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The various methods of vegetative propagation are:
(i) cutting,
(ii) layering,

(iii) grafting,
(iv) tissue culture.
Layering: In layering, roots are induced on the stem of a rooted plant. When roots develop, that part of stem is detached from the parent plant and grown in the soil. Layering is of two types:
(i) Mound layering: A lower branch of a rooted plant is bent and buried in the moist soil. The tip of the branch should remain above the ground. In a few days, the buried part of the blanch develops roots. It is now cut of from the parent plant and grown in the soil as a new plant. This method is used in the propagation of grapevine, strawberry, raspberry, jasmine, etc.
(ii) Air layering: This method is used in plants like crotons whose branches cannot be bent anti buried in the soil. The stem is girdled, i.e., a ring of bark is removed and then it is covered with a moist moss or cotton and enclosed in a polythene bag. After a few days, roots emerge from this region and branch is cut off from the parent plant. It can now be planted in the soil as a new plant. This method is used in loose, rubber plant, guavas, pear, apple, mangoes, etc.

The fusion of male and female gametes of all sexually-reproducing organisms is called fertilization.

Androecium and Gynoecium.

1. (i) vegetative reproduction

2. (iv) all of the above

3. (ii) tuber

4. (i) YES

5. (i) TRUE

Male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form zygote. This process is known as fertilization.

A group of flowers is called an inflorescence, e.g sunflower.

Regeneration is not the same as reproduction, since most organisms would not normally depend on being cut upto be able to reproduce. Hence more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration.

Calyx, corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium

1. (i) Bread mould

2. (iii) Hyphae

3. (ii) Sporangia

4. (i) Spore formation

5. (i) Bacteria

1. (i) Stem tubers

2. (i) Potato tubers

3. (ii) buds

4. (ii) No

5. (iii) Vegetative propagation by tubers

The answer is (d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style

Length of pollen tube ensures pollens reach the stigma to conduct pollination.

1. (i) Yeast

2. (ii) Hydra

3. (ii) Fermentation

4. (i) Tentacles

5. (i) Fungi

Correct answer is (d) Budding

It is an asexual method of reproduction. In this process, vegetative part of a plant, body such as stem, leaves, bulbs, tubers are used for growing new plants by cutting, gra{ting and layering which are identical to parents.

It is used to grow :

(i) plants that have lost the capacity to produce seeds.

(ii) Plants which are genetically similar enough to the parent plants.

(iii) Superior quality of plants can be obtained.

(iv) It is cheaper, easier and more rapid method of propagation.

1. (i) Leishmania

2. (ii) Fission

3. (ii) Kala - azar

4. (i) unicellular

5. (ii) Amoeba

Regeneration is the ability of an organism to give rise to a new organism or individual from their body parts.
Each part of Hydra contains specialised cells which have the ability to proliferate. When the body of Hydra by any means is cut into number of pieces, these pieces proliferate and make large number of cells. From this mass of cells different cells undergo changes to become various cell types and tissues finally developing into a new organism.

1. (iv) Amoeba

2. (i) unicellular

3. (i)  binary fission

4. (ii) two and more equal halves

5. (i) TRUE

(a) Each piece regenerates into a new Planoria.
(b) Its filaments break into smaller pieces or fragments and each fragment gives rise to a new filament.
(c) It releases spores which germinate into new mycelium in moist conditions.

Moistened bread slice offers both moisture and nutrients to the bread mould, hence it grows profusely. Dry slice of bread offers nutrients but not moisture hence hyphae fail to grow.

The answer is (c) (i) and (ii)

• Large number of spores ensure a few spore survive even in adverse conditions. 
• Availability of moisture and nutrients in the bread provides necessary environment for spore to grow into mould.

When Planaria is cut into many pieces, each piece grows into a complete organism. This regeneration process is carried out by specialised cells, which proliferate, develop and differentiate into various cell types and tissues.
Regeneration is not same as reproduction as most of the organisms would not normally depend on being cut up to be able to reproduce.

Copper-T will helps in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases by helping to prevent infections of diseases.

Answer: False.

