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When griffin was sleeping after having taken a heavy dose of strychnine to does away drive with his depression, his landlord woke him up with constant knocking at the door. He was accompanied by the old woman who resided downstairs and used to look after the white cat that had been made invisible by griffin Both these people stormed griffin with a volley of threats queries about the cat. The painful meowing of the cat, the old man didn’t seem to be convinced and he looked all around to find some evidence against this young scientist. He demanded an explanation from him for being always alone and secretive. Irritated with his constant jabbering, Griffin asked him to get of his room. However the old man insisted upon his right to enter which infuriated griffin. He snatched at his collar and pushed him out of the room. Griffin sat down trembling with range. After screaming outside the room for a while, the landlord went away long with the old woman. Hence this visit came to an about end, leaving behind griffin apprehensive about the possibility of his work being exposed.

Griffin looked for a shelter when he was weary, cold, painful and miserable. It occurred to him that no house in London would take him in and an emporium could not only provide shelter but also feed him. Hence, with high hopes, he managed to get into a a huge store called Omniums. He looked forward to a comfortable and a cosy night in the emporium. At night, when he was alone inside the store, he did feel comfortable. However, it was in the morning that the emporium staff spotted him, because now he was wearing clothes. The chase to capture Griffin began with the two men who had initially spotted him being joined by many more. Griffin ran dodging them all. He ran from counter to cunter and department to department. He hurled chairs, flung art pots and hit people. A policemen was also called to help in arresting the trespasser. Griffin’s high expectations from the store were dashed to the ground. He had to remove all the clothes that he had worn to make himself warm. He had to remove even the skin tight vest that he needed so desperately to protect himself against the chill. But getting caught was worse situation than being naked. The vigilant staff of the emporium did not let him smuggle even a slight object. He was compelled to come out of the emporium empty handed. He was back to square one. In his exasperation, he declared that the emporium was ‘hopeless’ since it had not helped him the least to wriggle out of his precarious situation which exposed him to hunger and cold.

The customers were marched towards the door by the Omnium’s staff when it was time for closing the emporium. The staff then drew down the blinds of the windows. All the goods thatremained disturbed and displayed were neatly put back to their respective place. The products displayed for sale during the day were put back by the young staff with great efficiency. Everything was neatly folded and kept back. However, things that could not be taken down were covered with sheets made for this purpose. Each one of these men and women moved to the door after finishing the work. After all the displayed stuff was taken care of, the staff scattered saw dust and carried brooms and pails in their hands to clean the floor. They took another one hour to do the job. When everything was spic and span, they all left after security locking the emporium. Thus these observations made by Griffin prove that the staff at Omiums was sincere and efficient.

One of the greatest problems that Griffin faced while going about in an invisible state was that he had to remove all his clothes, else his clothes indicated his position. He found it very difficult to cope with the cold weather in a disrobed condition. So, he decided to leave for a warmer place where he could remain without clothes and thus be comfortably invisible. However when he met Kemp his old college mate he abandoned this plan of migration. He felt that if he could get Kemp’s support, he would be able to enjoy full advantage of his invisibility. A confederate like Kemp, having full technical knowledge would not only dispel his loneliness but would also help him rectify the huge mistake of carrying out the experiment single handedly. This would prevent wastage of time, energy and opportunities. Somehow Griffin had full faith in Kemp’s sincerity hence he changed his plan of leaving the country. Another person that led to the cancellation of Griffin’s plan to migrate in the absence of which he could not afford to travel or carry out his experiments

Griffin found himself in a state of physical serenity after procuring warmth and comfort in the Omiums store. However, though his body was comfortable, still he didn’t have the peace of mind. Hence, when he went off to sleep, the events of the past few days flashed on the screen of his mind. He dreamt about his landlord shouting at him, his two sons wondering about all that was inexplicable and the old lady with her crooked face pestering him for the cat. He dreamt about his father’s funeral and saw himself being forced into his father’s grave and buried despite all his appeals and protests because he was both invisible and inaudible. He struggled hard in his dream and at last woke up. An analysis of these disorderly dreams of Griffin indicates that he was extremely upset with his rash and impulsive decision to turn invisible. At the same time, his ego did not allow him to admit his folly and seek assistance from those around him. He had dissociated himself completely from normal life and could not think of a simple way of returning to mainstream

Difficulties in copying manuscripts were:

(i) Copying manuscript was an expensive business.

(ii) It was laborious and time-consuming.

(iii) Manuscripts themselves were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be easily carried around or read easily.

Use of printing press:

(i) It enable people to produce books at greater speed.

(ii) The production of books in large number created a new culture of reading and enlarged the number  set up of readers.

Monday, 28 February 20××

10:30 p.m.

Dear Diary,

I still remember the day when fame and happiness smiled upon me. I had succeeded in making Loona Bimberton jealous. It was the day when I had shot the tiger. My feat was covered in the leading newspapers. How glorious it was ! I had thrown a lunch party and invited Loona also but she declined the invitation. But I cannot forget the way Miss Mebbin had blackmailed me into buying her a weekend cottage. Thus, the tiger feat proved costly to me. Now I am making fresh plans to make Loona jealous but I have to keep Miss Mebbin miles away from this new venture so as not to repeat the mistake I committed earlier.

Packletide

(i) By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system of printing press. The first book printed by Gutenberg was Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them.

(ii) In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most of the countries of Europe.

(iii) Printers from Germany travelled to other countries, seeking work and helping start new presses. As the number of printing presses grew, book production boomed.

