Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option is (c) Accounting reports

Accounting reports can be prepared easily by using accounting software.

Following are the example of accounting reports :

1. Balance Sheet,
2. Profit and Loss Account,
3. Cash Flow statement,
4. Debtors’ report and
5. Product-wise Cost report, etc.

(ii) Carbon forms two oxides namely CO₂ and CO, where masses of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of carbon are in the simple ratio 2:1. 

(ii), (iii)

(ii) Sodium phenoxide

(iii) Sodium benzoate

(i) Zinc amalgam + HCl

(ii), (iv)

(ii) Cyclohexanone into cyclohexane

(iv) Benzophenone into diphenyl methane

(ii) Results of student A are both precise and accurate.

Molarity

= {Mass of the solute}/{Molar mass of the solute x Volume of the solution in litres}

Molar mass of sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) = 12 x 12 + 22 x 1 + 11 x 16

= 144 + 22 + 175 = 342 u

Molarity = {20 g}/{342 x 2L} = 0.03 mole/litre

Molar mass of sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) = (12×12)+(1×22)+(11×16) = 342 g mol^-1 

No. of moles in 20g of sugar = 20/342 = 0.0585 mole 

Volume of Solution = 2L (given) 

Molar concentration = Moles of solute/Volume of solution in L = 0.0585mol/2L = 0.0293 mol L^-1 = 0.0293 M

Molecular mass of a substance (element or compound) represents the number of times the molecule of that substance is heavier than 1/12^th of the mass of an atom of C -12 isotope. 

Molecular mass = 2 x Vapour density

Answer : (c) zero

(d) all the above

The amino acid sequence: Ser-Phe – Ser – GlySer

The three types of classification systems are: 

(i) Artificial system: 

(a) It is based on few visible, easily observable characters, which are nonevolutionary such as habit, colour, form, etc. 

(b) It does not consider the affinities (relationships) among different organisms. E.g. Linnaeus system of classification.

(ii) Natural system: It is based on objectively significant characters with respect to their affinities with other organisms. E.g. Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification. 

(iii) Phylogenetic system: It is based on the phylogenetic relationship between different organisms with respect to common evolutionary descent (ancestor). E.g. Engler and Prantl’s classification.

Vernacular names are the names which are given to organisms in a particular region and language by local people.

Disadvantages of vernacular names/ local names/ common names: 

1. Vernacular names do not indicate the necessary information about the organism. 

2. It does not indicate proper relationship of the organisms. 

3. Vernacular names are not universal, e.g. Pansy (Viola tricolor L.) grown in most European and American gardens has about 50 common english names. In Ayurveda, mango (Mangifera indica L.) is known by over 50 different names which are in Sanskrit language. 

4. Vernacular names have limited usage. 

5. Local names are different and confusing.

Numerical taxonomy: 

1. It is based on quantification of characters and develops an algorithm for classification. 

2. The aim of this was to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties. 

3. It was proposed by Sokel and Sneath in 1963.

Phylogeny: 

1. It is the evolutionary relationship of organism. 

2. It is an important tool in classification as it considers not merely the morphological status but also the relationship of one group of organisms with other groups of life. 

3. The system helps to understand the evolution and also focuses on the similarities of their metabolic functioning. 

4. Woese’s three domain concept, as well as Whittaker’s fivekingdom system, are examples of phylogenetic relationship.

Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus proposed binomial system of nomenclature.

1. Classification is the arrangement of organisms or groups of organisms in distinct categories in accordance with a particular and well-established plan. 

2. It is based on the similarities and differences among the organisms.

In Mangifera indica L., letter L indicates author’s name i.e. Linnaeus.

The common living organisms observed near school/college are: 

1. Plants

Habit: Herb, shrub, tree, etc. 

Habitat: Terrestrial or aquatic 

Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic 

Growth: Indeterminate 

Types of reproduction: Vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction.

2. Animal e.g. dog, cats, cow, etc. 

Habitat: Terrestrial

Mode of nutrition: Heterotrophs 

Growth: Determinate 

Types of reproduction: Only sexual reproduction 

3. Birds e.g. Crow, sparrow, etc. 

Habitat: Aviary (shows diverse habitat) 

Mode of nutrition: Heterotrophs 

Growth: Determinate 

Types of reproduction: Only sexual reproduction 

Uses of taxonomy are as follows: 

1. It is used to assign each organism an appropriate place in a systematic framework of classification. 

2. It is used to group animals and plants by their characteristics and relationships. 

3. It is used to classify organisms based upon their similarities and differences. 

4. It is used for nomenclature of an organism. Assigning a name to an organism is essential for its identification without confusion throughout the scientific world. 

