Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

To open an account, the author had to first give the money to the accountant. He then had to write the sum on a slip and sign his name in a book.

First of all, the customer has to go to the bank during banking hours, which may not be convenient. He then has to stand in a queue, fill in the details in the paying-in-slip, etc. There may be a long queue or the staff may be few or slow, leading to a long wait. These are some of the problems that customers face when they have to make a cash deposit at a bank.

The latest modern method is net banking, that is, operating your account through your email or cell phone to transfer or deposit money.

1. Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, is a historical place.
2. Alexander, riding on a fine horse, led the attack.
3. Books, copies, pens and pencils are sold here.
4. Infact, there was nothing else to do.
5. You did not however, gain your object.
6. Speak clearly, if you would be understood.
7. What are you reading, Sita?
8. It being a fine day, I went out for a walk.
9. Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise.
10. Sachin Tendulker is, more over, an all round cricketer.
11. Milton, the famous English poet, was blind.
12. He is gentle, upright, outspoken and kind-hearted.
13. At midnight, however, I was round by the tramp of horses hoofs in the yard.
14. Hearing the noise, the boy woke up.
15. Sir, I would rather be right than be President.

1. afterwards × beforehand 

2. careful × irresponsible 

3. confidently × timidly 

4. cheerful × sepulchral

No, the author’s last decision is not wise. It is risky to keep money in the trousers pocket or in a sock; the money could be stolen. On the contrary you will get interest on the money if you keep it in a bank.

1. spending × saving 

2. happiness × misery

1. I went up to the wicket which was marked ‘Accountant’.

2. Can-permission

Going up to the accountant’s wicket, I poked the ball of money at him with a quick, convulsive movement.

1. painful, pocket, prepared, presume

2. The clerk asked in astonishment whether I was not going to deposit any more.

3. I shall have written the cheque.

Meaning: A market wherein financial instruments such as financial claims, assets and securities are traded is known as a‘financial market’.

Definition: According to Brigham, Eugene F, “The place where people and organizations wanting to borrow money are-brought together with those having surplus funds is called a . financial market.”

Over-the-counter market is a Decentralised market.

(c) Both are true

(c) Equity Shares

Stock exchange is an important institution in the secondary market.

1. Exchange Traded market 

2. Over-the-Counter Market

Primary Market is a term used to include all the institutions that are involved in the sale of ‘ securities for the first time by the issuers (companies). Here the money from investors goes directly to the issuers.

(d) Multiple times

(1) Work Study : Before allocating the work among the workers, systematic work study should be done by the management. Work study includes Em organised systematic and critical assessment of different activities or functions. It is based on the different techniques like time study, method study, motion study and fatigue study.

(i) Time Study : Under this method, the manager observes and record the time an employee takes to complete a particular job or task. This technique is useful to fix standard time needed to complete a specific task under given conditions. It measures the efficiency of an employee and helps to control the cost of work.

(ii) Method Study : In order to get best quality with cost effectiveness, it is important and challenging for a manager to identify the best method from various available methods to complete the specific job. This method is useful to reduce the wastage of time, raw material and to improve usefulness of the resources to achieve defined objectives. It is also useful to determine the methods to handle the raw materials, storage, inspection and transportation.

(iii) Motion Study : Motion study refers to the close study of the movements of employees as well as machines in completing a particular task. This technique is useful to manager to eliminate the unnecessary movements and to find out the best method of completing a specific task. It improves efficiency and productivity of the employees. This method is also useful to understand and decide about the elimination of some elements of a job or changing their sequence for smooth flow of work.

(iv) Fatigue Study : The term ‘fatigue’ implies physical or mental exhaustion. Long working hours with insufficient breaks, heavy working tools, target pressure and poor working conditions lead to fatigue. It reduces efficiency of the employees and creates adverse effect on their health. To reduce fatigue it is very important to keep and maintain the operational efficiency of the workers.

(2) Standardisation of Tools and Equipment: On the basis of experiments conducted at work place, Taylor insisted to provide standard tools and equipment, standard working environment and standard methods of production. It helps to reduce spoilage and wastage of materials, cost of production, fatigue among the employees on the one hand and improves quality of work on the other hand.

(3) Scientific Task Setting : Taylor laid stress on the need for fixing a fair day’s work. The technique of scientific task setting is useful to restrain the employees from performing the task much below their capacity. As a result, they will complete their task according to the standards given and management will be able to keep proper control on the optimum use of available workforce.