(iv) The second half of the 15th century saw 20 million copies of printed books flooding in the European market. The number went up in the 16th century to about 200 million copies.

From his childhood, Gutenberg had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing on this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters o{ the alphabet. By 1,448, Gutenberg perfected the system.

The first book printed by him was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of time this was fast production

They were worried that the weak, old tiger might die before the arrival of the fixed date for the shooting and that they would not be able to earn a handsome amount of money.

Value Points :

Built a machan for her, herded an old tiger towards it, tied a goat under it, shot at the dead tiger when it died of heart attack.

Detailed Answer :

Mrs. Packletide announced a reward of one thousand rupees for the villagers to make arrangements for the tiger hunt. The villagers were very happy and helped her in all possible ways. They built a platform for her on a tree and placed a goat as bait for the old tiger which they had herded towards it. They posted boys at the outskirts so that the tiger could not get away from that place. Their joy knew no bounds when the tiger died. They carried the good news to the village also to announce its death. 

The first printing press came to India in Goa with the Portuguese. By the end of the 17^th century,, the Jesuit priest learnt Konkani and Kanara Language and wrote books in these languages.

An old tiger was found for the tiger shoot. A platform was constructed on a tree and a goat was placed there as bait. Mrs. Packletide waited on the platform with a rifle and a pack of cards. 

Griffin was extremely excited about turning invisible as he thought it would make him a ‘very powerful man’. However the ground reality proved to be diametrically opposite. When he reached Drury lane, he neither had any shelter nor covering. But he could not afford to wear clothes as it would have led to loss of invisibility. He couldn’t eat in public as filling himself with unassimilated matter would have made him grotesquely visible. On the top of it, eating with an invisible mouth was also not possible as it would have raised many eyebrows. He couldn’t go out during snow fall as the flakes would settle on him and expose him. Even rain would give him a water outline making him look like a huge bubble. Similarly, fog would make him look like a fainter bubble. Even the dust that settle on his body would threaten his invisibility, as it layers would give him an outline. He had to keep away from crowds as there was always a fear of being wedged, squeezed or trodden by the mob. Acutely troubled by these problems, Griffin had to find someone to give himself the looks of a visible man. He knew that a fake appearance with the help of artificial nose, masks and wigs would resolve the problems caused by invisibility. He expected to find a solution to his problems in the costume shop where the right type accessories could give him a grotesque but a credible appearance. Also, he would then be able to wear clothes to keep himself warm. He would also be relieved of the fear of attracting attention for his invisibility

Initially Griffin decided to paint and powder his face in order to render himself visible. He thought that this would give him a near normal look as compared to what a mask could give him. However, he decided against this option because earlier he had to disrobe himself urgently on many occasions to acquire invisibility. In comparison, paint would not have been easy to remove. In fact it would have required stuff like turpentine oil and a considerable amount of time to clean the mess created by powder and paint. Mask would have definitely made him look grotesque but he didn’t mind it as long as he had an opportunity to become invisible simply by shedding clothes. Thus he rightly thought against painting and powdering his face to give himself visibility

Burglaries are scary and fearsome. People panic and are left terror stricken whenever such an episode occurs. Contrary to the expected reaction, the buntings managed this crisis very boldly and coolly. However, the suspense did not stress or unnerve the reader because the narration of the episode is somewhat amusing. Mr. Bunting’s hurried attire evokes humour. He does his wife‘s dressing gown and moves gingerly with the poker in his hand to encounter the intruder. A couple of ill-timed sneezes of the burglar also amuse the couple’s attempt search the house thoroughly is yet another comical image. They go about looking desperately in the most impossible hiding places-behind the screen, under the desk behind the window curtains, and prove even the chimney. Before wrapping up the search, the dustbin and the container for the coal are peeped in to.

The concluding sentence of the chapter further arouses laughter. It was full daylight and the buntings were still wrecking their brains about the burglary is presented in a humorous way to provide a kind of comical-relief to the reader in an otherwise suspense story.

Presence of mind, courage and bravery are the sterling traits of the buntings ‘character revealed by the episode of break-in at the vicarage. They showed exemplary qualities of mantel strength and emotional composure when the burglar broke into their house. Mrs. Buntings was neither petrified, nor did she panic when she heard sounds of intrusion. She woke up her husband as quietly as possible and Mr. Bunting too acted in the coolest manner. He bravely equipped himself with a poke to face the intruder. He was neither reckless nor rash as he went down the staircase following the sounds made by the intrude. Although a bit scared, Mrs. Bunting followed her husband thereby not letting him face the precarious situation single- handedly. The couple entered the study room bravely but cautiously and tried to nab the intruder. Unfortunately, the invisibility of the burglar proved to be a major obstacle for the buntings and he escaped. Otherwise, the duo’s unparalleled presence of mind, bravery and courage wouldn’t have allowed him to wriggle out easily.

Griffin felt very encouraged after a successfully turning invisible some white wool fabric. He then caught hold of a white coloured cat outside his window. Now he got down to turn his cat invisible. He fed her and made her comfortable on the pillow of his truckle bed before proceeding. He administered some drugs to the poor creature. It was not an easy job and he had to struggle against the cat resistance. After having processed her, he realized that he had been partially successful. Griffin gave her drugs to bleach her blood and carried out certain other procedures. By and by though the rest of cat became invisible still her two eyes kept on staring him. This partial failure robbed him of the joy that he would have felt. Despite long hours of efforts when griffin could not do anything’s more about it he let cat out of the window with a mixed feeling of joy and failure. The experiment docent’s gave complete sense of satisfaction that he had anticipated.

