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36 ATP molecules are produced from a molecule of glucose on it complete oxidation in eukaryotes. 

Alcoholic fermentation is the process by which yeast cells breakdown glucose into ethyl alcohol and carbon-dioxide under anaerobic conditions.

ATPase helps in the formation of ATP from ADP, Pi and energy by downward flow of protons.

ATP synthetase.

Alcoholic Fermentation 

• End products of alcoholic fermentation are ethyl alcohol and CO₂.
• This process is carried out by yeast.

Lactic acid Fermentation.

• End product of lactic acid fermentation is lactic acid.
• This process is carried out by lactic acid bacteria present in milk.

Pyruvic acid.

Aerobic respiration needs oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not need oxygen. There is complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration, while it is incomplete in anaerobic respiration. Lactic acid and ethanol are the main products of anaerobic respiration, while carbon dioxide is the end product of aerobic respiration. 

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ →  6CO₂+6H₂O → energy.

Aerobic respiration is the complete oxidation of the respiratory substrate into carbon-di-oxide and water.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

Correct Answer is: (d) 1938

(d) all the three above

(b) (i) and (iii) only

(i) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

(iv) Assertion is correct statement reason is wrong statement. 

(a) Both A and R are correct and R explains A.

PHBV is used in orthopaedic devices and in controlled release of drugs

Most of the heart attacks are due to blood clotting in the coronary arteries. Aspirin helps to make the blood thinner and thus prevents the formation of blood clots in the coronary arteries thereby preventing heart attacks.

Artificially drugs are chemical substances which suppress the action of hormones that promote pregnancy. These drugs actually reduce the chances of pregnancy and act as a protection. Antifertility drugs are made up of derivatives of synthetic progesterone or a combination of derivatives of oestrogen and progesterone. 

Example : Ethynylestradiol, menstranol and norcthynodrel etc.

1. Narcotic drug is an addictive drug that reduces pain, induces sleep and may alter mood or behaviour.

Example: Morphine and codeine. 

2. Non – narcotic drug are chemical substance (medications) used to control pain and inflammation. They are available at drugstores without a prescription or by prescription when given at higher doses.

Example: Acetaminophen and paracetamol.

Soaps have straight hydrocarbon chains and are easily degraded by bacteria present in the sewage water and hence, do not cause water pollution. Most of the detergents are non – biodegradable and hence cause water pollution of rivers and waterways. So, one will prefer soap.

Artificial sweetening agents such as, 

1. saccharin 

2. Alitame 

3. Aspartame

can be used in preparing sweets for diabetic patients.

(i) Anionic detergent are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohol or hydrocarbons/alkylbenzene sulphonate or detergents whose anionic part is involved in cleansing action.

(ii) Broad-spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

(iii) Antiseptic are the chemicals which either kill or prevent growth of microbes on living tissue.

(i), (iv)

(i) Tranquilizers

(iv) Neurologically active drugs

(i), (iv)

(i) Sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohol.

(iv) Sodium salts of sulphonated long chain hydrocarbons.

It is possible to separate two sulphide ore by adjusting proportion of oil to water in froth flotation process by using a substance known as depressant. 

e.g. NaCN is used to separate ZnS and PbS. 

Above 1123 K, carbon can reduce FeO to Fe. 

CO, (above 983 K CO being more stable & does not act as a good reducing agent but carbon does.) 

It is easily fusible material fusible material, which is formed when gangue still present in roasted ore combines with the flux. 

e.g. CaO (flux) + SiO₂ (gangue)→CaSiO₃ (slag)

(i), (iii), (iv)

(i) Cationic detergents have germicidal properties

(iii) Some synthetic detergents can give foam even in ice cold water.
(iv) Synthetic detergents are not soaps.

Bacteriocidal antibiotics: Antibiotics which kill the organism in the body.

E.g. Pencillin, Ofloxacin etc. 

Bacteriostatic antibiotics: Antibiotics which inhibit or arrest the growth of the organism.

