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The General Assembly chooses its President for 1 year.

356 article of the constitution makes the provision to declare emergency.

Rajya Sabha.

There are 7 Union territories in India.

(d) All these

India is called ‘the immortal union of mortal states’.

29 states are there in our country at present.

1. Maintaining international peace 

2. Establishing friendly and respecting relations for equal rights.

Security Council :

It is called the executive body of UN. It is an important part of UN. It consists of 15 member, in which five are permanent USA, Russia, China, France and Britain. It also consists 10 temporary members which are elected for two years by general assembly. The five permanent members have ‘Veto’ power. If any permanent members disagrees an any important question, that proposal is rejected. It is a big guardian of international peace and security. Any country can put its problem before it. It solves the disputes among the countries and can use force against the an aggressor country, if necessary. It selects the judges of international court. Inspite of all these powers, it has really become a tool of superpowers. On its decisions, the interests of permanent members are dominant.

I agree with this statement and it can be clarified in the following ways:

• Association of UN’s principle and aims with security council : 

Security council is first criticised because being a part of UNO, it is tied with different aims and principles, and consequendy, it cannot work freely. That is why, the critics criticise it for its inefficacy. 

• Being subordinate to UNO : 

Working under UNO, the security council has to conform to regulations of UNO for the fulfillment of each work. It cannot work according to its own wish. 

• Privilege to permanent members : 

If there is an agreement on any decision under security council then the permanent member has privilege to refuse that decision. This causes dissatification among temporary members. 

• Wide powers : 

On the basis of elaborate power, security council is considered the most important and sensitive part of UNO. But it drew criticism, because under the charter of UN, the security council could not fulfill the responsibility handed over to it. Palmar and Parkison rightly said, “security council was imagined as a central agency of UNO but it could not play the desired role.” Thus, on the basis of above description, it becomes apparent that security council is criticised on several bases. But it is also true that it is an important part of UNO, whose main aim is to maintain international peace and security.

Five nations were included in its founding; these are USA, France, China, Russia and Britain.

There are 51 members were originally there in the UN.

There are 111 in the UN Charter.

Chief Di Cabinet.

By joining 17 vice, presidents and heads of seven permanent committee.

Justice Dalveer Bhandari.

Principles of Panchsheel: 

It is a based on the five principles of international conduct. 

1. Under this principle, the countries have mutual regard for one another’s sovereignty and integrity 

2. Under this principle, one country cannot attack another country without any reason. 

3. Under this principle, no country would interfere in the internal affairs of any country, in other words act under the limits. 

4. Under these principles, whatever policy is made to attain the aims, all countries should respect equally. In other words, this principle is based on the conception of unity. 

5. This principle supports peaceful co-existance.

(b) Central government

97 subjects are there in the Union List.

There are 66 subjects in the state list.

It got freedom in 1971.

1. India 

2. Egypt 

3. Yugoslavia

1. Non-aggression 

2. Equality

Different words like unattachment, non-alignment and stability are used for non-alignment. This word is generally used for a country’s policy which does not stand with any of warring countries, in other words, it does not favour any one power group and remains aloof from west and east from military point of view. It involves conduct of foreign policy in a justified way for the countries.

This policy is based on the policy of partiality, separation, exploition, suppession on the basis of race and colour. It was widely used in South Africa after 1948. But after the first democratically held elections in 1994, it was officially eradicated from there. In western countries and in USA, there was partiality on the basis of colour. Nelson Mandela also had to face apartheid.

Meaning of colonialism : 

It indicates a dominating system in which a foreign society imposes social changes on another country forcibly or by political victory. It is associated with such a particular industrial capitalism in which financial right along with capital flows another country is controlled by the colonising country. In the form of regional capitalism system, it expresses the international division of labour. 

The beginning of the colonial age took place due to the expansion of European countries in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and in the other parts of the world.

United Nations Organization.

France is the permanent member of security council.

The number of the members of who founded UNO, were 51.

(c) Maintaining trade between India and Pak

It is in ‘Hague’.

October 24, 1945.

(a) Justice Dalveer Bhandari

Functions of the general assembly : 

• Thinking over the problems of world peace and security :

Its main function is to establish world peace and security and to discuss with the countries over the problems associated with it, so that peace may remain in the world. 

• Passing budget : 

The main function is to maintain economic system of organization, passes budget of UNO.

•  Inspection work :

Its main function is inspection of those areas that are not selfruled, responsibilities are given to those countries which are ruling over them.

In the first chapter of the charter of UNO following aims are described in first article : 

1. In chief aims, the first is to maintain international peace and security with its own and neighbouring countries, so that a proper atmosphere is created for the development of all citizens. 

2. One of its aims is that all sorts of problems such as economic, political, social, cultural and humanitarian, should be solved through powerful policies or rules so that the problem may be fully and finally solved. 

3. One aim is to keep respect for the sovereignty and integrity of other countries and to establish suitable and friendly relations. 

4. One of the important aims is so make proper centers for the execution of important functions so that all the works may be fulfilled without any hindrance.

The  agency of UNO which promotes education and culture at present is UNESCO.