5. It is used to serve as an instrument for identification of an organisms. A newly isolated organism can be placed to its nearest relative or can be identified as a new organism with unknown characteristics. 

6. It becomes easier to understand the evolutionary trends in different groups of organisms.

Viroid shows single-stranded RNA and lacks protein coat.

The visible characters of organisms include habit, colour, mode of respiration, growth, reproduction, etc.

1. Species is a group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offsprings. 

2. Horse and ass (donkey) are considered to be two different species or animals, because they cannot interbreed under natural condition to produce fertile offspring.

(A) Dinoflagellate

The recent approaches in taxonomy includes: 

1. Morphological Approach 

2. Embryological Approach 

3. Ecological Approach 

4. Behavioral Approach / Ethological Approach 

5. Genetical Approach / Cytological Approach 

6. Biochemical Approch 

7. Numerical Taxonomy

Types of lichens are:

1. Based on fungal components:

(a) Ascolichens:

In this category, the fungal partner belongs to Ascomycetes group of fungi.

(b) Basidiolichens:

Here, the fungal partner belongs to Basidiomycetes group of fungi.

(c) Deuterolichens:

In this category, the fungal partner belongs to Deuteromycetes group of fungi.

2. Based on their forms:

(a) Crustose lichen: These lichens show crust-like growth. These lichens grow on rocks and bark of the trees,

e. g. Graphis, Lecanora, Haematomma, etc.

(b) Foliose lichen: 

These lichens grow on trees in the hilly regions. The thallus is like a dry forked leaf,

e. g. Parmelia, Collema, Peltigera 

(c) Fruticose lichen:

These lichens are seen on the branches of trees hanging down. They are cylindrical, well branched and pendulous, with hair-like outgrowths, 

e. g. Usnea, Cladonia, Alectoria, etc.

3. Economic importance of lichens: 

(a) Lichen as food and fodder:

Many species of lichens are used as food by animals including man. Lichens contain a substance lichenin which is similar to carbohydrate making them edible. Parmelia is used in curry powder in India. Lichens like Cladonia, Citraria, Evernia, Parmelia are used as fodder as they form a favourite food for reindeers and cattles.

(b) Lichens in medicine:

Lichens contain usnic acid due to which they are used in medicines. Usnea and Cladonia species are used as an antibiotic against Gram positive bacteria.

Species like Lobaria, Citraria are useful in respiratory disease like T.B., Peltigera is useful in hydrophobia, Parmelia is used in treatment of epilepsy, whereas Usnea is used in urinary disease. Some lichens are also used in medicine due to their anticarcinogenic property.

(c) Industrial use of lichens: 

1. Lichens are used in various dyes for colouring fabrics.

2. Species like Rocella and Lasallia are used in preparation of litmus paper which is acid-base indicator.

3. In Sweden and Russia, lichens are used for production of alcohol.

4. Orcein is a biological stain obtained from Orchrolechia androgyna and O. tortaria.

5. Some lichens are also used in tanning process in leather industry.

6. Evernia and Ramalina are the sources of essential oils which are used in preparation of soaps and other cosmetics.

(d) Other uses of lichens: 

1. Lichens are used in cosmetics. 

2. Some lichens like Everniaprunastri also known as oakmoss is used in making perfumes. 

3. Lichen is also used as a preservative for beer.

(c) Methanogens or (d) Cyanobacteria

Fungi are classified into four types on the basis of their structure, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies as follows:

1. Phycomycetes: 

Members of this class are commonly called as algal fungi. These are consisting of aseptate coenocytic hyphae. They grow well in moist and damp places on decaying organic matter as well as in aquatic habitats or as parasites on plants. 

e.g. Mucor, Rhizopus (bread mold), Albugo (parasitic fungus on mustard). 

2. Ascomycetes: 

These are commonly called as sac fungi. These are multicellular. Rarely they are unicellular (e.g. Yeast). Hyphae are branched and septate. They can be decomposers, parasites or coprophilous (grow on dung). Some varieties of this class are consumed as delicacies such as morels and truffles. Neurospora is useful in genetic and biochemical assays. 

e.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Neurospora,

Claviceps, Saccharomyces (unicellular ascomycetes).

3. Basidiomycetes: 

These are commonly called as club fungi. They have branched septate hyphae. 

e.g. Agaricus (mushrooms), Ganoderma (bracket fungi), Ustilago (smuts), Puccinia (rusts), etc. 

4. Deuteromycetes: 

It is a group of fungi which are known to reproduce only asexually. They are commonly called imperfect fungi. They are mainly decomposers, while few are parasitic,

e.g. Alternaria.

Salient features of Kingdom Monera: 

1. Size: The organisms included in this kingdom are microscopic, unicellular and prokaryotic. 

2. Occurrence: These are omnipresent. They are found in all types of environment which are not generally inhabited by other living beings. 

