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Democracies ensure the right of the citizen to choose the representative of the country directly or indirectly who will take all the decisions and have control over that. Democracies also ensure the process of transparency in decision making. Any individual can question the decisions made by a ruler or government and check whether it is beneficial for the country or not.

Democracy provides right to equality, equality before the law, equal opportunities for work and prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth. In this way, it can adjust the equal treatment of women.

Economic growth is termed as an increase in market value of goods and services produced per capita by the economy over a period of time. 

It depends on the following factors:

Education: To increase economic growth, the population of the country must be educated as increased skills by the education will produce more goods and services, resulting in an increase in economic growth.

Health facilities: There should be adequate health facilities to ensure the good health of the population of the country to increase economic growth.

Political will or economic priorities: Government should have the desire to spend money on the education and health facilities of the citizens and make policies accordingly.

Non- discrimination: There should not be any discrimination based on religion, caste, gender etc. and everybody should be provided equal opportunity based on their skills.

Other factors can be the global situation, cooperation from other countries etc.

(i) An ideal government is always transparent. It decisions are based on norms and procedures. The citizens have the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. 

(ii) Corruption and black money are closely linked to each other. They flourish when the government grope them. Hence, it is the responsibility of the government to put these two closely linked issues on top priority and give punishment to all those who are indulged in them. 

(iii) The government should give emphasis on building the character of its people. Only the men with high moral values will keep themselves away from corruption and money making business. 

The literal meaning of ‘Dignity’ is respect. Dignity in democracy signifies that every individual should be treated with respect and he should treat others with respect too. It should be maintained by every citizen.

C) Mahatma Gandhi

Democracy is better than other forms of government such as dictatorship, monarchy etc because of the following reasons: 

1. It promotes equality among citizens. 

2. It enhances the dignity of the individuals. 

3. It improves the quality of decision-making. 

4. It provides a method to resolve conflicts. 

5. It allows room to correct mistakes. 

6. It is a legitimate government. 

7. It is people’s own government. 

8. It gives equal status to women and weaker sections.

Democracy supports dignity and freedom of the citizens. Every man wants to get respect from fellow persons in the society. A lot of conflicts take place among human beings because some feel they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognised this, at least in principle. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. We can take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. The same is true of caste inequalities. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

Democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world.

According to these people democracy takes much time in decision-making and its implementation.

No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes. Democracy continues to be democracy as long as all citizens have a chance to be part of majority at any point of time. If someone is debarred from being part of majority on the basis of birth then democracy is said to be concentrated in few hands. Example of Sri Lanka reminds us that a democracy must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve this outcome:

(i) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government can function to represent the opinion of common people. 

(ii) The rule of majority does not become rule by majority on the basis of religion or race or linguistic group etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may form a majority.

Democratic governments are expected to be attentive to the needs of people and less corrupt. But in reality, it does not happen so. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Democracy is also not free of corruption. Our politicians are indulged in money making. Our top officials are also doing the same.

A) Inactive participation of citizen

Answer is (A) 46

1920 in which year USA allowed white women to vote.

In USA 40% of people did not vote in 2012 elections.

B) Do or Die

C) Subhash Chandra Bose

Yes it is true that democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens. It can be explained by the following points:

• Only Democratic government is a form of government which provides accommodation to social differences and conflicts by making everybody learn how to respect every individual’s opinion as differences can never be suppressed completely.
• Democracy ensures inclusion of every group including minorities and its interests in the decision making.
• It reduces the probability of violence due to social differences and conflicts between different kinds of people.
• It provides right to equality, equality before law, equal opportunities of work and prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth to every citizen or individual.
• It also ensures various other fundamental rights of the citizen.

Literal meaning of transparency in a democracy is disclosure. The following points discuss transparency in democratic government.

• Democratic government ensures transparency in the process of decision making.
• Right to Information Act enables every citizen of the country to have the right to information about the structure of the government and every policy and rule made by them.
• When any decision made or meetings held by the government is open to discussion for citizens of the country, and when any budget approved by the government is open to examination, to check whether it is beneficial for their country or not, it is termed as transparency.

Yes, it is true that the actual performance of democracy shows a mixed result. It has been successful in addressing some of the issues while failed in some other issues.

