Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. Common seal

2. Private Limited Company

3. Private Limited Company.

SIDBI is Small Industrial Development Bank of India, which takes initiative to resolve the financial and non-financial hurdles of MSMEs.

Features of NABARD: '

(i) Apex Bank : NABARD acts as an apex bank for meeting the credit needs of all type of financial institutions working in the field of agricultural and rural development. It works to frame policies and guidelines for rural financial institutions in India. It provides credit facilities to institutes working in agricultural finance.

(ii) Refinancing Facilities : It provides refinancing facilities to State Co-operative Banks (SCBs), Land Development Banks (LDBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and other approved financial institutions for financing rural economic activities. It also provides short-term, medium term and long term credit to these institutes.

(iii) Provides Credit for Rural Development : It takes initiatives in the development and promotion of different activities in rural area by providing funds to State governments. It also provides refinancing for upliftment of weaker section of the society. It also works on improvement of small and minor irrigation by way of promoting agricultural activities.

(iv) Financing Rural Industries : It provides refinancing facility to small scale industries and other village and cottage industries. It provides loans to commercial and cooperative banks to promote rural employment. It organizes skill and entrepreneurship development programs to promote an entrepreneurial culture among the rural youth and encourage them to start enterprises in the rural areas.

• The Memorandum of Association is a basic or fundamental or primary document of a company.
• It contains the following clauses: Name clause, Address clause, Object clause, Liability clause, Capital clause, Association of subscription clause.
• The entire business centres around its object clause.
• Object clause of the Memorandum of Association defines the area beyond which the company cannot do anything.
• It determines the powers of the company.
• It helps the stakeholders to know what is its permitted range of operation.
• A company is governed by Memorandum of Association and any act beyond it shall be considered as ultra-vires.
• Hence, Memorandum of Association defines the limitations of the power of the company.

Correct Answer is  Shareholder

Memorandum of Association is a basic document, which gives information about the aims and objects of the company. It is also a charter of a company.

The following are four clauses of Memorandum of Association:

(i) Name Clause:

• This clause state the company’s proposed name.
• It must end with the word limited if its a public company or private limited if its a private company.
• It can’t be identical to any existing company’s name.
• It can’t resemble any registered Trade Mark.
• It should not be misleading in any way.

(ii) Registered office clause:

• The registered office clause lists the name of the state where the company’s registered office is physically located.
• The registered office’s physical location determines which jurisdiction the Registrar of companies and which court the company would fall under.
• It also confirms the company’s nationality .
• The registered office’s full address must be provided to the Registrar of companies to simplify further communications.

(iii) The object clause:

• This clause defines the objects for which a company is formed. It indicates the range of activities a company can undertake. This clause states in detail the main object for which the company is to be incorporated.
• The objects of the company must not be illegal, immoral or against the public policy.
• A company cannot do anything beyond or outside the scope of its objects.

(iv) Liability clause:

• The liability clause explains what liability each of the company’s member faces. If the company is limited by shares the liability that each member faces can be no more than the face value of share.
• If the company is limited by guarantee, this clause must define how much liability each individual company member holds.

Definition:

As per section 2(28) of the companies Act 1956 “Memorandum of Association means the Memorandum of Association of a company as originally framed or altered from time to time in pursuance of any previous company laws or of this Act”.

As such this definition does not state exactly the scope, use, and importance of memorandum in a company.

• Lord Cairns observed that – “The memorandum of association is a charter and defines the limits of the powers of a company. The memorandum contains the fundamental conditions upon which alone the company is allowed to incorporate”.
• Lord Macmillan states that – “The purpose of the memorandum is to enable the shareholders, creditors and those who deal with the company to know what is its permitted range of enterprise”.

Meaning:

In simple words, the Memorandum of Association of a company means

• a basic or fundamental primary document of a company.
• a charter or constitution of a company
• no company can be incorporated without the Memorandum of Association.
• It lays down the range of its activities.
• It is a public document and can be inspected by those who deal with the company.

