Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. D) Guns

2. C) Krupp

A) Krupp’s family

Answer is (D) Germany

B) By exporting raw materials and importing finished goods from England

(i) As the news of employment spread, workers traveled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. For instance, from the United Provinces, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
(ii) Getting job was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for the workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the job available.
(iii) Entry into the mills was also restricted. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and personal relations.
(iv) Industrialists employed jobbers to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them a job, helped them settle in the city and provided them with money in times of crisis.
(v) The jobber became a person with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gift for his favor and controlling the lives of workers.

A) Germany – in producing steel

D) Emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic system

Due to the following invention Industrial Revolution came to second phase Railways

(A) Arnold Toynbee

In 1840, British steam engines were generating more than 70% of all European power.

• Germany (erstwhile Prussia) exploited its rich coal fields (Silesia and Rhineland – the Rhur) and iron deposits (Bohemia) to flourish in steel industry. 
• With the invention of electric dynamo, they lead electric industry in the world. 
• Unification in 1871 made access to iron from Lorraine fields of iron from France. 
• Government encouraged industry by providing road/rail transports and markets also. 
• It also focused on arnament industry. 
• Large banks provided the capital needed. 
• By the beginning of 20 century, Germany had developed a powerful industrial base.

1. In 1842.

2. It was 15 years in Birhingham, 17 in Manchester, and 21 in Derby.

3. The increase in the population of cities was because of immigrants, rather than by an increase in the number of children born to families who already lived there.

4. Cholera, Typhoid, and Tuberculosis.

5. The medical knowledge to understand and cure these diseases was unknown.

1. She was a woman in gilt-button factory.

2. It was in Birmingham.

3. It belonged to the 1850s.

4. Men – 25 shillings a week 

Women – 07 shillings a week 

Children – 01 shilling a week

5. No, it was equal to all.

It is interesting to read about the individuals who brought about these changes during industralisation. Few of them were trained scientists. Education in basic sciences like physics or chemistry was extremely limited until the late nineteenth century, even after the technological inventions described above. Since these inventions did not require a full knowledge of the laws of physics or chemistry on which they were based, advances in science could be and were made by brilliant, intuitive thinkers and persistent experimenters.

They were helped by the fact that England had certain features which other European countries did not. Dozens of scientific journals and published papers of scientific societies appeared in England between 1760 and 1800. There was a widespread thirst for knowledge even in the smaller towns. This was met by the activities of the Society of Arts (founded in 1754), by travelling lecturers, or in ‘coffee houses’ that multiplied through the eighteenth century.

The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780s and the 1850s is called the “First Industrial Revolution.

• Both were used to transport commodities cheaply. 
• Both enhanced the values of the properties. 
• The invention and usage took the entire process of industrialisation to a second stage. 
• Both reduced the time taken to travel between two places.

Mobile Phone: 

• Mobile phones have completely changed the way people interact. 
• Today, the mobile phone has become part and parcel of many people’s lives. 
• You can call, send text messages, read emails, play games as well as read and edit documents. 
• Through mobile phone, we can send money quickly to others who are in need.
• It create new market places. 
• It help people find jobs. 
• It help the farmers to get weather information.

Internet: 

• The Internet creates new ways for us to communicate, work and share information. 
• The main advantage of the internet is it ability to connect billions of computers and devices to each other. 
• By it, we get more information. 
• Enjoy virtual field trips. 
• It creates assignment convenience and flexibility.

Computer:

• It act as highly reliable scientific equipment.
• They receive and store data and carries out logical and mathematical calculations too to provide fast and accurate results. 
• It can store more data.

Airways : 

• Through air ways we can reach our destination quickly. 
• It transports people, goods, the military equipment around the world. 
• It is the fastest means of transport. 
• During the time of floods and calamities we can use more airways only to reach the place. 
• It is supported to go to remote areas. 
• It creates convenience to passengers.

Conditions of the worker. 

1. The aboudance of labour in the market affected. 

2. Seasonality of work : 

It meant prolonged periods without work. 

3. Low Real wages :

Wages are very low.

4. Poverty and Unemployment: 

At the mid of 19th century, about 10 percent of Urban population was extremely poor. The Unemployment rate was very high.

• Transport system really helps the industry. 
• Without transportation, the products made by the industry cannot be sold in distant places. 
• The industry has a particular transport system to send their products to places and sell them for profit. 
• Without proper transport system, there is risk of damage of products. 
• The invention of steam engine reduced the cost of transportation. 
• Development of aircraft was useful for fastest means of transport.
• Good transport system leads to rapid industrialization.

Transportation :

Aeroplanes, Motor vehicles, Railways, etc. 

Medicine: 

Anti-biotics, vaccines, chloroforms, Anti-virus, etc. Now-a-days world become a big village by a fastest means of transport. Even long distance also reached in a short time. Due to medicines, the life expectancy of human being is increased.