It has been successful in overcoming these problems to some extent:

• It has ensured the dignity and freedom of every citizen of country irrespective of their caste, religion, gender, language or any other discrimination. It provides right to equality, equality before law, equal opportunities of work and prohibition of discrimination.
• Only Democratic government is a form of government which provides accommodation to social differences and conflicts by making everybody learn how to respect every individual’s opinion as differences can never be suppressed completely.
• It ensures accountability and responsibility towards the interest of citizens of the country
• It has failed in addressing these problems:
• Reducing economic inequality and poverty: In actual life, democracy is not able to reduce economic inequality or poverty in a democratic country. A small number of rich people have a large proportion of the country’s wealth. On the other hand, the income of a large number of poor people keeps on declining. It is becoming difficult for them to meet their daily needs like food, cloth etc.
• Economic growth: Democracy is very much responsible and important for the development of a nation, but it does not guarantee that.

Democracies have certain methods to accommodate social divisions. This helps in maintaining unity and eliminating social tensions. Democracy does not mean rule by majoritarian. They have to accommodate the interests of minority to remain a democracy. India is one example of a democracy which accommodates people of different religion, castes, language, backgrounds, etc. It is a fundamental right of the people to preserve their culture and practices associated with it.

Democracy is a form of government which provides right to equality, equality before the law, equal opportunities of work and prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth to every citizen or individual. The representative of the democratic government is directly or indirectly elected by the people of the country. 

In the following ways people can participate in democracy:

• By using his power of electing any representative who is beneficial for the country and vote for him.
• By participating in public political debates which can influence a large number of people in the right direction.
• By challenging any wrong decision of the government in the courts and asking for remedy by the judiciary.
• By exercising his fundamental rights and right to information to check the rules made by the government.
• By accessing any information regarding government policies and decisions in newspapers, magazines and examining its outcome.

India is a democratic country. It is sustained by:

Constitution: It ensures the fundamental rights of every citizen of the country and defines the responsibility of the government. It makes the government accountable to citizens.

Supreme Court: It is one of the pillars of the country. It ensures the validity of the constitution and acts as a guardian of the constitution.
Press and electronic media: It helps in ensuring accountability by making people aware of the policies made by the government and any wrong deeds done by then.

Election Commission: It ensures that elections should be held freely and fairly and at regular intervals of time.

Parliament and State legislature: The ministers of the cabinet are collectively responsible to the parliament which in turn ensures accountability to the citizens.

Economic growth is termed as an increase in market value of goods and services produced per capita by the economy over a period of time. Democracy is very
much responsible and important for the development of a nation but it does not guarantee that. It depends on the following factors:

• Education: To increase economic growth, the population of the country must be educated as increased skills by the education will produce more goods and services, resulting in an increase in economic growth.
• Health facilities: There should be adequate health facilities to ensure the good health of the population of the country to increase economic growth.
• Political will or economic priorities: Government should have the desire to spend money on the education and health facilities of the citizens and make policies accordingly.
• Non- discrimination: There should not be any discrimination based on religion, caste, gender etc. and everybody should be provided equal opportunity based on their skills.
• Other factors can be the global situation, cooperation from other countries etc.

Yes indeed democracy has been evolved through struggles and movements all over the world. It is possible that some demand can be accepted by the government easily but there some of the demands of the interest of the people which give rise to conflicts between government and people. This is more significant when the country is moving towards the democratic form of government or when democracy is expanding. Some of the examples are the struggle in Nepal was to establish the democracy but the movement in Bolivia involved claim on democratic government. In both the movements, mass mobilization was involved and political conflict was the reason.

The constituents of democracy are :- 

1. Political Equality - Every citizen of the country enjoy same rights including right to vote, right to speak and so on. 

2. Rule of Law - Law must be equal for all the citizens. 

3. Human Dignity - Protecting and upholding dignity of each and every individual by the citizens. 

4. Being informed and getting involved- Citizens must be informed about every issue and participate individually or collectively in them which shapes the community, nation and world in a whole. 

5. Political freedoms - Every citizen is entitled to the freedom of speech, action, vote and so on. 

6. Respect and personal freedom- Every citizen have the personal freedom to choose the religion or expressions and these should be respected by others as well. 

7. Having formal constitutions, holding elections, multiple political parties. 

In whole, democracy brings equality among the citizens and enhances dignity among individuals.

(a) More than hundred countries

A democratic government is people’s own government. People have faith in it because it provides equal status to all and resolves conflicts among individuals in an amicable way. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country. When people get some benefits, they start expecting more which is quite natural.

No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes. Democracy continues to be democracy as long as all citizens have a chance to be part of majority at any point of time. If someone is debarred from being part of majority on the basis of birth then democracy is said to be concentrated in few hands. Example of Sri Lanka reminds us that a democracy must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve this outcome:

(i) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government can function to represent the opinion of common people. 

(ii) The rule of majority does not become rule by majority on the basis of religion or race or linguistic group etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may form a majority.

