Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct Answer is :(b) PHP

String is a collection of characters within the double quotes or single quotes.

Correct Answer is : (d) Logical

The variable in PHP begins with a dollar ($) symbol and the assignment activity implemented using “ = ” operator, finally the statement ends with semi colon The semicolon indicates the end of statement. $a=5; $b=T0;

Server Side Scripting Language: 

1. Server is a high performance hardware machine. It could run more than one application concurrently. 

2. The server is the service provider. 

3. Ex. Php. Asp.net, Python, Cold Fusion 

4. It is relatively secure

Client Side Scripting Language: 

1. The client is a separate hardware machine which is connected with server in the network. 

2. The client is the service requester 

3. html, css, Javascript 

4. Insecure

Web Scripting languages was introduced to support Internet online business.

1. The server is a high performance hardware machine it could run more than one application concurrently. 

2. Most of the server side scripting languages are working on any one the client server architecture model. 

3. Webserver is software which is running in server hardware.

4. It takes the responsibilities for compilation and execution of server side scripting languages.

F=(X+Y’).(X+Z’)

Resource variables holds specific handlers to handle files and database connections.

Correct Answer is : UNIQUE

Correct Answer is : (c) >=

Case (I) variables are used to classify the data according to the logics Case

(a) variable name can start with number

Operator is a symbol which is used to perform mathematical and logical operations.

Correct Answer is: (c) 3

Correct Answer is : (a) != (b)=

F(P,Q)=(P’+Q).(P+Q’)

PQ’+PR’

=P(Q’+R’)

HTTP means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Correct Answer is : (d) 6

(c) Comparision

(i) X + X. Y = X

L.H.S = X + X.Y

         = X.1 + X.Y

        = X(1 + Y)

       = X.1

      = X = R.H.S

(ii) X + X'.Y = X + Y

L.H.S = X + X'.Y

         = (X + X').(X + Y)

        = 1.(X + Y)

       = X + Y = R.H.S

Var_dump:

1. The var_dump( ) function is used to dump information about a variable. 

2. This function displays structured information such as type and value of the given variable. 

3. Arrays and objects are explored recursively with values indented to show structure.

HTTP:

1. HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. 

2. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. 

3. This protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted. 

4. The actions taken by web servers and browsers in response to various commands.

Adenosine-tri-phosphate.

They are also the organic compounds of carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) but there is no specific ratio between hydrogen and oxygen.

In winter sweating is less so more water is given out in the form of urine. Reverse process happens in summer.

(B) Hypopharynx

Nervous system in cockroach: 

Nervous system of cockroach is ventral, solid and ganglionated. It consists of central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and autonomous nervous system (ANS). 

Central nervous system (CNS): 

Central nerv ous system consists of nerve ring and ventral nerve cord. 

1. Nerve ring consists of: 

a. a pair of supra-oesophageal ganglia 

b. a pair of circum-oesophageal connectives 

c. a pair of sub-oesophageal ganglia 

(a) Supra-oesophageal ganglia or cerebral ganglia: A pair of supra-oesophageal ganglia is collectively known as the brain. Brain is present in head, above the oesophagus and between antennal bases. Each supraoesophageal ganglion is formed by the fusion of three small ganglia – protocerebram, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum. 

(b) Circum-oesophageal connectives: Supraoesophageal ganglia are connected to suboesophageal ganglion by a pair of lateral nerves called as circum-oesophageal connectives. Connectives arise from supraoesophagial ganglia. 

(c) Sub-oesophageal ganglia: It is a bilobed and present below the oesophagus, in head. It is also formed by the fusion of three pairs of ganglia.

2. Ventral nerve cord: 

a. It arises from the sub-oesophageal ganglion. It is present along mid-ventral position, in perineural sinus. 

b. It is double ventral nerve cord and consists of nine segmental, paired ganglia. 

c. First three pairs of segmental ganglia are large and known as thoracic ganglia. The other six pairs of segmental ganglia are in abdomen (abdominal ganglia). 

d. 6th abdominal ganglion is the largest and it is present in 7th abdominal segment. 

e. There is no ganglion in 6th segment. 

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

1. The peripheral nervous system comprises of nerves that arise from various ganglia of CNS 

2. Six pairs of nerves arise from the supraoesophageal ganglia.They supply to the eyes, antenna and labrum. 

3. Nerves arising from the suboesophageal ganglion supply to the mandibles, maxillae and labium. 

4. Nerves arising from the thoracic ganglia supply to the wings, legs and internal thoracic organs. 

5. Nerves from abdominal ganglia go to the abdominal organs of respective abdominal segments. 

6. Autonomic nervous system (ANS): It consists of four ganglia and a retrocerebral complex.

The ganglia are as follows: 

1. Frontal ganglion: It is present above the pharynx and in front of brain. 

2. Hypocerebral ganglion: It is present on the anterior region of oesophagus.

3. Ingluvial ganglion: It is present on crop. It is also called as visceral ganglion. 

4. Ventricular ganglion: It is present on gizzard.

Urea can be removed by the process called hemodialysis in patients suffering from uremia. Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit after adding an anti coagulant like heparin. The unit contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded by a fluid having the same composition as that of plasma except the nitrogenous waste.

