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Wrong: 80° 4′ 65″ N is a north parallel.

Wrong: Latitudes are parallel to each other.

The Chief Executive (Administrative) Officer of a Municipal Corporation is the Municipal Commissioner.

The Mayor is elected head of a Municipal Corporation.

Cantonment Board has been set up in an area where the armed forces personnel are living.

Disasters and terrorism may strike thickly populated areas at anytime. Communication is most important in such situations. And conventional communications like cell phones fail exactly in those emergencies. It is in those times Ham radio comes handy. Ham radio uses high frequency and automatic batteries. And the Ham volunteers are skilful and ever ready to work. Failure of the system is very less likely. The only problem is the availability of information about Ham operators. During 2001 Gujarath Earthquake, 2001 attacks on WTC in the USA, 2004 Tsunami in India, Ham radio served disaster management personnel wonderfully. Ham radio is useful in day to day problems like medical emergencies too. Anyone above 12 with no specific educational qualifications can appear for Ham radio licence test and on passing it can obtain the licence.

Ham radio operators can take up rescue operations during road and fire accidents ; war and mega social, cultural or religious gatherings.

Ham radio is inevitable in times of calamities. This is because conventional communication network fails during disasters.

The ellipse through K₁ and K₂ is larger than the ellipse through P₁ and P₂. This is because the distance between K₁ K₂ is greater than the distance between P₁ P₂.

Chief Executive officer is an appointee of the State Government. He looks after the administrative wing of the Municipal Committee.

Under the administrative control of the Army General Officer in Command, a Cantonment Board functions.

The Cantonment Boards are funded by the Ministry of Defense.

The Municipal Commissioner is the Chief Executive of the Corporation. He is appointed by the Governor usually for a term of 5 years.

The cities with a population of one lakh and above can have a Municipal Corporation. It is set up under a special statute passed by the State Legislative.

The Improvement Trust looks after the specialized functions of the city. This is a government body.

Municipal Committee is set up for smaller Towns with a population between20,000to 3 lakhs.

The Chairperson is its head.

The Discretionary functions of a Municipal Corporation are

 1. Transport Facilities: Local authorities may manage a bus service for carrying people from one place to another.

 2. Cultural Activities: The Municipal Corporations may establish libraries and museums. Cultural activities like— drama, music and painting are also encouraged by Municipal Corporations. 

3. Sports and Recreation: The Corporation organizes fairs, exhibitions and wrestling events. Recreational facilities may also be provided.

 4. Welfare Services: Municipal Corporation is expected to launch family welfare schemes and to undertake poverty alleviation programmers. The Corporation can look after public distribution system too.

Compulsory function—Provision of electricity water, sewage disposal.

Optional function—Public housing through housing boards or other bodies.

The minimum age should be 21 years.

It is an urban area. often on the outskirts of a large city with military establishment has a Cantonment Board. It is set up by the Union Ministry of Defense for providing basic amenities to defense personnel and managing the local affairs of these areas.

Ideals with the State Government through the District Administration with respect to Education, Health, Engineering, Taxation etc.

(a) From the following, we can better understand the difference between the compulsory functions and optional functions. 

Compulsory Functions: 

Public Health and Sanitation: 

1. It undertakes the responsibility of maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, cleaning public lanes and preventing the sale of rotten food-stuffs and adulterated milk etc. 

2. Electricity and Water Supply: It provides safe drinking- water and electricity for domestic and commercial use. 

3. Education and Sports: The Municipalities establish primary and secondary .schools. They also provide facilities to young boys and girls to develop their aptitude for sports. 

4. Public Works: The public works mainly’ include the construction of roads, shopping centers and community halls. 

5. Registration of Births and Deaths: The Municipals Boards maintain an account of births and deaths in the city. 

Optional Functions: 

1. Transport Facilities: Local authorities may manage a bus service for carrying people from one place to another. 

2. Cultural Activities: The Municipal Corporations may establish libraries and museums. Cultural activities like— drama, music and painting are also encouraged by Municipal Corporations. 