The hunch man had an acute sense of hearing. Even the slightest sound created by Griffin’s movement made him look around suspiciously. His vigilance was threatening to upset Griffin’s plans. Looking for an intruder, the hunch man went all over his house locking door after door and pocketing all the keys. This infuriated the short tempered Griffin. By this time, griffin had sensed that the hunch ma nws all alone. This emboldend him and when the hunch man was climbing down the stairs, Griffin hit his heard with a stool and sent him tumbling down the staircase. The incident shows that Griffin had no control over his anger. He easily resorted to crime to overcome obstacles. He could stoop to any level, flouting even the common conventions of humanity, when his plans were hindered.

Soon after turning invisible, Griffin started to realize all the miseries that this new situation had situation had landed him into. Cold, weary, painful, miserable, and absolutely lonely in this world, Griffin had nowhere to turn to because he had burnt down his lodgings as well. The snow storm and his compulsory nakedness made it clear that he urgently needed to look for a shelter and some warm clothing to be able to work out the further plan of action. Since all the houses around in the London street were locked and barred for him, he decided to go into ‘Omniums’, a big emporium, where things would be available in abundance and where he could make himself comfortable by getting some clothes and feeding himself. The emporium would also give him an opportunity to steal money that would enable him to hire another lodging for himself where he could sit and plan his future to materialize the benefits of his invisibility.

After Griffin stepped into the world equipped with his invisibility, he felt disillusioned as he was surrounded by unexpected problems. To look and feel like a human being once again seemed to be his greatest requirement. He needed a few pieces of clothing to accomplish the wish. Hence he sought refuge in the ‘Omniums’ store where first of all he went to the section that sold gloves and stockings. It was pitch dark so he first looked for matches and a candle. Then he hunted for warm pants and vests. This was followed by a pair of trousers, a lounge jacket, an overcoat and a slouch hat with the brim turned down. After wearing all these pieces of garment he started to feel like a human being again. Next he turned to the refreshment department because he was very hungry. There he helped himself with cold meat, and a cup of coffee that he warmed up after lighting the gas. Moving in search of some blankets, he came upon a grocery section where he had a lot of chocolate and candied fruit. He also had some white burgundy. Thus, the emporium catered to his immediate needs for cover and hunger.

An excited and intrigued Kemp left Griffin all by himself in his bedroom and came to the dining room. Here, he walked up and down, immersed in deep though. Engrossed he smoked cigars and tried to understand Griffin’s invisibility. He scanned all the newspapers gave an account of the invisible man activities at Iping and Port Stowe. When the morning paper arrived it had an account of the events at the “Jolly Cricketers”.It appeared to be a detailed account, but it didn’t have anything new to offer to the readers.

One thing that appeared in the paer for the first time was the name of the tramp whom the invisible man had called his ‘confederate’ His name was given as Marvel who claimed that the invisible man had captured him for twenty four hours. However he didn’t refer to the three books and all the money that the invisible man had told about to kemp. Kemp could thus not establish the connection between Marvels version as it appeared in the newspaper and Griffin’s version as he told him the night before. So, kemp sent his housemaid to get copies of all the morning newspapers available. However not many details were added to what kemp had already read. Therefore, his curiosity still remained unsatisfied. But it led him to worry that Griffin, who had been behaving abnormally might become more unstable and dangerous After a bit of hesitation, he decided to write a note to Colonel Adye

The entire countryside around the Burdock has been mobilized. By 2:00 in the afternoon, men set out with guns, clubs and dogs, and the police warn the village people to lock their doors and stay inside. Griffin manages to evade his pursuers for a 24-hour period except for one encounter with a middle-aged man (Mr. Wicksteed) who had apparently concerned him. Griffin kills the man by beating him with an iron rod. The narrator constructs a tale about Griffin's whereabouts and actions using his imagination and a few available facts. In his words, the irate Griffin hurts a child on his way out of Kemp's house and hides in the thickets of Hinton dean to scheme again. From mid-noon to two-thirty, he possibly stays there, trying to come to terms with Kemp's betrayal and cursing his luck. Then he sets out, armed with an iron rod for some purpose that cannot be guessed. a harmless man by the name of Wicksteed witnesses the rod moving on its own, ignorant of Griffin's reputation. He follows he rod is violently murdered by Griffin in a gravel pit. Since no one was there but Griffin we'll never know what happened, only that Wicksteed was beaten to death with an iron rod. The narrator is careful to emphases that these are his conjectures - no one can exactly know how the events occurred, or how Griffin came to possess a weapon.

a. The teacher does not like misbehaviour in the classroom.
b. The army rescued many people affected by flood.
c. Ritu was astonished to see the beauty of the place
d. Ritesh entered confidently in the room for the interview.
e. There was a long queue of vehicles on the road.

When Mrs. Packletide went to hunt a tiger, she carried a fully loaded rifle and a pack of patience cards, for her safety and for the others to pass the time.

He said that Printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.

The students stood in queue and clapped for him. Every student wanted to talk and shake hands with Sanjay.

