Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The movement head by Sri Anna Hazare is India Against Corruption.

The States cannot levy the taxes on import and export.

India is a largest democratic country in the world. It can also regarded as the second largest populous and geographically seventh largest country in the world. Democratic principles are not just found in our Constitution but basically its values are enshrined in our people. The Constitution provides right to vote for all the adult citizens without any discrimination. The voters are actively participating in the electoral process since the first general election.

As per 61^st Amendment to the Constitution, the voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21 during 1986. With the reduction in voting age the size of the electorate increased heavily providing an opportunity to the younger generation to participate in choosing their representatives.

With great vigour and zeal, the youth successfully participated in the elections and the tender aged boys and girls made a right choice, it was proved. The country that respects the will of the youth can bring new thinking in all walks of life including politics. Youth have the energy to liberate and purify the political arena of the country as they normally do not accept traditional caste barriers.

Youth have the courage and the capacity to understand burning issues like boundary, language, river water, ethnic disputes and sensitive issues. Increase in the number of the youth in politics enhances the credibility’ of the democracy. The honest involvement of youth in politics strengthen the democratic system. Recent developments show that large number of youth are participating and winning both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

Causes for identity politics :

(a) Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity. 

(b) The rise of regional parties created the local awareness of language or region. 

(c) Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group. 

(d) Ethnic groups fear of assimilation of cultural dilution. 

(e) Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio political awareness have led to identity politics. 

(f) Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and economic growth. 

(g) Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field. 

(h) Fear of losing ethnic identities like language and culture. These are the main causes for the emergence of identity politics.

Correct option is (b) Cash A/c

Correct option is (d) Silak Vadh-Ghat Khate

Correct option is (c) Eight

Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth returned his Padma Bhushan while the Hindi writer Fanishwarnath Renu returned his Padma Shri to protest against the suspension of democracy.

The Shah Commission estimated that nearly 1,11,000 people were arrested under preventive detention laws.

Bihar and Jharkhand are the two states fighting against Naxalites.

1. d. All of the above

2. a. Religious practice to conserve plants and animals

3. b. Save tress by hugging them and protect from soldiers

4. c. Saving trees

5. a. YES

Accounting entry is not recorded on the first page of Rojmel or Bethomel, which is known as Puja Page.

The Baki of the Paka Khatas are useful to find out the financial position of the business.

The Emergency was implemented for 18 months.

Janata Party was elected to the Central government in the 1977 general election.

No, the government misused its ‘Emergency Power’. The government said that it wanted to use the Emergency to bring law and order into society, to restore efficiency in administration and to implement the pro-poor welfare programmes. But mass movements have been part of Indian politics since the independence movement and there had been no major reports of violence by the J.P. movement. Efficiency and welfare programmes can be implemented without the need for an Emergency. Any extra-constitutional efforts to dislodge Indira Gandhi could have been confronted with constitutional measures such as through judiciary.

Kamraj in Tamil Nadu, S K Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and K B Sahay in Bihar lost in the 1967 general election.

The election occurred at the aftermath of the death of two Prime Ministers within a short interval. The country was going through in severe economic condition as the country was plagued due to deficient monsoon rains, widespread drought, less agriculture production and severe food shortage. The War of 1962 had caused an increase in defense expenditures and thereby leading to development and planning funds being transferred into defense expenditures. The Non-Congress parties formed an alliance under the strategy of Non-Congressism. The Congress got a majority in the Lok Sabha but with its lowest tally of seats since 1952. Many big leaders of the Congress lost the election and the Congress lost election in seven State assemblies and could not form a government in two other States due to defection. This election also bought the strategy of coalition government whereby two or more different parties formed an alliance with others to contest elections or form the government.

(1) Puja Page: On the first page of Rojmel or Bethomel the businessman writes the name of God he worships and also writes a prayer to the God-like ‘Shri Ganeshay Namah’, “Shri Laxmi Matajinu Tej Hajo”, etc. This page is termed as Puja Page. No accounting entry is recorded on this page.

(2) Shri Purant Janse: Rojmel or Bethomel starts with writing ithe opening cash balance on that day, which is shown as ‘Shri Purant Janse’. If there is no opening balance as cash or if it is a beginning of a new business, on the credit side (Jama Baju) in the amount column, ‘Shri ‘ll’ is written as a good omen and in the particulars ‘Shri Ganeshay Namah’ is written. This amount (Shri ‘ll) is not considered while making total.

(3) Shri Purant Baki: Closing cash balance of Rojmel or Bethomel is known as “Shri Purant Baki”. This closing balance is equal to the actual closing cash balance on that day. If the actual cash balance tallies as per Shri Purant Baki, it is called as ‘Mel Malyo’.