3. Nucleus: These organisms do not have well-defined nucleus. DNA exists as a simple double-stranded circular single chromosome called as nucleoid. Apart from the nucleoid they often show presence of extrachromosomal DNA which is small circular called plasmids. 

4. Cell wall: Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (also called murein) which is a polymer of sugars and amino acids. 

5. Membrane-bound cell organelles: Membrane-bound cell organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum are absent. Ribosomes are present, which are smaller in size (70S) than in eukaryotic cells. 

6. Nutrition: Majority are heterotrophic, parasitic or saprophytic in nutrition. Few are autotrophic that can be either photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs. 

7. Reproduction: The mode of reproduction is asexual or with the help of binary fission or budding. Very rarely, sexual reproduction occurs by conjugation method.

8. Examples: 

Archaebacteria: e.g. Methanobacillus, Thiobacillus, etc.

Eubacteria: e.g. Chlorobium, Chromatium, and Cyanobacteria e.g. Nostoc, Azotobacter, etc.

The shape of bacillus type of bacteria is rodshaped and coccus is spherical.

(i) Useful bacteria: Most of the bacteria act as a decomposer. They breakdown large molecules in simple molecules or minerals.

Examples of some useful bacteria: 

Lactobacillus: It helps in curdling of milk. Azotobacter. It helps to fix nitrogen for plants. 

Streptomyces: It is used in antibiotic production such as streptomycin. 

Methanogens: These are used for production of methane (biogas) gas from dung. Pseudomonas spp. and

Alcanovorax borkumensis: These bacteria have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals. Hence, used to clear the oil spills.

(ii) Harmful bacteria: This includes disease causing bacteria. They cause various diseases like typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, tetanus, etc. 

Examples of some harmful bacteria:

Salmonella typhi: It is a causative organism of typhoid. 

Vibrio cholerae: It causes cholera. Mycobacterium tuberculosis’. It causes tuberculosis.

Clostridium tetani: It causes tetanus.

Clostridium spp: It causes food poisoning. Many forms of mycoplasma are pathogenic. Agrobacterium , Erwinia, etc are the pathogenic bacteria causing plant diseases. Animals and pets also suffer from bacterial infections caused by Brucella, Pastrurella, etc.

Five kingdom system of classification was proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969. This system shows the phylogenetic relationship between the organisms. 

The five kingdoms are: 

1. Kingdom Monera 

2. Kingdom Protista 

3. Kingdom Plantae 

4. Kingdom Fungi 

5. Kingdom Animalia

Animal like protists (Consumer protists): 

(a) They are the primitive animal forms. 

(b) They are also termed as protozoans. 

(c) These are heterotrophic and lack cell wall. 

(d) Amoeboid protozoans have pseudopodia as locomotory organs. E.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba. 

Amoeba is free living form, but Entamoeba is endoparasite and causes amoebic dysentery. 

(e) Flagellated protozoans have flagella as locomotory organ. E.g. Trypanosoma. 

(f) Cilliated protozoans have cilia for locomotion. E.g. Paramoecium.

(g) Plasmodium is a Sporozoan protozoa. It causes malaria. It forms spores in one of its life stages.

Economic importances of fungi are as follows:

1. Role of fungi in medicine:

(a) Antibiotic penicillin is obtained from Penicillium.

(b) Drugs like cyclosporine, immunosuppressant drugs, precursors of steroid hormones, etc are isolated from fungi.

2. Role of fungi in industries: 

(a) Yeast is used in bread making. It causes dough to rise and make the bread light and spongy. It is also used in breweries or wine making industries. Sugars present in grapes are fermented by using yeast. This results in production of alcohol which is used for making wine.

(b) Lichen is a symbiotic association of algae and fungi are used in preparation of litmus paper which is used as acid-base indicator. 

3. Role of fungi in food: 

(a) Fungi like mushrooms are consumed as a food. These are rich source of protein. 

(b) Fungi genus Penicillium helps in ripening of cheese. 

4. Role of fungi as biocontrol agents: 

(a) Fungi help to control growth of weeds. 

(b) Pathogenic fungi like Fusarium sp., Phytophthorapalmivora, Alternaria crassa, etc act as mycoherbicides.

(d) Sporozoan

Taxon is a group of living organisms of any rank in the system of classification.

In plant kingdom, each taxonomic group such as angiospermae, dicotyledonae, polypetalae, malvaceae represents a taxon.

Bacteriophage: 

(a) They have tadpole-like shape. 

(b) They infect bacteria and hence are called as bacteriophage. 

(c) Bacteriophages were discovered by Twort. 

(d) Bacteriophages have double stranded DNA as the genetic material. 

(e) Its body consists of head, collar and tail.

