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Digital certificate binds a 2 to an entity.

1. Security token

2. Digital Signature Standard

3. Public key cryptography standards

A network simulator is a software program that replicates the functioning of a computer network. In simulators, the computer network is typically demonstrated with devices, traffic etc.

(c) Sender Name

(a) statements

One of the most common virus is Trojan

digital certificate

SET system incorporates the following key features: 

1. Using public key encryption and private key encryption ensure data confidentiality.

2. Use information digest technology to ensure the integrity of information.

3. Dual signature technology to ensure the identity of both parties in the transaction.

Public key encryption was devised in 1976

1. In the early day of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other

2. Eventually, it moved to the way side of commercialization of software in 1970-1980 

3. The Netscape communication corporation released their popular Netscape Communicator Internet Suite as free software. This made others to look into how to bring the free software ideas.

4. The Open Source Initiative was founded in Feb 1998 to encourage use of the new term opensource.

A moral code that is evaluated as right is ethics.

Stealing data from a computer system without the knowledge or permission is called hacking

Generally, the following guidelines should be observed by computer users:

1. Honesty : Users should be truthful while using the internet.

2. Confidentiality : Users should not share any important information with unauthorized people.

3. Respect : Each user should respect the privacy of other users.

4. Professionalism : Each user should maintain professional conduct.

5. Obey The Law : Users should strictly obey the cyber law in computer usage.

6. Responsibility : Each user should take ownership and responsibility for their actions.

There are 2 types of Open NMS

A firewall is a computer network security based system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. A firewall commonly establishes a block between a trusted internal computer network and entrusted computer outside, the network.

They are generally categorized as network- based or host-based. Network based firewalls are positioned on the gateway computers of LAN [Local area Network], WAN [Wide Area Network] and intranets.

Symmetric encryption is a technique to use the same key for both encryption and decryption. The main disadvantage of the symmetric key encryption is that all authorized persons involved, have to exchange the key used to Encrypt the data before they can decrypt it. If anybody intercepts the key information, they may read all message.

(d) All of them

OpenNMS is a open source network monitoring software

(b) Identity theft

Ethics means “What is wrong and What is Right”. It is a set of moral principles that rule the behavior of individuals who use computers. An individual gains knowledge to follow the right behavior, using morals that are also known as ethics. Morals refer to the generally accepted standards of right and wrong in the society.

Similarly, in cyber – world, there are certain standards such as

1. Do not use pirated software.

2. Do not use unauthorized user accounts.

3. Do not steal others’ passwords.

4. Do not hack.

Symmetric encryption is a technique to use the same key for both encryption and decryption. The main disadvantage of the symmetric key encryption is that all authorized persons involved, have to exchange the key used to encrypt the data before they can decrypt it. If anybody intercepts the key information, they may read all messages.

Encryption and decryption are processes that ensure confidentiality that only authorized persons can access the information. Encryption is the process of translating the plain text data (plaintext) into random and mangled data (called cipher – text). Decryption is the reverse process of converting the cipher – text back to plaintext. Encryption and decryption are done by cryptography. In cryptography a key is a piece of information (parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm.

(c) I, II are true

Encryption and decryption are processes that ensure confidentiality that only authorized persons can access the information. Encryption is the process of translating the plain text data (plaintext) into random and mangled data (called cipher-text).

Decryption is the reverse process of converting the cipher-text back to plaintext. Encryption and decryption are done by cryptography. In cryptography a key is a piece of information (parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm.

 Upen NMS was released in 1999  

(b) Decryption

Cyber Attack:

1. Virus 

2. Worms

Function: 

1. A virus is a small piece of computer code that can repeat itself and spreads from one computer to another by attaching itself to another computer file. One of the most common virus is Trojan.

2. Worms are self – repeating and do not require a computer program to attach themselves. Worms continually look for vulnerabilities and report back to the author of the worm when weaknesses are discovered.

(d) All of them

Correct answer is (b) spam

To protect the information the following points to be noted:

1. Complex password setting can make your surfing secured.

2. When the internet is not in use, disconnect it.

3. Do NOT open spam mail or emails that have an unfamiliar sender.

4. When using anti – virus software, keep it up – to – date.

(a) Richard Stallman

The free software was developed in 1980

1. Remix

2. Remake

3. Remanufacture

4. Redistribute

5. Resell

6. Study and Learn

1. Notification

2. National Resource Center Free and Center Free and Open Source Software

(a) electronic commerce

(a) Electronic Data Interchange

Free software a concept developed in the 1980s by an MIT computer science researcher, Richard Stallman is defined by four conditions, as outlined by the nonprofit Free Software Foundation.

Open source hardware technology helps in spy hardware threats. In this technique we get the components of the hardware and its circuit diagram, so that we can remove suspicious spyware if found.

(a) Electronic Data Interchange

Application software:

NS2 , OPEN NMS, Ubuntu, MySQL, PDF Creator, Open Office, 7zip GNUCASH, GIMP, BLENDER, AUDACITY, VLC, MOZILA FIREFOX, MAGENTO, ANDROID, PHP

(c) Google Earth

Proprietary Software:

1. It refers to the software that is solely owned by the individual or the organization that developed it. 

2. Only the owner or publisher who holds the legal property rights of the source code can access it.

3. The project is managed by a closed group of individuals or team that developed it.

4. They are focused on a limited market of both skilled and unskilled end users.

5. There is a very limited scope of innovation with the restrictions and all

6. Ex: Windows, MacOs, Google Earth

Open Source Software:

1. It refers to the software that is developed and tested through open collaboration.

2. Anyone with the academic knowledge can access, inspect, modify and redistribute the source code

3. The project is managed by an open source community of developers and programmers.

4. They are not aimed at unskilled users outside of the programming community.

5. It provides flexibility Ex. Android, Firefox, Ubuntu

6. Ex: Android, Firefox, Ubuntu

General purpose application softwares are those softwares, which are used for any general function. They allow people to do simple computer tasks. It is sometimes referred to as GPS. e.g. graphics, multimedia, presentation software, desktop publishing software etc.

The taking of air rich in oxygen into the body is called inhalation and giving out of air rich in carbon dioxide is out of is known as exhalation.

(a) down and inwards.

Correct option is B) Joseph Priestley

Correct option is C) Fish

(b) take in oxygen dissolved in water.

Correct option is C) Joseph Priestley

Correct Answer is: (b) second