The porous ceilophare membrane of the tube allows the passage of molecules based on concentration gradient. As nitrogenous wastes are absent in the dialysing fluid, these substances freely move out, thereby clearing the blood. The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a vein after adding anti heparin to it.

Due to reduction in number of helper T-cells, immune system of person become weak.

Uremia: It is a condition which leads to the accumulation of urea in the blood due to the malfunctioning of kidneys, which is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure. 

Renal calculi: Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts like oxalates etc. formed within the kidney is termed as Renal calculi.

Glomerulonephritis: It is a condition of inflammation of glomeruli of kidney.

CO₂ combines with haemoglobin more quickly and firmly than O₂.

All living organisms follow a pre-destined order and cycle in life. And this cycle applies to everything from the carbon cycle to the cyclic nature of food consumed by organisms. So this would mean that if you intake something, you expel something out. This process of expelling something out, in living organisms, is undertaken by the excretory system. And the ‘something’ is nothing other than the biochemical waste generated by cellular metabolism. From this, it could be easily deciphered that if the kidneys, which are the central part of the excretory system, collapse or malfunction or have some disorders, it would lead to the accumulation of waste or urea in the blood. This condition is known as uremia. It is highly harmful and could lead to the failure of kidneys. 

Kidneys play a vital role in keeping our body clan and healthy by filtering our blood and removing all extra fluid in the form of urine. In certain cases, these pair of kidney stops functioning. Then the dialysis replaces some of these functions when our kidneys could no longer perform this functions. 

Dialysis is an artificial process used for filtering the blood in the human body. There are two different types of dialysis – hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The following is all about hemodialysis. 

Hemodialysis 

Hemodialysis comes into play when urea is removed. In this process, the blood is drained carefully from whichever artery is convenient and sends it to the dialyzing unit. The unit contains a porous membrane which allows passage of molecules on the basis of the concentration gradient. 

Kidney Transplant 

The kidney transplant would be the ultimate method to facilitate the correction of acute renal or kidney failure. The process involved elaborate and relies heavily on the availability of a functioning kidney from donors. There are numerous complications that could occur. To avoid these, preferably the kidney should be a close or distant relative. But the marvels of modern technology are boundless. These modern techniques have gone a long way in reducing most of the complications related to the kidney transplant. 

Other Disorders 

There is a wide range of disorders associated with the human excretory system. To avoid long and difficult procedures like kidney transplant, one must lead a healthy life. Nevertheless, some of the different types of disorders include renal calculi, where the patient has a stone or insoluble mass in his kidney and Glomerulonephritis where an inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney takes place.

Disorders of Excretory system : 

Uremia - The accumulation of urea in blood due to malfunctioning of kidney. 

Hemodialysis - The process of removal of urea from the blood artificially. In this process the blood from an artery is passed into dialysing unit after adding an anticoagulant like heparin. The blood passes through coiled cellophane tube surrounding by dialysing fluid. The nitrogenous wastes from the concentration gradient and the blood becomes clear. This blood is pumped back to the body through vein after adding anti-heparin to it. 

Renal calculi - The formation of insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates or phosphates of calcium). 

Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney

RAAS is Renin Angiotensinogen Aldosterone system.

Amonotelism is a phenomenon wherein the nitrogenous waste material is predominantly excreted in the form of Ammonia

Example: Tadpole of Frog.

Lungs - remove large amounts of CO₂ (18 litres/day) and also significant quantities of water every day. 

Liver- secretes bile-containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs. Most of these substances ultimately pass out along with digestive wastes.

Sweat and sebaceous glands - These glands of skin help to eliminate small amount of urea, NaCl and lactic acid etc. through sweat while subaceous glands help to eliminate some substances like steroids, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum. 

Saliva - It can help to eliminate small amount of nitrogenous wastes.

Glomerulonephritis.

Uremia is caused by high concentration of urea in the blood.

Liver: This largest gland in our body, secretes bile – containing substances like bilirubin, biliviridin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs. Most of these substances ultimately pass out along with digestive wastes.

Lungs: Lungs remove large amounts of CO₂, about 18 liters/day and also significant qualities of water every day. 

Skin: The sweat and sebaceous glands in the skin eliminate certain substances through their secretions. Sweat is a watery fluid containing NaCI, small amounts of urea, lactic acid etc. Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum.

Vim formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to the urinary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary signal is given by the central nervous system (CNS). This signal is initiated by the stretching of the urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine. In response, the stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder send signals to ie CNS. The CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter causing the release of urine. The process of release of urine is called micturition and the neural mechanisms causing it is called the micturition reflex.

(a) True

(b) False

(c) True

(d) True

(e) True

(a) TRUE

(b) FALSE

(c) TRUE

(d) TRUE

(e) TRUE

 Micturition: Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to the urinary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary signal is given by the central nervous system (CNS). This signal is initiated by the stretching of the urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine. In response, the stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder send signals to the CNS. The CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter causing the release of urine. The process of release of urine is called micturition and the neural mechanisms causing it is called the micturition reflex.

The process of release of urine is called micturition.

Uremia is a condition in which urea is accumulated in blood due to malfunctioning of kidneys.

Insects like cockroach, grasshopper etc. have Malpighian tubules as excretory structures.

Crustaceans like prawn, crab etc. have antennal (green) glands as excretory structures.

Kidneys are the excretory organs in human.

Lungs, liver and skin.