(4) Scientific Selection and Training: By using scientific selection procedures, management easily select right persons for the right jobs. According to this technique, job specifications required to be fixed and employees are selected as per predetermined standards in an impartial way. After their selection, the management should arrange proper training programmes to increase efficiency.

(5) Functional Organisation : Taylor suggested that planning of the work is to be done by different people and actual work is to be supervised by different set of people. Every worker in the factory is to be supervised by two different sets of supervisors. He further suggested total eight foremen to control the various parts of the production. 

They are categorised as follows:

(A) At planning level:

1. Route clerk : Explains the movement of work from one machine to other.

2. Instruction clerk : Gives and records instructions to complete the work.

3. Time and cost clerk : Decides the time to complete the work and work out the cost.

4. Discipline : To see to it that workers work as per factory rules.

(B) At implementation level:

1. Gang Boss : Gets the actual work done from employees.

2. Speed Boss : Takes care that work is done in specified time.

3. Repair Boss : Manages security and maintenance of mechanism.

4. Inspector : Makes sure that work is completed as per specified standards.

i. Functional Foremanship: F.W. Taylor has propounded the functional organisation. This form of organisation is totally based on the principle of specialisation and makes full utilisation of expertise of various experts. In a functional organisation, work is divided into many small parts and each part is assigned to an expert. In this manner, all the benefits of specialisation are availed of.

ii. Standardisation of Work: Standardisation means setting standards for different factors, after due deliberation. For example, the amount of work to be done by a worker in a day may be standardised. In other words, the worker is expected to do the standard amount of work everyday. In the same manner, standards may also be set for raw materials, machines and tools, techniques, conditions of work, etc.

iii. Simplification: Simplification means putting an end to the unnecessary types, qualities, sizes/weights, etc. For example, it is all right for a shoe manufacturing company to manufacture shoes of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...... sizes but if it starts manufacturing shoes of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3..... it will be simply wrong. There is no justification in the difference of such sizes. In such a situation different types of machines shall have to be installed, more stock shall have to be maintained and increased labour costs shall have to be borne. Therefore, it is advisable to manufacture shoes only of the proper sizes. In other words, simplification of the product is the answer.

iv. Scientific Study of Work: It means to conduct the deep analysis of all the activities being performed in the organisation with the aim of producing maximum possible quality output at minimum costs.

Taylor has conducted the following studies:

a. Method Study: It refers to identify the most suitable way to do a particular activity.

b. Motion Study: It refers to conduct the study of motions being performed by workers and machines while doing the job so that the unnecessary motions can be eliminated.

c. Time Study: It refers to determine the standard time required to complete a particular activity.

d. Fatigue Study: It refers to determine the duration and frequency of rest intervals to complete a particular job.

v. Differential Wage System: Taylor has advised the adoption of differential wage systems in order to motivate the employees. According to this system, wages are paid on the basis of work done and not on the basis of time spent in doing the work. In this system, two different wage rates are used: one is the high wage rate and the other is the low wage rate. Those workers who are able to produce the standard number of units within a fixed duration are paid as per the high wage rate, and those workers who are not able to produce the standard number of units within the same time are paid as per the lower wage rate.

1. Time Study: It refers to determine the standard time required to complete a particular activity. The standard time is determined on the basis of average time taken by the several experiences of the same work. This study is conducted with the help of a stop watch. The main objective of the study is to get the estimated figure of labour costs, to determine the number of required workers and to decide about the suitable incentive plan.

2. Motion Study: It refers to conduct the study of motions being performed by workers and machines while doing the job. The movie camera is used to conduct this study. The main objective of this study is to eliminate the unnecessary motions and keep the number of necessary activities at the minimum. For example, during an experiment it was found that while laying a brick, a mason was conducting 18 different activities, but after eliminating the unnecessary activities the number of activities could be reduced to 5, and in certain cases even down to 2 activities.

3. Fatigue Study: It refers to determine the duration and frequency of rest intervals to complete a particular job. The rest refreshes the workers. They work again with their full capacity. The main objective of this study is to maintain the efficiency level of workers. There may be so many causes of fatigue, such as, long working hours, poor working conditions, unsuitable work, unhappy relations with the boss, etc.

4. Method Study: It refers to identify the most suitable way to do a particular activity. To conduct this study, process chart and operation research techniques are used. The main objective of this study is to minimise the cost of production and maximise the quality and level of consumer satisfaction.

