Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

When medicines are taken without the consultation of doctor, there are certain problems. When the medicines and drugs are taken without any cause or symptom, then it is a misuse. Overdose of pain killers produce side effects. Some of these cause damage to nervous system, excretory system and liver. Overdose of antibiotics develops nausea, stomachache, loose motions and rash, white patches on tongue, etc.

Improper lifestyle, wrong type of diet, lack of exercise, excessive mental stress and strain, imbalance in secretion of hormones, etc. are the main reasons for diabetes and heart diseases.

Causes of diabetes: The pancreas in normal persons secrete hormone insulin which maintains the sugar level in the blood. When there is deficiency of insulin, the symptoms of diabetes develop due to uncontrolled blood sugar level. Hereditary causes also can develop diabetes.

Obesity, lack of physical exercise, mental stress can also lead to diabetes. Overconsumption of fried food and over-indulgence in eating sweetmeats increase the chances of diabetes.

Symptoms of diabetes: The person who develops diabetes has frequent urination and continuous thirst. The body weight also reduces rapidly. Sometimes it may rise suddenly. There is continuous feeling of fatigue.

Addictions such as smoking, alcoholism and junk food lead to heart disease. Diabetes, hypertension, obesity are responsible for developing heart disease. Lack of physical exercise, no physical work, continuous sedentary mode are some causes which reduce the efficiency of the working of heart. Mental strain and stress, anger, frustration, anxiety are some psychological reasons that can lead to heart problems

A person who is suffering from cardiac problems can get a heart attack suddenly. In such case, the patient should be given immediate and appropriate treatment to save his or her life. First and foremost one should call 108 for cardiac ambulance. Then the patient’s pulse or heartbeats should be checked to know his/her condition. Check the consciousness of the patient. Then make the patient to lie on a hard surface in horizontal position.

Perform C.O.L.S. or, ‘Compression Only Life Support’ on the patient. During this procedure, a pressure is given in the centre of the thorax of a patient for at least 30 times at the rate of 100 to 120 r strokes per minute. This is a first aid for the r heart attack. Before the arrival of doctor or proper medical aid, the life of a patient is saved.

(i) Master ‘X’ stays in an area which is devoid of cleanliness. The public toilet is near his house. This indicates that he will have to fight against many infectious diseases. Because his father is a drunkard, there will always be a dearth of money in r the house. He may not be able to afford, enough and balanced food. Thus his diet must be deficient in vitamins and minerals.

Moreover, his mother is ignorant about the importance of health and a balanced diet. This must be causing Master ‘X’ malnourishment and loss of immunity. The financial conditions and the addition of the father must be causing stress in the house.

This will further add stress on Master ‘X’ resulting into susceptibility to infections. As it is due to the location the germs are around and thus they may be attacking Master ‘X’. He will on and off suffer from digestive disorders! such as typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, enteritis, etc.

(ii) Initially, we shall help Master ‘X’ to procure healthy and balanced diet having fruits, vegetables, milk, etc. His mother will be taught importance of the balanced diet. The surroundings should be clean and hygienic. Food should be covered, houseflies should not be allowed to contaminate the food. Germicidal floor cleaners and disinfectants should be used to keep off the houseflies and cockroaches. His father will be taken to de-addiction centres such as ‘Alcoholics Anonymous’. He will be persuaded to leave alcoholism.

(iii) Father of Master ‘X’ can develop diseases of liver and kidney.

Blood donation is said to be the greatest donation that one can give. Blood donation can save someone’s life. By one unit blood of a single donor, three different patients can be saved. From such blood red blood cells, white blood cells and blood i platelets can be separated and given to different patients who are in need with corresponding component. Blood cannot be manufactured artificially and hence blood donation is the only way to collect blood. One healthy person can donate blood four r times in a year, thus saving 12 patients.

Anybody can donate eyes posthumously. Due to eye donation, some blind person can regain the sight.

1. There are definite blood groups. 

2. During blood transfusion, the donor’s and recipient’s blood should be well-matched with each other. Otherwise, blood gets clumped inside the body of recipient. 

3. Through infected blood, the viruses such as those causing hepatitis B or AIDS are transmitted to other healthy persons. Thus, for prevention of transmission of such diseases, blood should be checked before blood donation.

1. Regular and balanced diet results into perfect health. The disease fighting power or immunity of a person is increased due to healthy diet.

2. One can avoid of frequent infections and also mental well¬being is established. 

3. Heart disease, diabetes, obesity, etc. can be avoided by not consuming high caloric junk food. 

4. Exercise improves blood circulation. Many disorders which are caused by faulty lifestyle can be prevented by having regular balanced diet and exercise, thus one must always follow these for wellbeing.

1. Smoking and alcoholism are two dangerous habits that cause addictions. Alcoholism causes disorders of liver. 

2. The addict suffers from malnourishment. 

3. His I mental and psychological conditions become abnormal. There is social and familial) impacts too due to alcoholistn. 

4. Smoking is an invitation for cancer. In cigarettes/ bidis, there is hazardous nicotine. Nicotine is not only toxic but is also carcinogenic. Cancers of oral cavity, tongue, respiratory tract, lungs is very common among smokers. Therefore, addictions like smoking and alcoholism should always be avoided.

i. Improving protein content and quality.

ii. Improving oil content and quality.

iii. Improving vitamin content and quality.

iv. Improving micronutrient or mineral content.

a. Selection of parents: Only those plants should be selected which have desired traits.

b. Crossing over: Pollen grains from selected male plant is collected and transferred to the female plant after which it is bagged.