Antonio Guterres

Yes, the government of Janta Party formed in 1977 was an alliance government because five parties were included in janta Party, who made a government under the leadership of Moraiji Desai. This government behaved like an alliance government. In a short while, Janata Party broke on the issue of dual membership and the government declined.

The government of Dr. Manmohan Singh alliance was named UPA.

Negataive effects of coalition politics on Indian politics : 

• Weak Government : 

Coalition government is weak. It is incapable to take tough decisions, whether they are related to foreign issues or internal issues. 

• Government’s incapability to work on clear policy : 

In coalition, political parties of different ideologies and principles are included. All parties want to impose their own agenda on government policies. Consequently, the government cannot decide upon a clear policy and this affects government’s work. 

• Lack of stability in government : 

Lack of stability is found in alliance government. The parties included in coalition apply force for the fulfilment of this interests. 

• Effect of local parties in coalition : 

These parties have an increased effect on coalition who give priority to regional interests instead of national interests. This is harmful for the country’s security and progress. 

• Harm to National Unity : 

In coalition, due to increasing influence of local parties, they apply pressure to address interests. P.M. is also compelled to do so for the stability of the government, and consequently, dilution is seen in national integration.

• Lack of strong foreign policy : 

In coalition government, in case of foreign policy, country’s position remains weak. P.M. remains under pressure of allies. He has to consult allies for foreign agreements. This, in turn, weakens the country’s position on international platforms. 

• Limited role of P.M. : 

In coalition government, P.M. has no effective control on the members of his own party and others. The ministers of the government follow their own party’s directions. P.M., due to his weak position, remains in an indecisive position.

Other negative effects : 

1. Lack of coordination between various ministries and departments. 

2. Due to coalition, the formation of small political parties gets encouragement. Formation of more political parties is a hindrance in formation of stable government. 

3. P.M. has no effective control on the members of his own party and others.

The Trusteeship Council performs the works under general assembly which are given to it. 

These are given below : 

1. It can think over the reports presented by administrative officers. These reports are prepared on the basis of political economic, social and educational development of the people living in that trusteeship areas. 

2. This council with administrative officers, with certain time, can make a social tour in the related trusteeship areas. 

3. This council can accept the requests and can check them by discussing them with administrative officers.

A government in which at least two parties are included.

Security council is the most powerful organ of UNO. The responsibilities of whole world’s peace and security is given to it. In the fifth chapter in security council, there will be 11 members in which there were five permanent and 6 temporary members, out of which two are elected after every two years. By an amendment in the chapter in 1965, it became, 10 instead of 6 and thus, the numbers became 15 in which five members are permanent and ten members are temporary. 

The five permanent members are - 

China, Russia, France, Britain and USA.

The politics of alliance is dangerous for the stability of government. 

This can be clarified through following facts : 

1. Due to alliance government in politics, tendency of ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’ is seen, which has a danger for the stability of the government. 

2. In Indian politics, alliances are based on leaders instead of political theories and principles. Consequently due to lack of proper base, there always remains a danger to government’s stability. 

3. For political advantage, political parties of dissimilar ideology enter in alliance. After elections, these constituent parties adopt a different working style and thus, arises intra-party and intra-alliance strife. The bases of alliance are not ideological but only to get power or to stop someone’s entry in power. Thus, it is a danger for government’s stability.

It is non-alignment movement. It means not to form any armed group.

1. Protecting unity and diversity of the nation.

 2. Opposing imperialism, racism, dictatorship and military rule.

Chief characteristics : 

The chief characteristics of Indian foreign policy can be clarified through the following points : 

•  Policy of peaceful co-existence : 

Indian foreign policy supports the policy of peaceful coexistance. In other words, India follows friendly policy with neighbouring countries, so that peace may be established. “Live and let others live” is our culture which gives direction to our foreign policy. 

• Opposition of imperialism and colonialism : 

Imperialist countries subvert the freedom of other countries and exploit them. Imperialism is the cause of struggles and wars India, itself, was a prey to imperialism and colonialism, so, Indian foreign policy is against the concept of narrow imperialist ideology, which stops the development of the global society and hence, real progress is hindered. 

• Opposition to apartheid : 

Indian foreign policy is against- the policy of apartheid. It is against all countries who practise racial discrimination. India believes that no difference can be made among the people on the basis of colour and all are accepted equally. 

• Support to international institutions : 

Indian foreign policy openly supports international institutions. After independence, accepting UND’s membership and its participation in its different programs and agencies amply shows this. In UNO security council, Indian claim of permanent membership, received much international support. This is a symbol of the success of our foreign policy.

• Policy based on Panchsheel’ principles : 

It is the chief characteristic of Indian foreign policy, which is based on the five principles of conduct in it. Equality, nonaggression, non-interference in the internal matters of other countries and respect and peaceful co-existence are included in it. 

• Policy of non-alignment : 

After the world war- II, the world was divided into two power groups. In it one group was of western countries and other was of Russia and East European countries. Both superpowers tried to take India in their group but India , decided to stay away from any military group, adopted free foreign policy, did not ‘ become a member any military group. On each question of national importance, it will think freely and impartially.

47 subjects both the centre and the states can enact laws.

Jawahar Lal Nehru of India, Naseer of Egypt, and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia.

Imperialist policy.