1. These are the smallest living cells known. 

2. They lack cell wall. 

3. Many forms are pathogenic. 

4. They are resistant to common antibiotics because they lack cell wall.

Protists are of different types: 

(i) Plant like protists (Photosynthetic protists): 

(a) They are termed as phytoplanktons, also known as Chrysophytes. 

(b) They are autotrophic (photosynthetic) in nature and form major producers of ocean ecosystem. 

(c)Most of them are referred as Diatoms because they have body wall made up of two soap-box like fitting silica covers. E.g. Diatoms.

1. Dinoflagellates: 

(i) They are aquatic (mostly marine) and autotrophic (photosynthetic). 

(ii) They have wide range of photosynthetic pigments which can be yellow, green, brown, blue and red. 

(iii) The cell wall is made up of cellulosic stiff plates. 

(iv) A pair of flagella is present, hence they are motile. 

(v) They are responsible for famous ‘red tide’. E.g. Gonyaulax. It makes sea appear red. 

2. Euglenoids: 

(i) They lack cell wall but have a tough covering of proteinaceous pellicle. 

(ii) Pellicle covering provides flexibility and contractibility to Euglena.

(iii) They possess two flagella, one short and other long. 

(iv) They behave as heterotrophs in absence of light but possess pigments, similar to that of higher plants, for photosynthesis. 

(ii) Animal like protists (Consumer protists): 

(a) They are the primitive animal forms. 

(b) They are also termed as protozoans. 

(c) These are heterotrophic and lack cell wall. 

(d) Amoeboid protozoans have pseudopodia as locomotory organs. E.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba. 

Amoeba is free living form, but Entamoeba is endoparasite and causes amoebic dysentery. 

(e) Flagellated protozoans have flagella as locomotory organ. E.g. Trypanosoma. 

(f) Cilliated protozoans have cilia for locomotion. E.g. Paramoecium.

(g) Plasmodium is a Sporozoan protozoa. It causes malaria. It forms spores in one of its life stages. 

(iii) Fungi like protists (Consumer decomposer protists): 

(a) They form a group called Myxomycetes. 

(b) They are saprophytic in nature, found on decaying leaves. 

(c) Their cells aggregate to form a large cell mass called plasmodium.

(d) The spores of plasmodium are very tough and survive extreme conditions, e.g. Slime molds.

Characteristics: 

1. It belongs to kingdom Protista. It is further classified as animal like protist. 

2. It lacks cell wall. 

3. It shows heterotrophic and holozoic nutrition. 

4. It is a ciliated protozoan where locomotion is due to cilia. 

5. It has gullet (a cavity) which opens on the cell surface.

Protists are of different types: 

(i) Plant like protists (Photosynthetic protists): 

(a) They are termed as phytoplanktons, also known as Chrysophytes. 

(b) They are autotrophic (photosynthetic) in nature and form major producers of ocean ecosystem. 

(c)Most of them are referred as Diatoms because they have body wall made up of two soap-box like fitting silica covers. E.g. Diatoms.

1. Dinoflagellates: 

(i) They are aquatic (mostly marine) and autotrophic (photosynthetic). 

(ii) They have wide range of photosynthetic pigments which can be yellow, green, brown, blue and red. 

(iii) The cell wall is made up of cellulosic stiff plates. 

(iv) A pair of flagella is present, hence they are motile. 

(v) They are responsible for famous ‘red tide’. E.g. Gonyaulax. It makes sea appear red.

Economic importances of fungi are as follows: 

1. Role of fungi in medicine:

(a) Antibiotic penicillin is obtained from Penicillium.

(b) Drugs like cyclosporine, immunosuppressant drugs, precursors of steroid hormones, etc are isolated from fungi.

2. Role of fungi in industries: 

(a) Yeast is used in bread making. It causes dough to rise and make the bread light and spongy. It is also used in breweries or wine making industries. Sugars present in grapes are fermented by using yeast. This results in production of alcohol which is used for making wine. 

(b) Lichen is a symbiotic association of algae and fungi are used in preparation of litmus paper which is used as acid-base indicator.

3. Role of fungi in food: 

(a) Fungi like mushrooms are consumed as a food. These are rich source of protein. 

(b) Fungi genus Penicillium helps in ripening of cheese. 

4. Role of fungi as biocontrol agents: 

(a) Fungi help to control growth of weeds. 

(b) Pathogenic fungi like Fusarium sp., Phytophthorapalmivora, Alternaria crassa, etc act as mycoherbicides.

Diseases caused by viruses in animals: Swine flu, Small pox, mumps, herpes, common cold, AIDS, etc.

Kingdom Protista shows link with all eukaryotic kingdoms such as kingdom plantae, fungi and animalia.