They were successfully crossed to yield hybrid varieties having the following desirable qualities.

• High yield
• Thick stem
• High sugar content
• Ability to grow in North Indian sugar cane growing region.

Artificial selection is the intentional breeding of plants or animals. Selective breeding is a technique used when breeding domesticated animals, such as dogs, pigeons or cattle.

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time.

Black rot of crucifers is a bacterial disease

Steps involved in hybrid variety production:

i. The continuous inbreeding is maintained to obtain an inbred line.

ii. A series of tests are done to evaluate the inbred.

iii. F₁ seeds are produced in large scale to distribute among farmers to check for subsequent generations.

(c) Both pectinase and cellulas

The plant cell without the cell wall is called protoplast.

The ability of protoplasts obtained from two different cells to fuse and form a hybrid protoplast is called protoplast fusion.

Crop varieties can be made disease-resistant by conventional breeding methods or by mutation breeding. The germplasm is screened for resistance sources or mutations are introduced, followed by hybridisation of selected parents. The resulting hybrids are evaluated and tested. Finally, disease-resistant varieties are released.

Disease-resistant variety of:

a. Wheat to leaf and stripe rust—Himgiri.

b. Brassica to white rust—Pusa swarnim.

Plant raised through tissue cultures are clones of the parent plant that means they are genetically identical to the original plant. They are utilised for maintaining a desirable trait of parent.

Meristems have the capacity of division while permanent tissue have lost the capacity of division.

The property of plant cells that helped them to grow into a new plant is totipotency.

The advantages of micropropagation are:

i. It is possible to achieve propagation of a large number of plants in very short durations. Plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc., have been produced on commercial scale.

ii. Healthy plants can be recovered from diseased plants by micropropagation. This is done by removing the meristem, which is disease-free and growing it in vitro. This has been done in banana, sugar cane, potato, etc.

1. In cucumber and sunflower, the flower is not controlled by light period. 

2. Both these plants flower in all light periods. 

3. Cucumber and sunflower, therefore, are regarded as photoneutral plants.

A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, features, size, configuration, etc., are said to belong to a breed. Hisardale is a new breed of sheep. A group of individual that is reproductively isolated from other such group is called species. For examples, Panthera leo (lion) and Mangifera indica are different species. 

Plant have meristematic cells that have the capacity of division, so can grow easily in in vitro culture. Animals have mainly differentiated cells that have lost the capacity of division.

1. In vascular plants, growth is indeterminate and occurs at specific regions where meristems are located. 

2. Meristems are of three types based on their location – apical, intercalary and lateral. 

3. Meristems are thin walled cells with prominent nucleus with granular cytoplasm, non-vacuolated. 

4. Mitotic divisions take place in meristematic cells.

It is scientifically possible. By application of tissue culture it is possible to achieve propagation of a large number of plants in very short durations. This method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called micro propagation. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown, i.e., they are somaclones.

1. These are proteinaceous pigments present 

2. Phytochrome exists in two interconvertible forms. P and P . 

3. Phytochromes are located in cell membranes of chlorophyllous cells. 

4. When P absorbs red light it is converted to P_r .

5. P_fr is accumulated in plants during daytime and inhibits flowering in SDP but initiates flowering in LDP

1. Effect of temperature on flowering of plants is known as vernalization. 

2. For inducing early flowering pretreatment of seeds or seedlings is done at 1 to 6°C for about a months duration. 

3. Shoot apical meristem is believed to be site of vernalization stimulus. 

4. Vernalization stimulus is in a form of chemical named vernalin. 

5. Vernalization is effective in ereals (wheat) and crucifers.

Name any plant growth regulator used in plant tissue culture.

The culture medium (nutrient medium) can be referred to as a ‘highly enriched laboratory soil’ because in culture medium we must provide a carhon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and growth regulators like auxins, cytpkinins etc. .

(a) Explant 

(b) Toti potency

1. Formative phase is the first phase of growth. 

2. During this phase, the meristematic cells undergo mitosis to form new cells. 

3. During formative phase, the rate of growth is slow. 

4. The phase of cell formation is also called lag phase. 

5. This phase is also known as phases of cell division.

Yes, the cells that has lost the capability of division can regain the capacity of division through dedifferentiation. So, in plant tissue culture experiments more success is achieved.

1. Development is progressive changes taking place in shape, form and degree of complexity in an organism. 

2. In plants, it includes all the changes taking place in sequence from seed germination to senescence or death of plant. 

3. Development is an orderly process. 

4. It includes growth, morphogenesis, maturation and senescence.

Correct answer is (a) IAA

Correct answer is (d) Mn

Correct answer is (c) Interfascicular cambium

1. Plasticity is the capacity of plant being molded or formed. 

2. It is ability of plant to develop different kinds of structures in response to environmental factors or stimuli. 

3. Different kinds of structures can be developed in plants due to internal stimuli in different phases, i.e. juvenile and adult. 

4. Heterophylly is shown in plant in different phases or in different environmental conditions. 

5. In coriander and cotton plants, two different kinds of leaves are observed in young (juvenile) and mature (adult) plant. 

6. In buttercup, two different kinds of leaves are observed in terrestrial (on land) and aquatic (in water) habitat.

In plants like cotton, coriander and larkspur heterophylly is observed where leaves in juvenile stage and adult stage show different forms.

Correct answer is (b) Tryptophan

Correct answer is (a) Ca