3. Sports and Recreation: The Corporation organizes fairs, exhibitions and wrestling events. Recreational facilities may also be provided. 

4. Welfare Services: Municipal Corporation is expected to launch family welfare schemes and to undertake poverty alleviation programmers. The Corporation can look after public distribution system too. 

(b) For carrying out the above functions an organization system that exists is known as Municipal Corporation. Which comprises of the following bodies. 

1. General Council

2. The Mayor

3. The Standing Committee

4. A Municipal Commissioner.

Town Area Committee

It is set up in Towns with the population between 10.000 to 20000.

Notified Area Committee

It is set up in areas which are in Transition from rural to urban. mostly in the outskirts of big

Municipal Corporation 

1. It is for cities with more than 10 lakh population 

2. The head is Mayor. 

3. It deals with the State Government directly. 

4. It has more powers and more sources of revenue. 

Municipal Committee 

1. It is for 20,000-3 lakh population cities. 

2. The head is Chairperson. 

3. It deals with state government through the District Administration. It has comparatively less powers and fewer sources of revenue. 

(b) Three wing are: 

1. General body of the Municipal Committee: The members of the General Body of the Municipal Committee are called Councillors. They are elected from Municipal wards. The number of members depends on the population of the city. 

2. Chairperson/President: A Chairperson and a ViceChairperson are elected indirectly by the members from among themselves. The Chairperson of a Municipality enjoys vast powers. His functions are similar to those of the Mayor. 

3. Chief Executive officer: The Chief-Executive Officer is an appointee of the State government and usually belongs to the State Civil Services. He looks after the administrative wing of the municipal community. General body is the main administrative body. Chairperson looks after every activity and programmer and the Chief Executive Officer looks after the administrative wing of the Municipal Committee.

Bheemunipatnam was the oldest municipality in Andhra Pradesh. It was established in 1861.

Following are the defects regarding the concerned headlines in the working of local self-government institutions: 

(a) Communal and Caste factors: Democracy loses its substance if voters are swayed by communal or caste factors. It is unfortunate that candidates are selected on the basis of their caste or community and voters are persuaded to vote on caste and communal lines.

(b ) Role of Money in Elections: In the heat of the election- campaign, the rich, farmers and traders squander a lot of money, usually in a wasteful way. This tendency gives a severe set-back blow to the electoral prospects of the capable candidates who are not in a position to spend much on elections. 

(c) Paucity of Funds: The most serious confronting the rural and the urban bodies is the shortage of funds. These institutions have been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing plans for economic and social development, rural electrification, poverty alleviation slum improvement and urban forestry. To undertake such onerous tasks, the local bodies are yet to start functioning with independence and sufficient resources. Panchayats and urban bodies can become responsive to the local needs through effective participation of the people and sufficient funds at their command.

Two advantage of Local Self-Government are:

1. Effective Management of the Local Affairs.

2. Good Training for running the Central and State Governments.

(a) Town Area Committee: It is set up in towns with a population between 10,000 to 20,000.It looks after sanitation, water, electricity, health services, transport, shopping markets etc. 

(b) Notified Area Committee: It is set up in areas in transition from rural to urban areas. The functions are similar to town area committee. 

(c) Cantonment Board: It is an urban area at the outskirt of a large city, with military establishment has a Cantonment Board. It is significant for the safety and welfare of the city. The head is an Army officer. It looks after health, cleanliness, electricity recreation for the residents of the area.

Two defects in the working of local self-government institutions are:

1. Interference by Political Bosses.

2. The paucity of Funds.

1. Unethical Means Adopted in Elections.

2. Low Rate of Literacy.

All the Sarpanchas (President) of the Panchayats within the Block are the ex-officio members of a Panchayat Samiti.

I think common people are not able to participate in the process of decision making in Panchayat or Municipality.