E.g. Tetracyclin, Chloramphenicol etc.

In the Method Process, Ni is heated in a stream of CO forming a volatile complex, which then decomposes at higher temperature to give Ni.  

At 330-350 K   Ni + 4CO → Ni(CO)₄ 

 At 450-470 K     Ni (CO)₄ → Ni + 4CO  

The desired conversion is 

 4Al + 2Cr₂O₃ → 2Al₂O₃ + 4Cr 

It is obtained by addition of following two reactions:

4Al + 3O₂ → 2 Al₂O₃ ∆_f G⁰ = -827 kJ/mole 

2Cr₂O₃ → 4Cr + 3O₂ ∆_f G⁰ = + 540 kJ/mole 

Therefore, ∆ G⁰ for desired reaction is -827+ 540 = -287, as a result reduction is possible. 

Drugs which can inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline are needed. This will slow down the process of metabolism of noradrenaline and will thus help in counteracting the effect of depression. Iproniazid and phenelzine are two such drugs

Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents which have all the properties of soaps, but actually don’t contain any soap. That is why these are called soapless soaps.

Haematite – Fe₂O₃, Magnetite –Fe₃O₄, Iron pyrites FeS₂. 

The given statement refers to the classification of pharmacological effects of the drug. This is because any drug that is used to counteract the effects of excess acid in the stomach is called an antacid.

Chloroxylenol is the active ingredient of dettol. The other ingredients of dettol are isopropyl alcohol, pine oil, castor oil soap, caramel and water.

1. Chloroxylenol and terpineol.

2. A 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol water mixture is called tincture of iodine. It is used as an antiseptic.

3. Phenol can be used as an antiseptic as well as a disinfectant. 0.2% solution of phenol is used as an antiseptic and 1% solution of phenol is used as disinfectant.

Molecular formula : C₉H₈O₄

Name : Aspirin

To control calorie intake and as a substitute of sugar for diabetics.

Important ores -(i) Bauxite Al₂O₃.xH₂0 (ii) Corrundum Al₂O₃. Bauxite is commercially important ore Al. 

Extraction from Bauxite ore involves the following two stages:

(i) Purification of bauxite to get pure alumina (Al₂O₃) 

(ii) Electrolysis of pure alumina in molten cryolite 

Step:1 Bauxite is treated with NaOH. Following reaction takes place

Al₂O₃ +2NaOH + 3 H₂O → 2Na [Al(OH)₄] and impurities of Fe₂O₃,TiO₂ &SiO₂ are removed . 

Na [Al(OH)₄] ,then reacts with CO₂ then pure Alumina is obtained.                  

Na [Al(OH)₄] + 2CO₂ → Al₂O₃.xH₂O + 2NaHCO₃     

Step:2 Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina takes place in iron box (cathode) with cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) & fluorspar CaF₂. Graphide rods act as anode. Following reactions take place:- 

At cathode:‐ Al₃⁺  + 3e → Al, 

At Anode:‐ 2O₂^‐ →O₂⁺                                                     

By this process 98.8% pure Aluminum is obtained. 

(A) antioxidant

Artificial sweetening agents that sweeten food. However, unlike natural sweeteners, they do not add calories to our body. They do not harm the human body Some artificial sweeteners are aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, and alitame.

(i) Equanil- It is a tranquilizer. 

(ii) Sucrolose- It is an artificial sweetener. 

(i) Antipyretics- Those drugs which reduce the temperature of feveral body are called Antipyretics. Eg - Paracetamol 

(ii) Antibiotics- The drugs which prevent the growth of other micro-organisms. Eg- Pencillin. 

The substances which give sweetening to food but don’t add calorie to our body. 

Eg- Saccharin, alitame. 

Tincture of iodine is a 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol-water mixture.

2-3% iodine solution of alcohol water is called tincture of Iodine. It is a powerful antiseptics and is applied on wounds.