
• In homogeneous catalysis a catalyst forms an unstable intermediate compound which decomposes into products and regenerates the catalyst. But transition metals involve heterogeneous catalysis. 
• The transition metals have incompletely filled d-subshells which adsorb reactants on the surface and provide a large surface area for the reactants to react. 
• Since transition metals have variable oxidation states they are very good catalysts. 
• Hence, compounds of Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Pd, Cr etc are used as catalysts in many reactions. 

Physical properties of first transition series : 

• All transition elements of the first series are metals. 
• Except Zn, they are very hard and have low volatility. 
• They show characteristic properties of metals. They are lustrous, malleable and ductile. 
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity. 
• They have high melting points and boiling points. 
• Except Zn and Mn, they have one or more typical metallic structures at normal temperatures. 

Fe₂O₃ + 3C → 2Fe + 3CO

Option : (c) Zinc

• Most of the transition metal ions and their compounds are paramagnetic in nature due to the presence of one or more unpaired electrons in their (n – 1)d-orbitals. Hence they are attracted in the magnetic field.
• As the number of unpaired electrons increases from 1 to 5 in J-orbitals, the paramagnetic character and magnetic moment increase.
• The transition elements or their ions having all electrons paired are diamagnetic and they are repelled in the magnetic field.
• Metals like Fe, Co and Ni possess very high paramagnetism and acquire permanent magnetic moment hence they are ferromagnetic. 

• From the measurements of the magnetic moment (μ) of the species or metal complexes of the first row of transition elements, the number of unpaired electrons can be calculated with the spin-only formula.
• As magnetic moment is directly related to the number of unpaired electrons, value of μ will vary directly with the number of unpaired electrons.
• In 2nd and 3rd transition series, orbital angular moment is significant. Hence spin-only formula for the complexes of 2nd and 3rd transition series is not useful. 

Bohr magneton (B.M.) is a unit of magnetic moment :

1 B.M.= \(\frac{eh}{4\pi m_ec}\)

Where, h : Planck’s constant (h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js) 

e : electronic charge (1.60218 x 10^-19C) 

me : mass of an electron (9.109 x 10^-31kg) 

c : velocity of light. (2.998 x 10⁸ms^-1)

₆₃EU has electronic configuration, [Xe] 4f⁷ 5d°6s². By losing 2 electrons from 6s orbital, it acquires stable configuration and 4f-orbital is half-filled.

₇₀Yb has electronic configuration, [Xe] 4f¹⁴5d° 6s². By losing 2 electrons from 6 s orbital, it acquires stable configuration and 4-orbital is completely filled. 

Hence Eu and Yb show 2 + oxidation states.

Correct answer is

c. 3d¹⁰, 4s¹, 3d¹⁰, 4s⁰

• The observed electronic configuration of chromium is, ₂₄Cr [Ar] 3d⁵4s¹. 
• Different possible oxidation states of Cr are 4-1 (3d⁵), + 2 (3d⁴), + 3 (3d³), + 4 (3d²), + 5 (3d¹) and + 6 (3d°). 
• Although in + 1 state, Cr gets extra stability of half-filled 3d⁵ -orbital, it does not exhibit + 1 state in common except with pyridine.
• Cr⁺² has few stable salts like CrCl₂, CrSO₄ while Cr⁺³ forms very stable salts like CrCl₃.
• Cr⁺⁴ and Cr⁺⁵ are unstable oxidation states.
• Cr⁺⁶ is the most stable state due to inert gas [Ar] electronic configuration and form the salts like K₂Cr₂O₇. 

The magnetic moment is expressed in Bohr magneton (B.M.). It is denoted by μ.

1. Electronic configuration Lanthanum is La [Xe] 4f° 5d¹6s². By losing three electrons, La acquires stable electronic configuration of Xe and forms La³⁺.

2. Electronic configuration of Cerium is Ce [Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹6s². By losing four electrons, Ce acquires stable electronic configuration of Xe and forms Ce⁴⁺.

Ce (Z = 58) → Ce⁴ +4e^- 

Ce⁴⁺ – Is² – 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 

CO²⁺ – Is² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁵

d. +3, +6

Stable oxidation states for chromium are +3, +6.

(c) Ni, Cr

Components of Nichrome alloy are Ni, Cr.

(b) +4

Most stable oxidation state of Ruthenium is +4.

The various steps and principles involved in the extraction of pure metals from their ores are as follows.:

• Concentration of ores in which impurities (gangue) are removed. 
• Conversion of ores into oxides or other reducible compounds of metals. 
• Reduction of ores to obtain crude metals. 
• Refining of metals giving pure metals.

• The electronic configuration of vanadium is, ₂₃V [Ar] 3d³ 4s². 
• In +5 oxidation state, the electronic configuration is, V⁵⁺[Ar]. 
• Since in V⁵⁺ state, vanadium has all electrons paired, it is diamagnetic. 

When there is no unpaired electron, i.e. all electron spins are paired, the species become diamagnetic.

Ce⁴⁺ undergoes hydrolysis as, Ce⁴⁺ + 2H₂O → Ce(OH)₄ + 4H⁺.

Due to the presence of H⁺ in the solution, the solution is acidic.

Correct answer is

c. + 4

d. 5

Magnetic moment of a metal complex is 5.9 B.M. Number of unpaired electrons in the complex is 5.

• Nobelium has the electronic configuration ₁₀₂NO : [Rn] 5f¹⁴6d°7s²
• No²⁺ : [Rn] 5f¹⁴6d°
• Since the 4f subshell is completely filled and 6d° empty, + 2 oxidation state is the stable oxidation state.
• Other actinoids in + 2 oxidation state are not as stable due to incomplete 4f subshell.

The transition metals Fe, Co and Ni are ferromagnetic. When the magnetic field is applied, all the unpaired electrons in these metals (and their compounds) align in the direction of the applied magnetic field. Due to this the magnetic susceptibility is enhanced and these metals can be magnetised, that is, they acquire permanent magnetic properties.

Correct answer is

d. Sc^3⊕

Correct answer is

b. Actinides

Correct answer is

a. Thorium

1. Paramagnetic substances : 

When a magnetic field is applied, substances which are attracted towards the applied magnetic field are called paramagnetic substances. 

Example : Ni²⁺, Pr⁴⁺

2. Diamagnetic substances : 

When a magnetic field is applied, substances which are repelled by the magnetic fields are called diamagnetic substances. 

Example : Zn²⁺, La³⁺

3. Ferromagnetic substances : 

When a magnetic field is applied, substances which are attracted very strongly are called ferromagnetic substances. These substances can be magnetised. 

For example, Fe, Co, Ni are ferromagnetic.

The following ions are paramagnetic : 

Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, Pd²⁺.