• The first letter of the name comes from the genes and the second two letters come from the species of the prokaryotic cell from which they were isolated. 
• Like EcoRI comes from Escherichia coli RY 13. In EcoRI, the letter 'R‘ is derived from the name of strain. 
• Roman numbers following the names indicate the order in which the enzymes were isolated from that strain of bacteria.
• Restriction enzymes belong to a larger class of enzymes called nucleases.  

(i) Histamines: These are chemicals which cause inflammatory responses.

(ii) Interferons: These are glycoproteins which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.

(iii) B-cells: These produce proteins called antibodies in response to pathogens into the blood to fight with them.

Temperature and rainfall affect life in very critical ways. Plants and animals depend upon heat and water. Only certain kinds of trees and plants will grow in hot regions and some other kinds will grow in cold regions and in very cold regions, nothing grows. Thus we have variation in vegetation and animal life.

Light, heat, UV rays, radio waves and Xrays are the forms of sun’s energy.

Green houses are also called Glass houses. Green house is a building in which plants are grown. These are climate controlled. It works by taking sunlight and heating it up. This process is the conversion of solar energy to thermal energy. It gives plants both temperate heat and a good water source. The creation of green house is excellent

Some gases like CO₂ prevent radiation of heat from the earth. CO₂ in the atmosphere N increases due to increased use of diesel and petrol, cutting down of forests etc. If the CO₂ proportion in the atmosphere increases, then less heat will be radiated causing increase in global temperature. This results in ‘Global Warming’.

A) The earth’s radiation decreases as CO₂ increases. 

Global warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of green house gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation.

A) Sun’s rays

We are cutting down trees more than we grow.

The advantages of Trees:

1. Trees can reduce air temperature by blocking sunlight. Further cooling occurs when water evaporates from the leaf surface. The conversion of water to air vapour … a chemical process …. removes heat energy from the air. 

2. A tree can be a natural air conditioner. 

3. Trees absorb and block noise and reduce glare. 

4. Fallen treen leaves can reduce soil temperature and soil moisture loss. 

5. Trees create an ecosystem to provide habitat and food for birds and other animals. 

6. Trees absorb CO₂and potentially harmful gasses from the air and release O₂ . 

7. Trees help to reduce surface water runoff from storms, thus decreasing soil erosion and the accumulation of sediments in streams. They increase ground water recharge and reduce the number of potentially harmful chemicals transported to our streams. 

8. Dews and frosts are less under tree because less radiant heat is lost at night.

(D) Solar energy

A) more or less constant with very little variation

Answer is (C) Equator

(C) both A & B

C) Equatorial regions

(C) both A & B

D) All the above

A) Many are there

1. C) Tropic of Capricorn

2. A) Tropic of Cancer

3. D) Robinson

4. D) All the above

5. B) World mean annual temperature

a) Singapore

b) 27.8°C

c) No, there is slight difference.

d) No, there is much difference.

e) Singapore

f) Vladivostok

g) July and August

h) 15.3°C

i) January and February.

1. Tiruvananthapuram is situated on sea coast. 

2. Shimla is on high altitude. 

3. Tiruvananthapuram is near to the equator and Shimla is far away from the equator.

(B) Angle of incidence

1) Tropic of Capricorn.

2) Robinson

3) South America, Africa and Asia.

1. A) 28°C

2. B) May

3. C) 20°C

4. A) 26°C

5. D) temperature of Bengaluru

Temperature inversion: Temperature distribution depends on some factors. If it happens against these factors, it is called temperature inversion (sometimes).

Minimum Temperature: The lowest temperature of a certain area during a day.

1. Atmosphere: The gases that surrounded the earth. 
2. Equatorial regions: The places or areas near the equator. 
3. Condensation: Water from humid air collecting as droplets on a cold surface. 
4. Solar Radiation: Energy sent out by the sun as electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles. 
5. Insolation: The solar radiation received on the surface of the Earth is called insulation.

1. To prevent water-borne diseases, use of safe, clean and potable water is a must. Water should be filtered, then boiled and stored in covered container. If possible water purifier systems should be installed at home.

2. One should preferably use bottled water or carry our own water container while travelling. 

3. Cleaning of water containers and maintaining personal hygiene near water storage is a must. 

4. Megacities offer chlorinated and purified water for citizens. But villages and smaller rural set ups use river water which may be highly contaminated with pathogens. Such water should be purified before consumption to prevent water-borne diseases.

False fruit, thalamus contributes to fruit formation : Strawberry, Cashew (any other correct examples)