Features of Memorandum of Association:

The following are the features of the Memorandum of Association:

• Memorandum of Association states the nature of business activities to be conducted by the company.
• It informs about the scope of activities of the company.
• It is prepared by promoters of the company.
• It is signed by at least 7 persons in the case of a public company and 2 persons in the case of a private company.
• It is submitted to the registrar of companies for registration.
• All companies must prepare their own Memorandum of Association.
• It defines the relationship between the company and outsiders.
• It is an unalterable charter of the company.
• It is a public document.

Correct option is (D) Both (A) and (C)

Correct option is (A) It has a common seal

1. Finger-like structures increase the surface area. 

2. The space inside the paper folds is very much high. So area is increased. 

3. So increase in surface area is the relation between finger-like structures and paper folds.

The outer most part of the earth or the crust is known as Lithosphere. It forms only 0.5 percent of the total volume of the earth. The thickness of the crust varies from 10 to 60km. It consists of all the three major types of rocks, such as Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

Sial and Sima are layers of the lithosphere.

The layer lies in between the crust and the core of the earth is known as pyrosphere. It begins from Mohorovicic discontinuity and continues up to a depth of Gutenberg discontinuity. 

It is a boundary that separates the earth’s crust and the mantle.

Companion cells: 

a. These are narrow elongated and living. 

b. Companion cells are laterally associated with sieve tube elements. 

c. Companion cells have dense cytoplasm and prominent nucleus. 

d. Nucleus of companion cell regulates functions of sieve tube cells through simple pits. 

e. From origin point of view, sieve tube cells and companion cell are derived from same cell. Death of the one result in death of the other type.

Classification of meristematic tissue on the basis of origin: 

1. Promeristem / Primordial meristem: 

a. It is also called as embryonic meristem. 

b. It usually occupies very minute area at the tip of root and shoot.

2. Primary meristem: 

a. It originates from the primordial meristem and occurs in the plant body from the beginning, at the root and shoot apices. 

b. Cells are always in active state of division and give rise to permanent tissues. 

3. Secondary meristem: 

a. These tissues develop from living permanent tissues during later stages of plant growth hence are called as secondary meristems.

b. This tissue occurs in the mature regions of root and shoot of many plants. 

c. Secondary meristem is always lateral (to the central axis) in position e.g. Fascicular cambium, inter fascicular cambium, cork cambium.

Classification of meristematic tissue based on its position: 

1. Apical meristem: 

a. It is produced from promeristem and forms growing point of apices of root, shoot and their lateral branches. 

b. It brings about increase in length of plant body and is called as apical initials. 

c. Shoot apical meristem is terminal in position whereas in root it is subterminal i.e. located behind the root cap. 

2. Intercalary meristem: 

a. Intercalary meristematic tissue is present in the top or base area of node. 

b. Their activity is mainly seen in monocots. 

c. These are short lived. 

3. Lateral meristem: 

a. It is present along the sides of central axis of organs. 

b. It takes part in increasing girth of stem or root, e.g. Intrafascicular cambium. 

c. It is found in vascular bundles of gymnosperms and dicot angiosperms.

The different types of thickening patterns are seen on their walls such as annular (in the form of rings), spiral (in the form of spring/helix), scalariform (ladder like) and pitted (small circular area). Pitted is the most advanced type of thickening which may be simple or bordered.

(C) Phloem fibres

Function: 

Collenchyma is a living mechanical tissue and serves different functions in plants. 

a. It gives mechanical strength to young stem and parts like petiole of leaf. 

b. It allows bending and pulling action in plant parts and also prevents tearing of leaf. 

c. It also allows growth and elongation of organs.

Tracheids: 

a. These are elongated, tubular and dead cells (without protoplasm).

b. The ends are oblique and tapering. 

c. The cell walls is unevenly thickened and lignified. This provides mechanical strength. 

d. Tracheids contribute 95% of wood in gymnosperms and 5% in angiosperms. 

e. The different types of thickening patterns are seen on their walls such as annular (in the form of rings), spiral (in the form of spring/helix), scalariform (ladder like) and pitted (small circular area). Pitted is the most advanced type of thickening which may be simple or bordered.