(4) Rojmel: Rojmel is a basic or primary book under Deshi Nama System in which the day-to-day economic transactions are recorded. Both cash and credit transactions are recorded in Rojmel. The object of Rojmel is to find cash balance daily. Big businessmen prepare Rojmel with the help of vouchers and the rough book. Rojmel is like cashbook under Double Entry System of account. Hence, under Deshi Nama there is no need to open cash amount.

(5) Bethomel: Small businessmen/traders prepare a composite mel, weekly or fortnightly or monthly; and at the end, the closing cash balance is found out. Such a Mel is known as a Bethomel. Thus, Bethomel is a kind of Rojmel. Bethomel is also known as Thammel. The method of writing Bethomel is the same like Rojmel.

(6) Khatavahi: Khatavahi is a main book of accounts. In Khatavahi, Ledger accounts are opened and posting is done in such Ledger accounts, from Rojmel, Bethomel and Subsidiary books. From the Khatavahi the trader can get important information regarding his purchases, sales, assets, liabilities, capital and others. Khatavahi is very useful to prepare a Trial balance and Final accounts at the end of the year. Three types of Khatavahi are maintained in Deshi Nama System.

(i) (b)

(ii) (d)

(iii) (a)

(iv) (c)

Congress lost the subsequent Lok Sabha election of 1977.

The emergency was proclaimed in response to the petition filed by Raj Narain to declare Indira Gandhi’s election invalid. 

(i) On June 25, 1975, the government declared the threat of internal disturbances to invoke Article 352 of the constitution. 

(ii) Article 352 can declare an emergency on the ground of either internal or external disturbances. 

(iii) The government decided a grave crisis to be arisen to proclaim emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and implement pro-poor welfare programmes. 

(iv) The President Fakhruddin Adi Ahmad proclaimed emergency which became the most controversial episode in Indian Politics.

During emergency, the Indian Express and the stateman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored.

The Emergency showed that a party with absolute majority may suspend civil liberties and the leadership would remain beyond purview. The Emergency bought forward the practice of defection whereby elected representatives would shift party whenever it suited them. The Emergency also established coalition parties in which two or more parties unite pre or post-election to form the government such as the Janata Party. It also showed that a coalition is prone to be quarrelsome and indecisive in nature.

George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike by all employees of the Railways for pressing their demands related to bonus and service conditions.

No, the government hence misused its ‘Emergency Powers’. But it said that it wanted to use the emergency: 

1. To bring law and order to society. 

2. To restore efficiency in administration and system. 

3. To implement the pro-poor welfare programmes.

Proclamation for the imposition of emergency was immediately issued on the recommendation of the Prime Minister by the then President V.V. Giri.- False.

1. Between the elections of 1977 and 1980, Congress identified itself with particulars ideology, claiming to be only socialist and pro-poor party. 

2. The concept of nonCongressism was created among opposition parties. 

3. The issues of welfare of backward class began to dominate politics i. e. Northern states elected non-Congress leaders of backward class since 1977. 

4. The emergency tensed between institution based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation for which party system was to be blamed.

The students asked Jaya Prakash Narayan to lead their movement.

a. – ii 

b. – i,

c. – iii

d. – iv

1. The emergence of Indira Gandhi. 

2. Power politics became personalized and governmental authority was converted into personalization. 

3. Bitter party competition. 

4. Tensed relations between the government and the judiciary.

1. The emergency was declared on the ground of internal disturbances on 25 June 1975 to invoke Article 352 of the constitution. 

2. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recommended imposing emergency to president Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad. 

3. An emergency was one of the most controversial episodes which possessed different virus regarding impose emergency. 

4. Emergency practically suspended the democratic functioning. 

5. ‘Shah Commission’ exposed many excesses committed during an emergency. 

6. Emergency highlighted some hidden matters over a constitutional battle between the parliament and the judiciary. 

7. Tensions or conflicts had arisen between institution based democracy and popular participation of people.

In March 1974, students in Bihar began to protest against rising prices, food scarcity, unemployment and corruption. They invited Jay Prakash Narayan (JP) to lead the student movement. He accepted it on the condition that the movement will remain non-violent and will become a national movement. Jay Prakash Narayan demanded the dismissal of the Congress government in Bihar and bandhs, gehraos, and strikes were organised in protest against the Bihar government. The government refused to resign. The movement enlarged into a national movement against Indira Gandhi. Subsequently, the Emergency was implemented in India. After the Emergency, the Congress lost in all the constituency of Bihar in the election and the Janata Government won all the seats. The issue of reservations for ‘other backward classes’ became very controversial in Bihar and following this, the Mandal Commission was appointed by the Janata Party government.

1. Rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities.

2. Corruption in high places.

In March 1974, the students in Bihar organized some agitations. They were voicing their protest against increase in the prices of essential commodities, unemployment, and corruption. They invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead the struggle. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protests must be nonviolent and they should not be limited to Bihar alone. Thus the protests acquired a political nature. People joined the agitation. JP Narayan asked the Centre to dismiss the Bihar government. He envisaged a total revolution at the social, economic and political levels. Bihar government refused to resign.