Cuss came out of the stranger’s room utterly shocked after the weird encounter. He dashed straight to Vicar Bunting in order to normalize himself. He was so dazed after meeting the stranger that he initially spoke incoherently and asked for something to drink to cool his agitated mind. Bunting gave him a glass of cheap sherry. Cuss, then related a detailed account of the weird encounter that he had earlier with the stranger. Bunting listened to the incredible story with rapt attention. However, he couldn’t help laughing when Cuss described his feeling on getting his nose tweaked by the invisible finger and thumb of the stranger. Bunting’s laugh hurt Cuss and he commented that the incident was startling and it didn’t deserve to be laughed over. The vicar saw a genuine panic in Cuss’s eyes. Though he still looked at Cuss with suspicion, doubting the veracity of his veracity of his account, he tried to pacify him by observing that the story was indeed remarkable. He assured Cuss with all his seriousness, wisdom and judiciousness, that his experience was definitely an extra-ordinary one. At that moment, Bunting could not offer help of any kind other than this assertion.

Mrs. Bunting got inkling that there was an intruder in the house when she heard the noise made by the opening and the closing of the door. Instead of getting panicked she acted with composure. She simply sat in her bed, straining her ears to catch some sound that would confirm her doubt was not unfounded; she quietly woke up her husband. Mr. Bunting, too, took stalk of the situation without raising an alarm. He put on his bath slippers without striking light. He went on the landing to listen further to the sound made by the burglar and guess his exact location. He could hear distinctly some ruffling sound in his study. In addition, someone’s violent sneeze left him without doubt about the presence of equips himself with a suitable object to face the intruder. He chose a poker and proceeded towards the study-room. The lady of the house, thought white with fear, also followed Mr. Bunting to give moral support. They heard a candle being lit in the study room. Mr. bunting peeped thought the crack of the door very cautiously and found his drawer open with the candle lighted on the desk. The couple stood undecided. The intruder went one step further and managed to his hands on the reserve of gold saved for house-keeping. The money made. a clinking sound when it was taken out. Now the buntings couldn’t stay back any longer and entered the room bravely demanding the burglar to surrender.

However, they couldn’t capture the intruder because they failed to see anybody in the room. When they heard the burglar sneezes again in the passage, they rushed after the sound. The kitchen door opened and closed but they still couldn’t see anyone.

Hence, despite their grit and presence of mind the burglar couldn’t be capture by them. He took advantage of his invisibility and escaped easily without being seen or caught.

Kemp had promised to respect Griffin’s freedom, still he sent a note to Colonel Adye to come and arrest the fugitive. This seemed to be betrayal on Kemp’s part but it was actually not so because when Griffin told him about his knocking down the hunch man, kemp found this conduct to be exasperating. Irked by this despicable behavior, he expressed his displeasure and questioned Griffin about how he could have flouted the common conventions of humanity. Seeing no traces of remorse on Griffin’s face and no ring of regret in his voice, Kemp tried to argue that the hunch man didn’t deserve such a fate because he had every right to go about in his house and make sure that it was safe and secure. He went to the extent of saying that if anyone was being wronged it was the poor man. It was griffin who had intruded with the intention of robbing. Griffin snubbed and silenced Kemp that degraded him further in the opinion of Kemp, who now had enough reason to justify his intention of getting this villain arrested

Dirty, unshaven and weary, Marvel sat on a little bench outside a small inn on the outskirts of port stowed in a nervous and agitated state of mind. It was here that he met an elderly mariner who came and sat down beside him. After exchanging a few remarks about the weather, the mariner referred to the Invisible man’s story that had been published in the newspaper. He proceeded to give the details of the story.

Marvel, who had firsthand knowledge of the Invisible Man, initially posed to be surprised to hear such a story but later on, he offered to give a few details about the Invisible man that he claimed to have got from ‘private sources’. However, when he was about to narrate his version of the episode regarding the Invisible Man, Marvel was hit hard by and Invisible hand. He understand at once that the Invisible Man was around and he did not want him to spill the beans. Marvel pretended to have a severe toothache, collected his books and moved from his seat. In order to quell the curiosity of the mariner, Marvel told him before leaving that in reality the Invisible Man was nothing but a hoax. To convince him further, he claimed that he knew a man who had floated the concocted story. The Mariner. However, did not believe Marvel and demanded to know why he had lit him go on with the story if he know it to be a fictitious one. Marvel had no answer. Pushed and pulled by the Invisible Man he left the spot with the mariner fretting and fuming all by himself.

Mr. Thomas Marvel was a tramp with slovenly appearance. He has a peculiar nose and ad shabby bristled. He had short limbs with a bent figure. He wore and untidy, conspicuously high, furry silk hat. He looked like a typical unkempt bachelor. He sat by the roadside in an inebriated (drunken) state, oblivious of what all had gone on in Iping. With his feet in a ditch. He was unhappy with the two pairs of shoes that he had got in charity. When a voice intervened in his evaluation of shoes, he wasn’t startled because he was too drunk to realize that he was being talked to by thin air. It was quite a few sentences later that he turned to seed the person who had joined him in this analysis. Initially, his lack of imagination didn’t let him believe in the existence of an invisible being. However, when he was hit with stones by the Invisible Man, he got quite intrigued and wanted to know the secret of invisibility. He thought this unique trait could help him a lot in meeting his modest wants in life. All the same, he felt uncomfortable with the idea of being used as a tool by the Invisible Man. But the poor man was no match to the power of the Invisible Man and had no choice but to agree to assist him.

The invisible Man while coaxing Marvel to help him out tried to tempt him by suggesting that both of them could be of immense use to each other. If Marvel would help him get clothes and shelter, he himself would do ‘great things’ for him. At this point he boasted that’ an Invisible Man is man of power’.