Functions: 

a. This tissue functions as the main mechanical tissue. 

b. It permits bending, shearing and pulling. 

c. It gives rigidity to leaves and prevents it from falling. 

d. It also gives rigidity to epicarps and seeds.

The correct answer is (D) phloem

1. Cell wall 

2. Nucleus 

3. Cytoplasm 

Characteristics of meristematic tissue: 

1. It is a group of young, immature cells. 

2. These are living cells with ability to divide in the regions where they are present. 

3. These are polyhedral or isodiametric in shape without intercellular spaces. 

4. Cell wall is thin, elastic and mainly composed of cellulose. 

5. Protoplasm is dense with distinct nucleus at the centre and vacuoles if present, are very small. 

6. Cells show high rate of metabolism.

Structure of stomata: 

1. Small gateways in the epidermal cells are called as stomata. 

2. Stoma is controlled or guarded by specially modified cells called guard cells. 

3. These guard cells may be kidney shaped (dicot) or dumbbell shaped (monocot), collectively called as stomata. 

4. Guard cells have chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.

5. Change in turgor pressure of guard cells causes opening and closing of stomata, which enables exchange of gases and water vapour. 

6. Stomata are further covered by subsidiary cells.

7. Stoma, guard cells and subsidiary cells form a unit called stomatal apparatus.

Ground tissue:

1. All the plant tissues excluding epidermal and vascular tissue is ground tissue. 

2. It is made up of simple permanent tissue e.g. parenchyma. 

3. It is present in cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays in the primary stem and root. 

4. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma in the hypodermis and chloroplasts containing mesophyll tissue in leaves is also ground tissue.

All the plant tissues excluding epidermal and vascular tissue is ground tissue.

1. Root 

2. Monocot root and Dicot stem, 

3. Dicot leaf 

4. Monocot leaf

Bicollateral vascular bundle: 

When phloem is present in a vascular bundle on both the sides of xylem and intervening cambium tissue, it is called bicollateral vascular bundle. It is a feature of family Cucurbitaceae.

In stem, epidermal hairs are called trichomes. These are generally multicellular, branched or unbranched, stiff or soft or even secretory. These help in preventing water loss due to transpiration.

Conjoint vascular bundles: When the complex tissue (xylem and phloem) is collectively present as neighbours of each other on the same radius, vascular bundle is called Conjoint vascular bundle.

They are of two types: 

a. Collateral vascular bundle: In this type of vascular bundle, xylem lies inwards and the phloem lies outwards. These bundles may be further of open type (secondary growth takes place) containing cambium in between xylem and phloem and closed type if cambium is not present (secondary growth absent). 

b. Bicollateral vascular bundle: When phloem is present in a vascular bundle on both the sides of xylem and intervening cambium tissue, it is called bicollateral vascular bundle. It is a feature of family Cucurbitaceae.

(i) Continuous Spectrum - An emission spectrum that consists of a continuum of wavelengths. 

Discontinuous Spectrum - It is defined as a spectrum between a range of wave lengths that contains breaks or gaps in terms of wavelengths 

(ii) Absorption Spectrum - It is defined as a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance, showing dark lines or bands due to absorption at specific wavelengths. 

Emission Spectrum - It is defined as a spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance that has absorbed energy.

(a) Kingdom plantae 

(b) Kingdom protista 

(c) Kingdom protista 

(d) Kingdom Animalia 

(e) Kingdom Fungi

Correct answer is (a) 8.7 million

(c) Both of them

Node is the part of stem where the leaf arises.

In a bean seed two cotyledons are present.

Correct option: (B) They multiply only in host cell.

Correct option: (B) All living cells

Correct option: (A) Rhizobium

Correct option: (D) Mycoplasma

Cell wall is not present in Mycoplasma.

Correct option: (D) both (A) and (C)

Correct option: 

Correct option: (C) Slime moulds

Correct option: (D) both (A) and (B)

Correct option: (D) all of these

Correct option: (C) Lichens

Pioneer species are the species that invade a bare area. Lichens are able to secrete acids to dissolve rock, helping in weathering and soil formation.

Correct option: (B) Golden algae

Correct option: (B) Lichen

Correct option: (C) living tissue