1.  The people may not be informed about the meeting. It will result in less attendance in Panchayat or Municipality meetings. 
2.  Even people attend the meeting a few people only can express their opinions. Such situations occur because people find themselves in fear.

Services provided by the Grama Volunteers:

1.  Government services are to be delivered at the doorstep of all eligible households irrespective of Caste/Religion/Creed/Gender/Political affiliation.
2.  If any person in the ward request any service volunteer should transfer the data to the village secretariat. 
3.  The services/schemes of the government should be explained in detail and also have to assist them to apply which is under him/her. 
4.  The grama volunteer should attend the meeting held in the grama secretariat and have to maintain the record of the issues and requests which he collected to the authority. 
5.  The volunteer should guide the people under him regarding security, education, health, and employment.
6.  The volunteer should resolve the issues such as roads, street lights, drains, and drinking water.

Following are the defects regarding the concerned headlines in the working of local self-government institutions: 

(a) Role of Money in Elections: In the heat of the election- campaign, the rich farmers and traders squander a lot of money, usually in a wasteful way. This tendency gives a severe set-back blow to the electoral prospects of the capable candidates who are not in a position to spend much on elections. 

(b) Paucity of Funds: The most serious confronting the rural and the urban bodies is the shortage of funds. These institutions have been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing plans for economic and social development, rural electrification, poverty alleviation slum improvement, and urban forestry. To undertake such onerous tasks, the local bodies are yet to (start functioning with independence and sufficient resources. Panchayats and urban bodies can become responsive to the local needs through effective participation of the people and sufficient funds at their command.

Amenities provided by Municipality: Roads, drainage and garbage disposal running schools, ration shops, hospitals, etc., besides taking up new developmental works. Of these amenities running schools, ration shops, and hospitals are provided by a municipality only.

The Uthiramerur stone inscription show evidences of prevalent local self government during the Chola period in Tamil Nadu.

(A) 1 – C, 2 – D, 3 – E, 4 – B, 5 – A

A) Voters in the village

A) Only A is correct

(C) Both A & B are correct

The salient features of the new Act are as follows: 

(a) A three-tier system 

(b) Gram Sabha 

(c) Establishment of Election Commission 

(d) Constitution of Finance Commission 

(e) Reservation of seats for SC/ST’s proportionate to their population One third reservation of seats for women and

 (g) Constitution of District Planning Committees.

C) Both A & B are correct

Weight of apples = 2kg 280g = 2280g (Since 1kg = 1000g) Weight of bananas = 3kg 375g = 3375g Weight of grapes = 225g Weight of oranges = 5kg 385g = 5385g Total weight = 2280g + 3375g + 225g + 5385g = 11265g Thus,total weight = 11265g=11265/1000kg = 11.265kg i.e.11kg 265g 

The correct answer is D

Correct answer is

(a) 16/25 gram

(b) 2/5 gram

Let us consider, one’s digit of a two digit number = x and

Ten’s digit = y

Number is x + 10y

By reversing the digits,

One’s digit = y and

Ten’s digit = x

Number is y + 10x

As per the statement,

x + 10y + y + 10x = 121

11x + 11y = 121

x + y = 11 …(1)

And,

x – y = 3 …(2)

On adding, we get

2x = 14 or x = 7

On subtracting (2) form (1),

2y = 8 or y = 4

Answer:

Number = 7 + 10( 4) = 47

or 4 + 10( 7) = 4 + 70 = 74

Writing 7/4+5/2=7+5/4+2 is wrong.It should be as follows: 7/4+5/2=7/4+10/4 (Converting into like fractions) 7+10/4=17/4 (only numberators are added0

If a person attains the age of 18 his name is to be included in the voter’s list. Similarly, if any person dies whose name is in the voter’s list, his name is to be deleted. With all these types of additions and deletions, a new voters list is to be prepared. So, additions or deletions are necessary to the voter’s list.

 Correct answer is 90 bricks