In fact is was right to some extent in saying so. He had exhibited this power earlier in the “Coach and Horses” when he had successfully managed to thwart the collective efforts of his invisibility, he had hurt, slapped, punched and kicked all those who had come in his way. Jeffers, the policeman, who boldly came forward to arrest the Invisible Man for the burglary at the vicarage, did manage to pin him down for a while. However, using his connivance and muscle power, he spun round poor Jeffers. It was again his invisibility that helped him to commit a theft in the vicar’s house in spite of the couple having noticed a break-in.

Thus, the invisible Man had proved himself to be a man of power but is was condemnable because all along he had used this power in negative and a various manner.

With a January snowstorm blowing in London, Griffin needed to find a place to stay. He went to a giant department store named Omniums. With the intention of clothing himself so that he might reclaim his notebooks and cheque book. He had gone into the Omniums, a large apartment type store where one could buy everything from groceries to clothing. Griffin waited until the place closed, then he started searching around for things he could use. He stole some food and clothes. Over by toys, he saw some fake noses, wigs and other costume stuff that could help him pretend to be normal. He made his way to an area of bedsteads and mattresses, hoping that once the store is closed for the night, he would be able to sleep on the mattresses and steal some clothes with which to mask his condition.

In the night he procured a complete set of clothes for himself, helped himself to food in a refreshment department, and then slept in the bedding department. He failed to awaken before the morning crew had entered, however, and was unable to escape as long as they could see him. The workers chased him around the store (they could see him because he has wearing clothes); but once again, Griffin took off his clothes to become invisible. He was only able to escape by discarding his clothing and assuming invisibility once more. Since he couldn't steal clothes, Griffin had to leave the store with nothing on (naked).

Mrs. Packletide is the speaker. Her paid companion Louisa Mebbin knew that Mrs. Packletide was unworthy of the honour she received for having killed a tiger. She feared that Mebbin would reveal the truth about the tiger’s death. She had to please Mebbin who exploited the situation. The money spent on Mebbin is referred to as incidental expenses.

The stranger went about with his head swathed in bandages, eyes covered with enormous spectacles, hands gloved, coat collar pulled up and felt hat pulled down so that no one could detect his incivility. He stuck to his room during day time and left the house only in twilight to avoid unnecessary questions about his appearance. In his room too, he smoked with the lower part of his face wrapped in a silk muffler. He preferred to stay behind closed doors with blinds down. He did all this to guard the secret of the invisibility. However, when Cuss came to se him and asked if he was carrying out a long research, the stranger got very excited, giving vent to his pent up feeling, he pointed out towards the chimney while trying to explain how a very important prescription, absolutely vital to his research, had gone up in smoke. Cuss saw his handless empty sleeve and inquired from the stranger about this queer phenomenon. His insistence on knowing the reason behind the hollow sleeve compelled the stranger to disclose his so far well-guarded secret. Also, having aroused the suspicions of Cuss, the Stranger couldn’t care less about confirming doubts. Hence, he tweaked Cuss’s nose with his invisible finger and thumb partly to teach him a lesson for intruding hi privacy and partly to have fun.

The lesson ‘Memories of Childhood’ presents autobiographical episodes from the lives of two women. They highlight the plight of ‘the marginalised communities’. The people of these communities never receive honour and dignity due to them. In ‘The Cutting of My Long Hair’ Bonnin describes how an Indian girl suffered extreme indignities. She tried to maintain her identity and her distinct culture. She liked to wear, long and thick hair. But the ‘paleface woman’ and others dragged her out. They tied her fast in a chair and gnawed off her long hair. In ‘We Too are Human Beings’ Bama, a Tamil Dalit writer, presents the struggle of a girl of a low caste. The people of low castes are never respected and honoured. They have to carry a food packet by its string without touching it. The girl in ‘We Too Are Human Beings’ struggles, and stands first in the class. She attains equality, and honour. 

The most common feature of both these episodes is the struggle and fight against racial and social discrimination. They don’t take oppression, exploitation and injustice meekly

1. Thomas Marvel: Thomas Marvel is a tramp unwittingly recruited as a scapegoat to assist the Invisible Man as his partner in the deeds causing panic. He is short, fat and a loner. He is the area tramp. Thomas Marvel carries the Invisible Man's scientific notebooks and stolen money. Eventually Marvel grows afraid of his unseen partner and flees to Port Burdock. He also confiscates both the notebooks and the money with him where he seeks police protection. Seeing through his intentions and misgivings, the Invisible Man gets infuriated and vows to avenge Marvel, but he becomes preoccupied with hiding from the law and retaliating against Dr. Kemp, and in the process Marvel is spared. Marvel feels blessed with the stolen money and the notes of the Invisible Man. He opens his own Inn and names it 'The Invisible Man' and prospers too. The novel ends with him secretly 'marvelling' at Griffin's notes. He is indeed the man of the world who behaves as an opportunist to take advantage of his circumstances to thrive in life.

2. George Hall: George Hall, the husband of Mrs. Hall, is a simple innocent folk, assisting his wife in the Inn. Couch and Horses Inn. He is the first person in Iping to suspect the mysterious Griffin. When a dog bites Griffin and tears his glove and nips his trousers, it was George Hall who follows him to see if he was alright but he was taken aback when he saw a handless arm, waving towards him, slam the door in his face and locked.

