Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

An abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells is termed as cancer.

In our body, the growth and differentiation of cells is highly controlled and regulated. The normal cells show a property called contact inhibition. The surrounding cell inhibits uncontrolled growth and division of a cell. The normal cells when lose this property, become cancerous, giving rise to masses of cells called tumours. Transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is induced by some physical, chemical or biological agents (carcinogens).

Friction can be reduced by using polished surfaces, using lubricants, using grease and using ball bearings.

In haemophilic persons, clotting of blood takes an hour to 24 hours. Such persons bleed excesivelly form even minor wounds. Continuous bleeding may cause death. So it is also called bleeder's desease.

Polar nuclei.

(b) two synergid and one egg cells

The pollen grains are smooth, dry, light, non-sticky and may be winged.

1. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is called pollination.

2. Wind water and animals

3. In vallisneria the female flowers reach the surface of water by long stalk and the male flowers or pollen grains are released to the surface of water and are carried by water currents to the female flower and fertilization takes place.

The phenomenon of formation of seeds without fertilization is called Apomixis. Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction. In this phenomenon , the diploid egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into the embryo without fertilization.

(a) Single megaspore mother cell (MMC) in the micropylar region of the nucellus undergoes meiotic division results in the production of four megaspores. In a majority of flowering plants, one of the megaspores is functional while the other three degenerate. Only one functional megaspore develops into the female gametophyte (embryo sac).

(b) 2 polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus in the large central cell. Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitute the egg apparatus. The egg apparatus consists of two synergids and one egg cell. The synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, which play an important role in guiding the pollen tubes into the synergid. Three cells are at the chalazal end and are called the antipodals.

Producers consumers -> detritus -> soil solution -> Minerals in rock

The seedless grapes are developed through induced parthenocarpy.

(i) (a) Autogamy

(b) Geitonogamy 

(ii) (a) Transfer of pollen from antherto the stigma of the same ower is called autogamy.

(b) Transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma of a dierent ower on the same plant.

1. Parthenocarpy

2. Perisperm

3. Scutellum 

4. Coleorhizae

A fruit which is formed by any floral parts of the flower other than ovary, eg. apple, pear, cashew nut, etc. 

Since banana fruit is formed from ovary it is true fruit. It is parthenocarpic because the ovary develops into fruit without fertilization.

Parthenocarpy

Cannabis, Coconut

Parthenocarpy

The thick protective covering of the fruit is known as Pericarp

Anamnestic response is the secondary response which is elicited when our body encounters with the same antigen to which the body has previously encountered.

• Fresh water – vallesneria
• Hydrolla Aquatic – Zoster

Syngamy  :  Restoration (2n) chromosome number/ diploidy / zygote formation / variations (due to syngamy). 

Meiosis :  Gamete formation / reduction of (n) chromosome number/haploidy / variation (due to crossing over).

Sporopollenin.

Emasculation : If the female parent bears bisexual flowers, removal of anthers from the flower's bud before the anther dehiscence, using a pair of forceps is referred to as emasculation.

Bagging  : Emasculated flowers have to be covered with a bag of suitable size, generally made up of butter paper, to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging. 

Importance : When the stigma of bagged flower attains receptivity, mature pollen grains collected {rom anthers of the male parents are dusted on the stigma and the flowers are rebagged, and the fruits are allowed to develop. If the female parent produces unisexual female flowers, there is no need of emasculation. The female flower buds are bagged before the flowers open. When the stigma becomes receptive, pollination is carried out using the desired pollen and the florver is rebagged.

Apomixis in the mechanism of seed production without involving the process of meiosis and syngamy. It plays an important role in hybrid seed production. The method of producing hybrid seeds by cultivation is very expensive for farmers. Also by sowing hybrid seeds, it is difficult to maintain hybrid . characters that segregate during meiosis. Apomixis prevents the loss of specific characters in the hybrid. Also it is a cost effective method for producing seeds.

Fruits derived not from the ovary but from other accessory floral parts are called false fruits. On the contrary, true fruits are those fruits in which fleshy part develop from ovary, but don’t consists of the thalamus or any other floral parts. In an apple the fleshy receptacle forms the main edible part. Hence it is a false fruit.

Removal of anthers from the flower bud of a bisexual flower before the anther dehisces using a pair of forceps.

Given, Focal length of objective, fo​=150 cm

Focal length of eye-piece, fe​=5 cm

Height of tower, H=100 m

Distance of tower, u=3 km

Magnification of telescope is given by:

m=−fe​fo​​(1+Dfe​​)

m=−5150​(1+255​)=−36

Also, m=tanαtanβ​

tanα=H/u=100/3000=1/30

tanβ=−3036​

tanβ=DH′​

Height of the image of the tower, H′=−30−36×25​=−30cm

Specific Heat of water is more than land (earth). Therefore for given heat change in temp. of land is more than ocean (water).

Answer is (C) kinetic energy

The term hot refers to higher temperature and temperature depends on kinetic energy.

Answer is (A) same for all types of molecules.