Britain experienced modern industrialisation for the first time.

Germany and France lacked colonial resources.

This was James Watt’s steam engine. It was just looking like our present day tractor.

• The economy and industries in Britain changed completely between 1780s and 1850s. 
• This phase is known as ‘First Industrial Revolution’.
• The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European Scholars George Michelet in France and Fredrich Engels in Germany. 
• It was used for the first time in English by the Philosopher and economist Arnold Tony bee.

The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European scholars – Georges Michelet in France and Friedrich Engels in Germany. It was used for the first time in English by the philosopher and economist Arnold Toynbee (1852-83), to describe the changes that occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820.

• The Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that women worked.
• The village women were actively involved in farm work, they reared livestock, gathered firewood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes. 
• Their earnings were necessary to supplement men’s meagre wages. Women were the main workers in the silk, lace making and knitting industries, as well as in the metal industries of Birmingham. 
• Women may well have gained increased financial independence and self-esteem from their jobs but this was more than offset by the humiliating terms of work they endured. 
• Most classes eventually benfited in some way from the huge profits. Thus the lives of different classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution.

1. The ’Krupp’ family

2. Gun manufacturing factory.

3. First World War.

4. The Krupps supported Hitler in the German general election of 1933.

5. The slave – labour from the Nazi concentration camps.

This was the Cast Iron Bridge. It was near Coalbrookdale. It was designed by the third Darby.

(C) Textile Industry

The Bank of England.

Answer is Steam

1. Water powered loom – Edmund Cartwright. 

2. Spinning Jenney – James Hargreaves.

(C) Steam energy

From the 1780s, the cotton industry symbolised British industrialisation in many ways. This industry had two features which were also seen in other industries. Raw cotton had to be entirely imported and a large part of the finished cloth was exported to other countries. Britain had its control over the sources of raw cotton as well as the markets. Where they sold cloth. This helped to increase its control over the colonies.

A) First Industrial Revolution

Correct option is (c) Unemployment and poverty

Correct option is (d) all of these

Correct option is (a) Management Position Description Questionnaire

Correct option is (b) Taylor’s differential piece-rate plan

Prussia exploited its rich coalfields, and iron deposits in order to create a flourishing steel industry.

A survey in 1842 revealed that the average lifespan of workers was lower than that of any other social group in cities.

Steam power was first used in mining industries.

The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780s and the 1850s is called the ‘first industrial revolution.

The following selections are testimonies from England and Wales collected by Parliamentary Commission who began to investigate the industrial employment of women and children in the early 1840s.

1. Working conditions were unsanitary and the work was dangerous. 

2. Education of the children suffered because of the demands of work. 

3. Home life suffered as women were faced with the double burden of factory work formed by domestic chores and child care. 

4. Men assumed supervisory roles over women and received higher wages. 

5. Unsupervised young women away from home generated societal fears over their fate. 

6. As a result of the need for wages in the growing cash economy, families became dependent on the wages of women and children.

7. There was some worker opposition to propagate that child and female labour should be abolished from certain jobs. 

8. Children as young as 5 years old worked hard hours for little or no pay (sometimes 19 hours a day) 

9. Large, heavy and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using or working near. 

10. Many accidents occurred injuring or killing children on the job.

My reaction : 

This is very cruel and inhuman treatment. If it is there now-a-days the factory owners should be punished by govt severely.

France was slow in industrialising. Even by the end of 19^th century she remained a rural country with a large majority of people cultivating small plots of land. Manufacturers found it more profitable to give out work to rural workers who worked at home rather than to set up factories in towns. Such rural domestic production began to decline after 1850 resulting in economic adversity for the people. Machines in towns began to take over much of the work and only delicate hand work was given out to rural workers. Much of French industrialisation was a result of the spread of railway and road networks after 1860 which created a wide market for its industrial goods.

France also did not develop Banks which could mobilise large amount of capital and lend them to industrialists. As a result most of French manufacturers depended upon family resources. They remained small companies as a result. It also made them slow in adopting new ideas and technologies.

Heavy industry based on iron and coal was slow to develop in France as she did not have good reserves of coal and depended upon expensive imports. Thus French industrialisation remained focused on consumer products like textiles, which were basically small scale enterprises. This was in contrast to the German and British Industrial situation where heavy industries predominated.

So France lagged behind industrial development.

Britain was lucky in possessing excellent coking coal and high-grade iron ore in the same basins or even the same seams.

I think there were no proper transportation facilities to transport the coal and iron. And it is very difficult also to transport such heavy things from one place to another place. Later the canal and rail road transports were introduced and developed. So the early industrial centres were situated near the iron and coal mines.

I think coal is used for smelting iron. So the mining of iron ore and coal received equal importance.

Throughout the 18 and 19 centuries the English steel and iron makers produced blister and crucible steel and iron. In the 18th century innovations like steam boats, rail road and guns increased the demand for fine iron and steel.