3. Mr. Huxter: Huxter, the shop owner, sees this guy Marvel waiting outside a window of the Coach and Horses inn holding a bag. Marvel walks into inn and nervously enters the parlour. Mr. Hall shouts that this is a private room, causing Marvel to rush out in panic. He then enters the bar and steadies himself with a drink. Marvel walks outside and stands near the parlour window, appearing to smoke a pipe. However, his hands are shaking, and Mr. Huxter's suspicious are aroused. Marvel suddenly goes into the yard, and Mr. Huxter is certain he is up to something unlawful. He rushes out and finds that Marvel has taken a bundle tied in a blue tablecloth and three books. So Huxter runs after the guy, yelling "Thief!" But, before he can catch the man, something (the Invisible Man) trips Huxter and knocks him out.

4. The Old Mariner (Sailor): When Marvel had been sitting for the best part of an hour, an elderly mariner, carrying a newspaper, came out of the inn and sat down beside him. The mariner in Port Stowe has one job here, which is t tell us that the Invisible Man story is in all newspapers. Later the mariner hears another fantastic story- that of money floating along a wall in butterfly fashion. The story is true, however. The sailor thinks the story in the newspapers is believable because it comes equipped with names and details.

5. Doctor Kemp: Doctor Kemp is a scientist living in the town of Port Burdock. He is an old friend of Griffin, who comes to his house to hide after Griffin's transformation into the "Invisible Man." Kemp has a hard time accepting the fact that his friend, who he had not seen for years, suddenly appears uninvited and invisible, but eventually he overcomes his shock and sits down and talks with Griffin. Narrative-wise, Kemp then allows Griffin to relate the story of how he began his experiments, and all that happened to him between his arrival on his old friend's doorstep and then. Kemp, realizing that Griffin is insane with power, is quick to summon Colonel Adye of the Port Burdock police. Adye fails to apprehend Griffin, who escapes and brands Kemp a traitor, vowing to kill him. Kemp's attitude is representative of the average established, self-confident, and self-sufficient individual. He sees a man in trouble, but his reaction is contemptuous instead of concern. He has heard warning cries about an Invisible Man, but clearly doesn't believe any of it. He is a man who keeps himself apart from the concerns of the general public, is buried in his work, interested only in what award it will ultimately bring him.

Passing by the downs, the Invisible Man saw Marvel analyzing the worth of the shoes that he had got as charity. He intended to seek assistance from someone to procure the belongings that he had left behind. Marvel seemed to be an easy victim. The Invisible Man intervened by talking to Marvel who initially answered the voice without looking back. However, when he turned to see the person he had been talking to, he was confounded to find no one around. He thought to himself that perhaps his drunkenness was causing this hallucination. But the stranger still insisted his presence by violently shaking Marvel. Utterly dazed, Marvel decided to leave, he referred to the Invisible Man as ‘a blooming chump’, which was taken as a big insult by the Invisible Man. He found it difficult to accept that a insult by the Invisible Man. He found it difficult to accept that a good-for –nothing tramp like Marvel could have the insolence to ignore him.

Now he decided to convince Marvel into believing his presence. He started throwing stones at him. He hit Marvel’s foot causing him a lot of pain. The poor man ran for his life but tripped over something invisible. Threatened with yet another stone-hit, Marvel gave in and accepted that the Invisible Man actullaly existed.

Crowds were a big threat to Griffin. He could be wedged in them and to be discovered in no time. Accidental collisions made matters worse. His feet were trodden by people; hence he was obliged to keep away from crowds. When the Salvation Army March attracted a huge crowd, Griffin thought it safer to run up the while steps of a house and stand there till the road was cleared. Unfortunately for Griffin, two urchins not only joined him on the steps, but they also noticed the footmarks that his muddy feet had made on the whitened steps. They saw the marks going up there was no trace of their returning. Then, to their great surprise they detected the outline of feet sketched in splashes of mud. This ‘ghost of a foot” soon generated interest and attracted other passerby as well. Griffin was left with no choice but to swing himself into the portico of the next house. One of the boys still kept track of these feet. Now many eyes turned towards the ‘Running feet’. By this time Griffin’s feet had become hot and dry, and at the first opportunity, he rubbed his feet with his hands. Griffin went away leaving behind his drying footprints and wondering people.

Griffin went around startling people, clapping their backs, flinging people’s hats astray and having a lot of fun at the behest of his treasure of invisibility. However the negative side of this extraordinary advantage that had been overlooked soon started surfacing. First of all he found it unexpectedly difficult to climb down the staircase with his invisible feet. In the absence of visible feet he couldn’t assess whether he was placing them at the right step. He tumbled quite a few times before he finally managed to climb down. Next, people collided with him as they couldn’t see him. Crowds were a big threat to him, for he could be wedged in the crowds and discovered in no time. His heels were trodden, he was squeezed and he created problems for himself by getting into the way of a stream of people. Cold weather posed yet another grave problem. He had to remain stark naked to avoid being seen which made him shiver in the January cold. Within ten minutes of the commencement of his ‘adventure’, Griffin started wondering how to out of the tight corner that he had landed himself in. though invisible, griffin could very well be perceived by dogs. His muddy feel left behind footmarks that could be trailed. He was apprehensive of being detected in the falling snow. Hence, he was surrounded by a number by a number of problems that emerged because of his invisible state. Worst, he had no solution in sight for these problems.