RH=VP/SVP

The point where the vapour starts condensing, VP = SVP
We know P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
R_H SVP × 10 = SVP × V₂ => V₂ = 10R_H => 10 × 0.4 = 4 cm³

Given:

L = 2m; 

B = 7.5cm = 0.075m; 

D = 5cm = 0.05m 

P = 1000kN

\(\delta\)L = 2mm = 0.002m 

\(\delta\)b = 10 × 10^-6 m.

Longitudinal strain 

e_L = et = \(\delta\)L/L = 0.002/2 = 0.001 

Lateral strain

\(\delta\)b/b = 10 × 10^-6/0.075 = 0.000133

Tensile stress (along the length)

\(\sigma\)_t = P/A = (1000 × 1000)/(0.075 × 0.05) = 0.267 × 10⁹ N/m²

Modulus of elasticity, 

E = \(\sigma\)_t /e_t = 0.267 × 10⁹ /0.001 = 267 × 10⁹ N/m²

Poisson’s ratio = Lateral strain/ Longitudinal strain 

= (\(\delta\)b/b)/(\(\delta\)L/L) = 0.000133/0.001

It is an example of momentum conservation in which the large backward momentum of the ejected gases imparts an equal forward momentum to the rocket. Due to the decrease in mass of the rocket-fuel system, the acceleration of the rocket keeps on increasing.

Since the aluminium cylinder is 0.16 mm longer than the steel cylinder, the load required to compress this cylinder by 0.16 mm will be found as follows : 

E = stress/ strain = P.L/A.\(\delta\)L 

Or P = E.A.\(\delta\)L/L 

= 70 × 10⁹ × \(\pi\)/4 (0.1² - 0.075²) × 0.00016/0.50016 = 76944 N 

When the aluminium cylinder is compressed by its extra length 0.16 mm, the load then shared by both aluminium as well as steel cylinder will be, 

500000 – 76944 = 423056 N

Let e_s = strain in steel cylinder 

e_a = strain in aluminium cylinder 

\(\sigma\)_s = stress produced in steel cylinder 

\(\sigma\)_a = stress produced in aluminium cylinder 

E_s = 220 GN/m² 

E_a = 70 GN/m²

As both the cylinders are of the same length and are compressed by the same amount

e_s = e_a 

\(\sigma\)_s /E_s =\(\sigma\)_a /E_a 

or; \(\sigma\)s = E_s/E_a.\(\sigma\)_a= (220 × 10⁹ /70 × 10⁹ ). 

\(\sigma\)_a = (22/7). \(\sigma\)_a

Also P_s + P_a = P 

or; \(\sigma\)_s As + \(\sigma\)_a. A_a = 423056 (22/7). 

 As + \(\sigma\)a A_a = 423056 ...(i) 

A_s = \(\pi\)/4 (0.07² ) = 0.002199 m² 

A_a = \(\pi\)/4 (0.12 – 0.075² ) = 0.003436 m²

Putting the value of A_s and A_a in equation (i) we get

\(\sigma\)_a = 27.24 × 10⁶ N/m² = 27.24 MN/m² 

\(\sigma\)_S = 22/7 × 27.24 = 85.61 MN/m²

Stress in the aluminium cylinder due to load 76944 N

= 76944/ \(\pi\)/4 (0.12 - 0.0752) 

= 23.39 × 10⁹ N/m² = 22.39 MN/m²

Total stress in aluminium cylinder 

= 27.24 + 22.39 = 49.63 MN/m² 

and stress in steel cylinder = 85.61 MN/m²

e₁ = \(\frac{40000}{(20\times20)(2.05\times10^5)}\) = 4.88 x 10^-4

e₂ = e₃ = - \(\frac{e_1}m\) = - 4.88 x 0.3 x 10^-4 = -1.464 x 10^-4

δV/V = e₁ + e₂ + e₃ = [4.88 - (1.464 x 2)]10^-4 = 1.952 x 10^-4

V = 200 x 20 x 20 = 80000 mm³ 

\(\therefore\) δV = 1.952 x 80000 x 10^-4 = 15.62 mm³

Correct answer is

C. ClF > ICl > IBr > BrCl > BrF

As a diverging lens.

Light rays diverge on going from a rarer to a denser medium.

(i) Refractive index (μ) = 1/sin C

where C is the critical angle.

(ii) Since, refractive index depends upon the wavelength of light, the critical angle for a given pair of media is different for different wavelengths (colours) of light.

During sunset or sunrise, the rays of light from sun travel through a long distance through air. Thus, the apparent image of sun is formed closer to eye, which in turn appears bigger. 

 D) \(\cfrac{h_i}{h_o}\)

Correct answer is (c) thermionic

Law treats all citizens equally : Equality before the law

(b) Aerosol sprays

Application of the abstract concept of justice through the implementation of the law : Legal justice

Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985

This statement is True. 

• The concept of social justice implies equal social opportunities for every individual to progress to the fullest possible extent. Social justice is reformative i.e., it aims at a revision of the social order and involves the eradication of existing social evils.
•  Social justice is also distributive i.e., available resources should be equitably distributed to ensure social welfare.

(d) Leakage of poisonous gas

The disease ‘Minamata’ is caused by poisoning Mercury