This Movement got wide publicity at national level. JP Narayan wanted this Movement to spread across India. When the Railway workers struck work, there was the possibility of the entire country coming to a standstill. In 1975, JPN made a popular march to the Parliament. It was the biggest march Delhi had ever seen. The Opposition looked at JP Narayan as an alternative to Mrs. Gandhi.

By June 1975, the enmity between the ruling party’ and the opposition became very strong. JPN demanded the resignation of Mrs. Gandhi. On 25 June 1975 there was a big protest on the Ramlila Ground in Delhi. There also he demanded Mrs Gandhi’s’ resignation. He declared he would start a satyagraha. He asked the police and government employees not to obey any rule that was not normal. Government felt it could not continue working. Many people were against Congress.

As a reaction to all this, on 25 June 1975, Indira Gandhi declared an Emergency saying that there was threat to the internal security of the country. In the 1977 election, after the Emergency, the entire Opposition fought against the Congress under Janata Party led by JP Narayan. For the first time Congress lost its majority in the Lok Sabha. Thus JP Narayan became the hero who fought for the restoration of democracy.

1. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan from Janata Party was a Marxist of youth, who became a Gandhian and involved himself in a Bhoodan movement. 

2. He led Bihar movement and opposed the emergency. 

3. Bihar students invited him and he accepted on the condition of movement to be non-violent and not to limit only to Bihar territory. Hence, Bihar movement assumed a political character and national appeal. 

4. This movement demanded the dismissal of Congress government in Bihar and called for the total revolution in social, economic and political aspects to establish a total democracy. 

5. Bandhs, gheraos, strikes were organized in protest. Even employees of railways organized a strike which threatened to paralyze the country. 

6. In 1975, Janata Party-led people’s march to parliament to be one of the largest political rallies ever held in the capital. 

7. Janata was supported by non-Congress parties like BJS, socialist parties etc., which projected JP as an alternative to Indira Gandhi.

Reasons for Student’s Movement of 1974: 

Students organized the movement against: 

1. Rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities. 

2. Corruption in high places. 

Assess Role played by Jai Prakash Narayan: 

Satyagraha was organized by Jayaprakash Narayan for Indira Gandhi’s resignation, he appealed to people not to obey illegal and immoral orders by a massive demonstration on 25 June 1975. All these changed the political mood of the country against Congress.

a. Because the English anointed or removed rulers as and when it suited their purposes.

b. Because the English imposed very high taxes on them and collected the taxes very strictly.

c. Because of the new rules and laws of the English, they began implementing them in their areas.

d. Many Hindus and Muslims feared that the English would destroy their religions and convert them to Christianity.

e. The farmers and landowners lived in constant fear of failing to pay the taxes and losing their lands as a result.

a. In 1757 AD.

b. Sirajuddaula.

c. Battle of Plassey.

d. Because of this battle, the English established their rule in India.

e. The Nawab of Bengal.

1. Insult of Bahadur Shah: In 1856 A.D., the Governor-General told the Mughal Emperor that he would be the last emperor of India. After his death, his princes will have to vacate the Red fort. This decision of the British annoyed the Muslims.

2. Unjustified annexation of Avadh: Avadh remained a faithful friend of the British but its unjustified annexation annoyed the people.

The episode of the greased cartridges was the immediate cause of rising on May 10, 1857. Some Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to use a new type of cartridge which were greased with the fat of the pigs and cows. A portion of the cartridge had to be bitten with one’s teeth before it could be fired. This enraged the Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army. They refused to obey the orders of their British officers to use the cartridges and rose in revolt.

Satish spent his holiday in Kashmir.

a. To declare Bahadur Shah Zafar as their Badshah.

b. Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last emperor of the Mughal empire.

c. The Sipahis declared Bahadur Shah as their Badshah.

d. The Sipahis persuaded Bahadur Shah to reject the sovereignty of the British.

e. ‘Drive out the English and bring back Mughal rule’ was the clarion call of the Sipahis.

b. new school

Satish suffered frequently and had infection especially of the ear.

His works were exhibited almost all parts of the world and displayed in prestigious museums like the Museum of Modem Art, New work, The Hiroshima Collection, Washington and the National Gallery of Modem Art, New Delhi. So he became popular all over the world.

He was taken prisoner and sent to Rangoon. After some time, Bahadur Shah Zafar died and the Mughal empire came to an end. His two sons were shot dead.

Answer is (D) 1/12

1 – c 

2 – e 

3 – a 

4 – b 

5 – d

If we want to give another title to this story I suggest

“The Successful disabled” 

This story reveals the success and the disabled got very prestigious award Padma Vibhushaa

“The Silent Artist” Though he lived in a silent world, he became a famous artist and awarded many titles.