(c) x^-5

Explanation: 

x⁷ ÷ x¹² 

= x^7-12 

= x^-5

(By the law of exponents: a^m ÷ aⁿ=a^m-n)

False

If a and b are rational numbers, then

x^m x y^m = (ab)^m

x^m x y^m = (xy)^m = (x x y)^m

Hence, x^m x y^m ≠ (x x y)^2m

(b) x^-12

Explanation: 

(x⁴)^-3 

= x^4×(-3) 

= x^-12

(By the law of exponents: (a^m)ⁿ=a^mn)

(c) (a/b)^{m – n}

For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,

a^m ÷ aⁿ = a^m–n , m>n

(a) 1 (By the law of exponent)

(c) a^m+n

a^m × aⁿ is equal to = a^{m + n}

(b) x^(m+n)

Using law of exponents,

a^m x aⁿ = (a)^m+n

Similarly, x^m x xⁿ = (x)^{m + n}

3² = 3 × 3 = 9 

23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 

9 ≠ 8 

3² ≠ 2³ 

So, a^b ≠ b^a unless a = b

\(\frac {6^8}{6^8}\)

 We know \(\frac {a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n} \)

\(\frac {6^8}{6^8}\)= 6^8-8 = 6⁰ = 1 (∵ a⁰ = 1)

Distance of Moon from the Earth = 384467000 meters 

= 3.84467000 × 100000000 

Decimal is shifted eight places to the left. = 3.84 4 67 × 10⁸ m

 Distance of Moon from the earth = 3.84 4 67 × 10⁸m

120718 

= (1 × 1,00,000) + (2 × 10,000) + (0 × 1000) + (7 × 100) + (1 × 10) + (8 × 1) 

∴ 120718 = (1 × 105) + (2 × 104) + (7 × 102) + (1 × 101) + (8 × 1)

20068 

= (2 × 10,000) + (0 × 1000) + (0 × 100) + (6 × 10) + (8 × 1) 

∴ 20068 = (2 × 104) + (6 × 101) + (8 × 1)

Given 2⁵ x 2¹⁰

We know a^m × aⁿ = a^m+n 

= 2⁵⁺¹⁰ = 2¹⁵ ≠ 2⁵⁰ 

∴ 2⁵ × 2¹⁰ ≠ 2⁵⁰ 

Beulah did wrong. 

Here we have to add the powers. 

But, he multiplied the powers.

No, (6³)¹⁰ is not equal to 6. 

We know (a^m)ⁿ = a^mn 

= 6^3x10 

= 6³⁰ which is ≠ 6¹³ 

so, (6³)¹⁰ ≠ 6¹³ 

We have to multiply. the powers. 

But, Lasya added the powers. 

That’s why Lasya’s solution is wrong.

– 2² = – (2 × 2) = – 4 ≠ 4 

∴ – 2² = – 4

  Yes because,

-2

Quorum refers to the minimum number of members required to be present to conduct a meeting.

The Council of Ministers at the centre is responsible to the Lok Sabha.

(C) Reason : Majority rule is odd one out because democracy ensures people’s rule based on popular consensus.

a) The leader in the picture is Subhash Chandra Bose, 

b) He formed India Nation Army a Military Organisation. 

c) Objectives: 

1.  India’s independence was the utmost important. 
2.  Should take the help of the Japanese to throw out the British.

Accountable Government: Democracy is an accountable government because it is the government of the people and made by people and for the people. The representatives elected by the people are responsible to them. If the people are not happy with the government they can change the leaders in coming elections.

Responsive Government: A citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. He has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. This type of transparency is not available in non-democratic government. 

Legitimate Government: There is one aspect in which democratic government is certainly better than its alternatives: democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but a democratic government is people’s own government. So people wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They favour democracy as government. 

Absence of equal opportunities, equal treatment and equal status at any level, social, economic or political is known as inequality. Democracy is very much responsible and important for the development of a nation, but it does not guarantee that. In actual life, democracy is not able to reduce economic inequality or poverty in the democratic country. A small number of rich people have a large proportion of the country’s wealth. On the other hand, the income of a large number of poor people keeps on declining. It is becoming difficult for them to meet their daily needs like food, cloth etc. Despite the fact that poor people hold a large number of votes, they are not addressed by the government as they should be. Lack of proper implementation of policies made by the government to combat poverty is the major reason for the higher economic inequalities.

Democracies ensure the right of the citizen to choose their representative of the country directly or indirectly who will take all the decisions and have control over that. Democracies also ensure the process of transparency in decision making. Any individual can question the decisions made by a ruler or government and check whether it is beneficial for the country or not.