Kemp had a scientific mind and he had given a demonstration in the morning to prove that the invisibility was nothing more than a trick. However, the same evening, to his great surprise He heard a voice in his bedroom calling out his name. the blood stains around him were inexplicable. Then he saw a well tied but empty bandage suspended in mid air. All these things proved that somebody was present in his room, though he was not visible. When the invisible men had a scuffle with kemp, he had no choice but believe in the reality of invisibility. On seeing him eat food drink whisky, kemp could not argue that invisibility was impossible. His scientific approach was defined by the concrete proofs that he had in front of him. However, he was acutely intrigued to find a man who was invisible. His scientific mond could not reconcile to such a phenomenon. Hence, his curiosity prompted him to ask the invisible man how had he become invisible. Not willing to share his knowledge with Dr. kemp, and being too sleepy and hungry, Griffin evaded this query. Next Dr Kemp asked Griffin about his monetary source which was claimed to have been taken away by Marvel. Griffin evaded this query too, since all the money that he had accumulated was earned by indulging in theft. In passing, Kemp also wished to know how marvel, in spite of not being invisible, became his confederate. Griffin evaded this question as well thinking that an answer to this sensitive probing would lead to many other uncomfortable queries. Hence, griffin very cleverly evaded the queries of Kemp to plug complications

Griffin continues to explain his experiences with invisibility. Griffin recounts his adventures immediately after escaping from his lodgings. These were not the 'wonderful things' he had fantasised about, but a series of calamities and accidents experienced as , naked and invisible, he attempted o negotiate the busy streets of Central London. He soon discovered that being invisible had as many drawbacks as advantages. People ran into him and stepped on him. He had to be continually on guard as to the movements and position of others in order to avoid accidental contact. To make matters worse, although people could not see him, dogs could detect him with their keen sense of smell. As he had to remain naked, he was soon uncomfortable. Also, he could not eat, as food was visible until it was fully assimilated into his system. At one point, he had run up the steps of a house in order to avoid a unit of a marching Salvation Army band. He tried to get out of the way, but he had stepped in some mud and left muddy footprints. While he waited, two youngsters spotted he prints of his bare feet in the mud. Soon a crowd of people had gathered to look at the "ghost prints".

Mr. Bobby Jeffers, the village constable, came to the “Coach and Horses” to arrest the stranger for the burglary committed at the vicarage. He had been directed to do so by shuckleforth, the magistrate, who in turn been requested by Hall. However, by the time Jeffers reached the inn. The place was in a state of utter chaos as the stranger had revealed his real self by tearing away his nose, and removing the wrappings that hid his face. Hence, on reaching the “Coach and horses”, he encountered the headless stranger.

Jaffers was a dutiful and conscientious man. When other got a shock to find the stranger headless, he declared bravely that ‘head or no head’ the stranger would be arrested. When the stranger shouted at him and slapped him with his invisible hand, jaffers was the least bit intimidated. He courageously caught the culprit’s handless wrist and grabbed his invisible throat. He held his target so strongly that in spite of being kicked in the shin, he didn’t loosen his grip. Finally, the stranger promised to surrender at which the constable got prepared to handcuff him. But the latter had clever plans and he insisted on being spared of this embarrassment. The constable was a bold man, but was gullible as well. So, when the stranger promised to surrender and requested not to handcuff him, he believed the criminal.

Taking advantage of this situation the stranger managed to divert everybody’s attention and took off his clothes. He was now invisible and thus he tried to escape. More futile efforts were made by everybody to overpower him. However, it was again Jeffers who managed to catch hold of the Invisible Man. He stuck to his post till the end and fought his headless opponent in a very courageous manner. But ultimately, the stranger got the better of him and pushed him down on the gravel. He escaped leaving behind everyone utterly confused and helpless. Therefore, in spite of his brief appearance, Boddy Jaffers manages to leave behind his unfading image in the minds of the readers.

1. Mrs. Hall: Mrs. Hall Is the wife of Mr. Hall and the owner of the Coach and Horses Inn. A very friendly, down-to-earth woman who enjoys socializing with her guests, Mrs. Hall is continually frustrated by the mysterious Invisible Man's refusal to talk with her, and his repeated temper tantrums. The Halls are a typical family. Mr. Hall drinks and Mrs. Hall nags him about drinking. Mr. Hall isn't so quick and Mrs. Hall takes out her frustrations on Millie, the serving girl. Mrs. Hall, although not a major character, is revealed as rather devious in a harmless sort of way. She really wants to know what the strange man's disfigurement is; she assumes he has been in a horrible accident, and the motherly side of her wants to know how to express sympathy. She is a very good innkeeper under the circumstances.

2. Mr. Teddy Henfrey: A clock repairman who happens to visit the inn for a cup of tea. Mrs. Hall takes advantage of him to try to find out about her strange guest. She wants Teddy Henfrey to fix a clock in the stranger's room. Teddy deliberately takes as long as he can with the clock, taking it apart and re-assembling it for no reason. He tries unsuccessfully to engage the stranger in conversation. The stranger catches him wasting time, though and tells him to finish up and get out. Because the stranger will not talk, Teddy convinces himself that the man is someone of a "suspicious" nature. He begins the rumours about the man being wanted by the police and merely wrapping himself up to conceal his identity. Teddy Henfrey is a character typical of the other people of the town. He wants to know the man's story, and when he is rebuffed for his persistence, he begins to imagine all sorts of things. His imagination soon becomes fact to him, and he spreads his knowledge to anyone who will care to listen.