A democratic government is a legitimate

1. South Africa

2. 46

3. Brazil

4. Hungary

The first nation to allow voting rights for all groups is Newzealand

B) 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – b

This is possible when all policies and laws are made after extensive public discussions, in which people participate and openly state their needs and views. It also requires that people be involved in effective implementation of the policies and laws – by forming independent citizens committees.

Literally, democracy means rule by people only. But in practice, it is rule by elected persons.

The people remain apathetic and they lose their interest in politics.

For e.g. : whoever may be the elected representative, he tries to save his position and wealth, etc. So they do not want to participate in governance.

(i) Government policies in India are based on the democratic values. (ii) It is able to respond to the needs of the people. (iii) It holds multi-party elections. (iv) It has opposition parties to criticize the citizens.

Expectations from democracy also function as the criteria for judging any democratic country.

In many countries like the USA, most of the media are owned by very rich corporate houses or media barons. They effectively manipulate and influence public opinion by what they high light and what they black out. The rich and powerful also have immediate access to members of the legislature and the ministers, and are in a position to influence their policies and programmes.

On the other hand, the poor and illiterate people have no such access to the government circles. Thus the government of many of these countries follow policies which seem to be contradictory to the interests of the poor and in favour of the rich.

So the high level of inequality persists even where the countries are democratic and government works in the interest of all people.

India is the largest and most populous democratic country in the world

In the first decade of the twentieth century a ‘Go East Movement’ became popular. In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education with intentions to drive out the French from Vietnam and overthrow the puppet emperor to re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French. Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo to attain the same objective but after 1908, the Japanese Ministry of Interior clamped down on them. As a result, many students were exiled and sent back to China and Thailand.

Demand by women’s organisation to reserve 1/3 seats for women is democratic whereas less 10% women’s representation in the parliament is undemocratic.

Principles of scientific management propounded by Taylor are:

(i) Science, Not Rule of Thumb: Rule of Thumb means decisions taken by manager as per their personal judgments. According to Taylor, even a small production activity like loading iron sheets into box cars can be scientifically planned. This will help in saving time as well as human energy. Decisions should be based on scientific enquiry with cause and effect relationships.

(ii) Harmony, Not Discord: Taylor emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management. Both the management and the workers should realize the importance of each other.

(iii) Mental Revolution: The technique of Mental Revolution involves a change in the attitude ‘ of workers and management towards each other. Both should realize the importance of each other and should work with full cooperation. Management as well as the workers should aim to .increase the profits of the organisation

(iv) Cooperation, Not Individualism: This principle is an extension of principle of ‘Harmony, ‘ . not discord’ and lays stress on mutual cooperation between workers and the management. Cooperation, mutual confidence, sense of goodwill should prevail among both, managers as well as workers. The intention is to replace internal competition with cooperation. Both ‘Management’ and ‘Workers’ should realize the importance of each other.

(v) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity: Efficiency of any organisation also depends on the skills and capabilities of its employees to a great extent. Thus, providing training to the workers was considered essential in order to learn the best method developed through the use of scientific approach.

Definition:

• F. W. Taylor defined scientific management as “Knowing exactly what you want your man to do, and then see to it that they do it in the best and the cheapest „way.”
• Scientific Management is a mental revolution favouring employees of a factory. It focuses on tasks and duties of the employees, their colleagues and owners.
• Frederick Taylor himself was an engineer and so he knew the problems faced by the workers.
• He found that until the workers are given wage rate that keeps them motivated, they will not work efficiently.
• He believed that principles of scientific management will have to be put in practice in order to increase the productivity of workers with lower production costs.

He suggested to adopt scientific approach of management so that the managers do not decrease the wages and the workers remain loyal and productive towards the work.

He challenged the traditional approach and presented scientific management as a revolutionary thought. For this he stated that the following matters should be considered.

• Each worker should be assigned work as per his mental and physical ability.
• Each worker should be instructed to perform maximum work as per category.
• A worker working efficiently and rapidly should be paid 30% to 100% more wages.

1. Scientific method,
2. Planning and Implementation,
3. Job Analysis,
4. Standardization,
5. Scientific selection and training,
6. Financial motivation,
7. Economical and
8. Mental Revolution.

“To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.” -Henry Fayol. It attempts to describe management in terms of what a manager does, and not what management is.

Management is neither a science nor an art, but a combination of both requiring people holding managerial positions to apply the scientific management principles and displaying popular managerial skills to accomplish the organizational goals as efficiently and as quickly as possible so as to be competitive in the globalised environment of business.

A manager is a dynamic and life giving element in every business. Without efficient management it cannot be possible to secure the best allocation and utilisation of human, material and financial resources.

(b) Make in India