3. Dr. Cuss: Dr. Cuss is a doctor living in the town of Iping. Intrigued by tales of a bandaged stranger staying at the Coach and Hoses Inn, Dr. Cuss goes to see him under the pretense of asking for a donation to the nurse's fund. The strange man, Griffin, scares Cuss away by pinching his nose with his invisible hand. Cuss went immediately to see Rev. Bunting, who not surprisingly did not believe the doctor's wild story. Later, after Griffin had been exposed as The Invisible Man, Dr. Cuss and Rev. Bunting got hold of his notebooks, but these were stolen back from them by the invisible Griffin, who took both men's clothes. Although the unlucky Rev. Bunting had all his clothing stolen by Griffin, Dr. Cuss only lost his trousers.

4. Rev. Bunting : The Rev. Bunting is the vicar in the town of Iping. Dr. Cuss want to see him following his first encounter with Griffin. Bunting laughed at Cuss' claims of an invisible hand pinching his nose, but the next night his home was burgled by the Invisible Man himself. Later, Bunting and Cuss tried to read Griffin's notes but were stopped by the Invisible Man, who stole their clothes. Although Cuss escaped missing only his trousers, Bunting had his entire wardrobe purloined.

5. Mr. Sandy Wadgers: Mr. Sandy Wadgers was the village blacksmith, who is also supposed to be an exorcist. He was the one whom people thought, the one who could deal with the ghosts and spirits. Mr & Mrs. Hall sent Millie across the street through the golden five o'clock sunshine to rouse up Mr. Sandy Wadgers, the blacksmith. He was a knowing man, and very resourceful person. He took quite a grave view of the case. "I am surprised if that is not witchcraft" was the view of Mr. Sandy Wadgers. "Do you want horseshoes for the ghosts." He came round greatly concerned. They wanted him to lead the way upstairs to the room, but he didn't seem to be in any hurry. Wadgers is joined by Huxter, and together they ponder the likelihood of witchcraft and contemplate the propriety of breaking through the door in order to examine the situation more closely. However, before they can carry out any such action, the door opens and the stranger emerges, wrapped and bundled as usual. He enters the parlour and slam the door against them. When Mr. Hall raps on the door and demands an explanation, the stranger tells him to "go to the devil "and "shut the door after you." Wadgers delays "breaking" into the room, using the excuse of propriety when the real and very human reason is fear and apprehension. While they may talk of spirits and witchcraft in their leisure, it is clear that they have no real experience with such things.

6. Griffin : The story of the Invisible Man, is the story of a protagonist Griffin, who had been a brilliant young chemist and researcher. Unfortunately, he began his road to 'decline' in college when he became extremely obsessed with his experiments, that he kept his work in a clandestine manner lest someone else claimed credit for that. His passion for pure scientific investigation accelerated to such an extent that when he required money for further research, he stole it from his father. And later, in a fit of anger and frustration, he even murdered him. The barberous crime thus committed made rest of his crimes pale in comparison. He turns himself from scientist to fanatic when he starts focusing all his attention merely on the concept of invisibility and never ever thinks of the repercussions that may follow. He may not have had any intention initially trying the potion on himself, but the interference of his landlord and prying neighbour lady instigate him to experiment on himself. Once he becomes invisible, his life becomes miserable. At the close of the novel poetic justice is done, Griffin is seized, assaulted and killed by a mob. The invisible Man's naked, battered body gradually becomes visible as he dies.

The stranger was very particular about hiding the fact of his invisibility because he required a proper boarding and lodging for himself. Had he made it known right in the beginning, Mrs. Hall would have never taken in such a weird guest in her inn. Hence, he carefully camouflaged his appearance by using an artificial nose, swathing his head, supporting extra-ordinarily huge spectacles, putting on his gloves and covering himself from head to foot with cloths. His disguise was intelligently devised to give his invisible self a nearnormal shape. Thus he successfully avoided the arousal of suspicion about his peculiarity. However, after securing a place to live in, the stranger was no longer strict about safeguarding his secret. Little episode indicated his hollowness and gradually his secret began to give way. On the very next day of his arrival, when he was bit by fireside’s dog, the cart driver got a glimpse of nothingness through the tear of his trouser and glove. Mrs. Hall, who took him by surprise many times, had a chance to see a huge cavity below his nose. On another occasion, she caught him without his spectacles and happened to see his unusually dark and hollow eye-sockets. On whit Monday, the halls heard the invisible man sneezing on the staircase but did not see him. But the truth was that the invisible man could see clearly that he had aroused enough suspicion. Hence, he was amused by their panic and burst out laughing without bothering to conceal the fact of his invisibility. He was well aware that the beans already been spilt and the secret of his invisibility was soon going to be known to all. Therefore, he wasn’t as cautious as earlier and sought pleasure in the confusion that his invisible status was creating.

Sangam anthologies and Pattuppattu date to the first two centuries of the current era.

Back at the boarding house, Griffin continued his experiments. He made some wool invisible and then he made a neighbourhood cat invisible. Later the next day he had an altercation with the landlord who brought reports of Griffin tormenting a cat in the night. The landlord wanted to know what Griffin was doing in the room and what all the paraphernalia was for. The two argued and Griffin shoved the landlord out of the room. 

This event and his near-bankruptcy precipitated Griffin's decision to make himself invisible. Griffin knew he would have to act quickly, so he made arrangements to have his belongings stored. Realizing that this would lead to trouble, Griffin decided to disappear. He sent his books off by mail to some place where he could pick them up later. Then he started the process of turning himself invisible, which really hurt. He managed to protect and secure his theory of invisibility by sending his books and destroyed his equipment and set his room on fire.